Produktiviteten inom byggbranschen har länge ansetts som låg och byggbolag i sektorn arbetar för att bli effektivare. Denna rapport syftar till att utreda hur informationsflödet vid grundläggning av betongpålar kan effektiviseras. Studien utgår ifrån Skanska Sverige ABs region Skanska Grundläggning som bland annat bedriver betongpålningsverksamheten inom företaget. För att skapa en förståelse för informationsflödet inom verksamheten behövde författarna kartlägga de befintliga arbetssätten som används idag. Målsättningen var sedan att utifrån det nuvarande tillståndet formulera ett framtida tillstånd med en ökad effektivitet i informationsflödet. Inom byggsektorn implementeras BIM på bred front och detta arbetssätt utreds i rapporten som en möjlighet till ett förbättrat informationsflöde.  För att kartlägga betongpålningsproduktionen inom företaget har metoden värdeflödesanalys använts. Metoden är ett sätt att kartlägga en specifik process, där produkten som kunden vill ha följs. Analysen har sitt ursprung från Toyotas arbetssätt som idag benämns som lean.  Kartläggningen av betongpålning i rapporten hade sin start vid transport från fabrik och slut vid när pålen lämnats över till kunden. I kartläggningen följer författarna materialflödet samt informationsflödet knutet till materialet under förädlingsprocessen. Insamlingen av data till kartläggningen gjordes genom en intervjustudie och en observationsstudie. För att förstå möjligheten till implementeringar utfördes även en enkätstudie och intervjustudie, angående utnyttjandet av BIM inom Skanska Grundläggning. Användningen av BIM inom organisationen skiljde sig mellan de olika yrkesgrupperna, tjänstemän och yrkesarbetare. Enkätstudien utfördes på fem projekt i Stockholmsområdet. Bland tjänstemännen arbetade 8 av 19 med BIM varje vecka eller oftare medan 16 av 17 yrkesarbetare aldrig arbetat med BIM. Resultaten till värdeflödesanalysen var hämtade från två projekt, FSE 105 Betongtunnel Kungens kurva och Trafikplats Vega. Utifrån resultaten formulerades två förbättringsområden, där utsättning genom maskinstyrning var det ena och digitalisering av dokumentation var det andra. Implementeringen av GPS-styrning på pålkranar behöver inte lång tid för att löna sig ekonomiskt. Utifrån resultaten kan ca 170,000 SEK sparas per år och maskin om maskinstyrning implementeras, samt att det finns ytterligare positiva effekter som framkommit men inte uppmäts i denna studie. Det finns dock hinder i användarvänligheten och tekniken kräver idag manuell handpåläggning i vissa moment. För utvecklingen av BIM hos medarbetarna finns stora vinster genom förenklade informationsflöden men också svårigheter eftersom en stor del av medarbetarna idag blir hindrade av tekniken. / Productivity in the construction industry has for a long time been considered as low compared to other industries. The construction industry has started to adapt strategies that have been successful in other industries to increase the productivity. This report aims to examine how the information flow during foundation of concrete piles can be more efficient. The study is based on Skanska Sweden AB for the region of Skanska foundation. Concrete piling is one of the foundation activities that Skanska foundation performs. To create an understanding about the information flow, the authors had to identify the existing working method that was used today. The aim was then based on the current state to formulate a future state with a greater efficiency in the flow of information. BIM has begun to be implemented as a working method in the construction sector and have therefore been investigated in the report as an opportunity for an improved flow of information. To identify the production process for concrete piling within the company the authors have used value stream mapping. The method is a way of mapping a specific process, where the product that the customer wants is followed. The analysis originating from Toyotas method which today is referred to as lean. The mapping of concrete piling started from the transport of the factory to the pile was handed over to the customer. During the mapping the authors follows the material flow and the information flow related to the material during the process. The collection of data for the value stream mapping was done based on interviews and observations. To understand the possibility of implementations carried out a questionnaire and interviews, regarding the use of BIM in Skanska foundation. The use of BIM within the organization differs between the different professional groups, civil servants and skilled workers. The questionnaire survey was conducted on five projects in the Stockholm area. Among civil servants eight of 19 worked with BIM weekly or more often, while 16 of 17 skilled workers never had worked with BIM at all. The results of value stream analysis were collected from the two projects, the FSE 105 Concrete tunnel at Kungens kurva and interchange Vega. Based on the results the authors have formulated two areas of improvements. The first improvement is about release measuring through machine control and the second are about digitization of documents. Implementation of machine control on a pile driver does not need a long time to pay off financially. From the results, about 170,000 SEK can be saved per year and machine if machine control would be implemented on the pile drivers. There are more positive effects that have been observed during the study but these effects have not been measured.  However, there are obstacles in the usability and technology today that require manual intervention at certain stages. For the development of BIM among the employees there are great gains through simplified information flow. With that there comes difficulties since a large proportion of employees is hindered by technology.

The topic of the dissertation is the Theresian Institute for Noblewomen at Prague Castle, which from its founding by Maria Theresa in 1755 served as an institute for unmarried women of the old noble families. The dissertation maps out the development of the institution from its founding until its complete dissolution at the beginning of the 1950s, both within the broader historical context as well as in comparison with other such institutes for the care of ladies, particularly in Brno, Innsbruck, Graz and Vienna. It analyses the character of the foundation, its internal structure and the form of its economic provision while also focusing on the practical functioning of the institute, its significance in society and the everyday lives of its members. The dissertation represents a contribution to better understanding the social role of unmarried noblewomen in Habsburg society. In a broader context it illustrates the transformation of noble society in the second half of the 18th century and in the "long 19th century" as well as its fate in the confrontation with the changing relations in Czechoslovakia's first republic and finally with the totalitarian regimes in the first half of the 20th century.

This study examines the factors that shape decision-making in relation to the development of Learner Teacher Support Materials (LTSMs) in South Africa by focusing on the processes that govern the development of Foundation Phase LTSMs, and on how publishers understand the educational nature of LTSMs that will lead to effective literacy acquisition. Findings are based on elite interviews with members of senior management in the publishing industry, and triangulated with interviews with authors and academic specialists of Foundation Phase. It was found that the close alignment between government directives and processes and the publishing industry form the core of all LTSM development and production, creating some symbiosis as well as restraints. Factors that shape the production of LTSMs include full compliance with the specific outcomes of the curriculum; producing LTSMs that are affordable in terms of set criteria by selection committees; selection committees that, determine acceptance of LTSMs for placement on approved lists; time frames that preclude in-depth research and trialling, a market that is deeply stratified and where this stratification is reinforced by curriculum imperatives relating to language; and the monitoring of classroom productivity through the filling in of Learner Book worksheets. Best practice strategies for literacy acquisition requires materials considerably beyond what the industry is producing for South Africa’s most disadvantaged markets, namely the English First Additional Language market. Teacher training done by both publishers and the Department of Basic Education suggest a different conceptualisation of Teachers’ Guides are required in order for professional development to take place through LTSMs.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a very common disorder that affects 8% to 10% of South African children. It is thus prevalent in the classroom, and with the advent of inclusive education in South Africa, educators have to facilitate and support the needs of learners with ADHD. Educators play an integral role and provide essential information with regards to the identification, diagnosis and referral of ADHD. It is the responsibility of the educator to create an environment where every learner has the opportunity to succeed. However, uncertainty exists as to whether South African educators have an appropriate and adequate understanding of the disorder. This study therefore aimed to examine the knowledge and perceptions of ADHD held by foundation phase educators in a township in Gauteng. A sample of 100 female educators was used in the study and a mixed methods approach using a questionnaire was administered to the educators. Their knowledge and perceptions in the three content areas of ADHD (Associated Features, Symptoms/Diagnosis and Treatment) was explored. Data analysis reflected that the educators in the sample had inadequate and insufficient knowledge and understandings of ADHD. Educators seemed to know the most about the symptoms of the condition, less about the associated features and the least about treatment approaches. The implications of these research findings are discussed, within the South African context.

My research study aimed to explore the pedagogic shifts between working with concrete to more abstract conceptions of number. By using a case study approach focused on a grade 2 (G2) Foundation Phase (FP) teacher who retained her class into grade 3 (G3), I gathered data on her teaching over two years (2012-13) in the context of the ‘Lesson Starters Project’ (LSP). In addition, the teacher also participated in another project within the Wits Maths Connect Primary project (WMC-P) which was focused on developing content knowledge related to primary mathematics during 2013. Whilst content knowledge course assessment indicated gains through this year, the teacher’s results indicated gaps in mathematical content knowledge - a feature that literature has highlighted as quite common amongst primary teachers in South Africa and internationally. My focus in this study is on the extent to which this teacher in the LSP professional development project specialised content and modes of representation and showed connections between these aspects. The findings showed that there were varying degrees of specialisation of content and specialisation of representations. In other words, the teacher is seen to make the mathematics more sophisticated in conjunction with the use of a variety of representations or strategies. There was evidence that the degree of shifts towards more abstract strategies depended at least partially on the teacher’s beliefs about the abilities of different learners in her class.

[pt] Apesar do conhecimento do comportamento de estruturas sobre base elástica ser importante para a engenharia de forma geral, a motivação deste trabalho está focada na Biomecânica, nos nossos trabalhos envolvendo o grupo de pesquisa da Clínica do Dr.Ivo Pitanguy e da Santa Casa de Misericórdia. Em tese recente de Doutorado, foi realizada uma modelagem da técnica cirúrgica de expansão da pele. A expansão da pele é um processo fisiológico, definido como a capacidade que a pele tem de aumentar sua área superficial em resposta a uma deformação imposta. Durante as expansões acompanhadas pode- se observar que dependendo da região em que o expansor é implantado seu comportamento pode ser bastante distinto. Expansores que são implantados no couro cabeludo iniciam a expansão da pele assim que é introduzida a solução salina no expansor. Quando o expansor é implantado em regiões com mais gordura, como por exemplo na coxa, a expansão da pele não se inicia imediatamente tendo em vista que o expansor se deforma para dentro, pressionando a gordura (que oferece menos resistência) e não a pele. Este comportamento ocasiona abertura dos pontos na cicatriz e pode chegar a inviabilizar todo o processo de expansão naquela região. Para a simulação do processo de expansão da pele, foi feita a expansão com lençol de borracha e para a base elástica foi usado um conjunto que consistia em uma bexiga elástica preenchida com um material viscoso no seu interior. Este trabalho é pioneiro em investigar tanto numérica quanto experimentalmente o comportamento da expansão de lençóis de borracha sobre base rígida e base elástica, comparando o seu comportamento. Os resultados numéricos e experimentais da expansão do lençol de borracha tiveram uma boa concordância e a análise paramétrica da espessura do lençol de borracha comprovou a importância da obtenção mais precisa da espessura da pele pelos médicos, já que as pressões verificadas são bem diferentes para cada espessura. Foram estudadas diversas equações constitutivas, procurando a que melhor descrevesse o processo da expansão da pele. A formulação do material Neo-Hookeano obteve os melhores resultados para o lençol de borracha. Também foi feito um estudo com a formulação de energia de Delfino para estudar a expansão da pele humana. / [en] Despite the knowledge of the behavior of structures on elastic base being important for the engineering of general form, the motivation of this work is focused in the Biomechanics, in our works involving the group of research of the Clinic of the Dr.Ivo Pitanguy and the Saint Casa de Misericórdia. In recent thesis of Dsc., a modeling of the surgical technique of expansion of the skin was carried through. The expansion of the skin is a physiological process, defined as the capacity that the skin has to increase its superficial area in reply to an imposed deformation. During the expansions it could be observed that depending on the region where the expander is implanted its behavior could be sufficiently distinct. Expanders who are implanted on the head initiate the expansion of the skin immediately when the saline solution is introduced in the expander. When the expander is implanted in regions with more fat, as for example in the thigh, the expansion of the skin does not initiate immediately in view of that the expander is deformed to the inner part, pressuring the fat (that offers little resistance) and not the skin. This behavior causes opening of the points in the scar and can make impracticable the process of expansion in that region. For the simulation the process of skin expansion, it was made an expansion with rubber sheet and a set was used for the elastic base that consisted of a filled elastic bladder with a viscous material in its interior. This work is pioneer in investigating numerical and experimentally the behavior of the rubber sheet expansion on rigid base and elastic base, comparing its behavior. The numerical and experimental results of the expansion of the rubber sheet had a good agreement and the parametric analysis of the thickness of the rubber sheet proved the importance of a precise measure of the skin thickness by the doctors, since the verified pressures are different for each thickness. Diverse constituent equations had been studied, looking the one that better described the process of the expansion of the skin. The formularization of the Neo-Hook material got the best results for the rubber sheet. Also a study with the formularization of energy of Delfino was made to study the expansion of the human skin.

A Fundação CASA SP, antiga FEBEM, tem ganhado destaque nos meios de comunicação, devido aos recorrentes episódios de violência em suas unidades de internação. Contudo, já há algum tempo, a fundação tem sido objeto de estudo para diversos pesquisadores. Nota-se que a maior parte das pesquisas tem focado o adolescente em conflito com a lei, mas pouco sabemos sobre os trabalhadores envolvidos. O objetivo desse trabalho consistiu no estudo das representações sociais dessa fundação entre seus trabalhadores, a partir da perspectiva psicanalítica sobre os processos grupais. Apoiamo-nos, principalmente, nas formulações de René Kaës e empregamos o procedimento Desenhos-Estórias com Tema como um recurso dialógico. O foco de nossa análise foi o discurso produzido durante a interação com esses trabalhadores e não sua produção gráfica. Os resultados revelam que esses sujeitos vivem grande sofrimento psíquico, que cremos resultar de falhas nas formações intermediárias. Esses trabalhadores, enredados nas tramas da violência institucional, sofrem devido a grande dificuldade de produzir sentidos sobre seu cotidiano, pois parece ocorrer uma falha na transmissão de valores que servem para a produção de representações que mantenham equilibrado seu funcionamento psíquico. A instituição não cumpre sua tarefa primária de oferecer segurança a seus membros. A saída para o sofrimento tem sido tanto a lógica da virilidade quanto o vínculo de violência. Essa fundação é representada como uma casa sem regras, onde todos estão entregues à própria sorte, aplica-se a lei do mais forte. O contato com os participantes da pesquisa revela a urgência de propostas de intervenção que possam propiciar a produção de sentidos e a superação de estereotipias, o que pode reduzir o sofrimento e favorecer a participação dos mesmos nos processos de transformação desta instituição. / The Foundation CASA SP, former FEBEM, has gained prominence in the medias due to the recurrent episodes of violence in its units of internment. But, it has been a while object of study for several researchers. It seems that the majority of the researches have just focus the adolescent in conflict with the law, rarely knows about the involved workers. The objective of this work consisted on the studying of the social representations of this foundation between its workers from the psychoanalytic perspective on the group processes. It is especially based in René Kaës\' formulations. We employed the Drawings and Telling-Stories procedure with a subject as a dialogue resource, the focus of our analysis was the speech produced during the interaction with these workers and not their graphical production. The results disclose that these citizens live strongly psychic suffering, which we believe result from failures in the functions of the intermediary. These workers, tangled in frames of institutional violence, suffer due to the difficulty of producing meanings about their daily lives, because it seems to occur a failure in the values transmission that serve to produce representations to maintain balanced the mental functioning. The institution does not fulfill its primary task of providing security to its members. The output for the suffering has been or the logic virility or the violence bond. This foundation is represented as a house with no rules, in it all are left to their own luck, apply it the law of strongest one. The contact with the subjects of the research discloses the urgency of intervention proposals that can propitiate the production of meanings and the stereotypes overcoming, which can reduce the suffering and promote the participation of the workers in the processes of transformation of this institution.

No Brasil emprega-se, quase que exclusivamente, o N do SPT para o cálculo e estimativa da capacidade de carga e recalques em estacas. Os ensaios de campo fornecem estimativas rápidas dos parâmetros geotécnicos para o dimensionamento das fundações, sendo que seu uso tem crescido lentamente em algumas empresas da construção civil. A utilização do Dilatômetro de Marchetti no país ainda não é muito difundida, esperando-se, com a apresentação desse trabalho, poder contribuir para tornar a técnica mais utilizável no meio técnico nacional. O trabalho mostra que uma melhor caracterização do local pode ser obtida com o uso do DMT. Com os dados do ensaio dilatométrico os projetos de fundação ficam mais precisos ocorrendo em alguns casos economias na execução da fundação. O presente trabalho apresenta uma revisão bibliográfica do ensaio dilatométrico, contemplando publicações recentes sobre o assunto. A obtenção de parâmetros geotécnicos do solo, fornecidos por intermédio de ensaios de DMT, permitiu o emprego dos conceitos clássicos da Mecânica dos Solos em metodologias teóricas de previsão da capacidade de carga e a estimativa de recalques em estacas ensaiadas no Campo Experimental da USP. O objetivo desta pesquisa é apresentar uma alternativa de se projetar com auxílio de ensaios dilatométricos e obter resultados tão bons ou melhores do que os obtidos até o presente momento com as sondagens à percussão e, principalmente, com o intuito de apresentar mais uma ferramenta como suporte para os projetistas. / In Brazil, it is employed almost exclusively the \"N\" (number of blows required to drive the sampler the last 30 cm into the soil) of SPT to calculate and estimate the bearing capacity and settlement in piles. The field tests provide quick estimates of the geotechnical parameters for the foundation designs, this practice has been growing slowly in some of Civil Construction Companies. The use of Flat Dilatometer Test in the country is very rare and it is expected that this work will contribute to increase its use among us. In this work is shown that a better characterization of the site can be obtained with DMT. With the flat dilatometer test, the foundation designs may be carried out within a more precise base and in some cases economy may be achieved. The current work starts with a bibliography review of the flat dilatometer test. It also contemplates recent papers about the subject. The geotechnical parameters of the soil were supplied through DMT\'s, allowing the employment of the classical concepts of Soil Mechanics in theoretical methodologies of bearing capacity prediction and the elastic settlements of piles tested in full size at the Foundation Experimental Site of EPUSP. The aim of this research is to present an alternative to design with the help of dilatometer test, obtaining as good results or even better than the ones achieved so far with the Standard Penetration Test, and mainly to show one more tool as a support to the designers.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de investigar a influência dos fatores estratégicos no desenho do sistema de gestão estratégica de custos em uma entidade fundacional. Para melhor compreender as especificidades das fundações, desenvolve-se um referencial teórico sobre suas principais características: patrimônio, fontes de recursos e estrutura de governança. Em seguida, tratou-se dos fatores estratégicos nestas organizações, com base no referencial teórico sobre a formulação e a implementação de estratégias de Almeida (2003). Sobre a Gestão Estratégica de Custos, apresenta-se a conceituação de artefatos de gestão de custo proposta por Soutes (2006), na qual os seus arranjos determinam o desenho do sistema de gestão de custos. Apresenta-se então um estudo de caso, de cunho exploratório, aplicado à Fundação Instituto de Administração, fundação privada que atua na área de educação, pesquisa e extensão no Estado de São Paulo. A aplicação do estudo de caso se deu através de entrevistas pessoais realizadas junto ao Diretor Financeiro e ao Gerente de Orçamento e Controle da fundação, e permitiu o levantamento de insights sobre os fatores estratégicos que determinaram a seleção dos artefatos de gestão de custo dentro do sistema de gestão de custos da organização nos últimos anos. Conclui-se então que alterações no sistema de gestão de custos devem ocorrer tão somente quando ocorrerem revisões no posicionamento estratégico da organização. Além disso, conclui-se que as fundações privadas devem perseguir princípios fundamentais de sustentabilidade e transparência a fim de garantir o atingimento a seus objetivos sociais. Finalmente, sugere-se que testes sejam realizados para adaptar o modelo de cadeia de valor de Porter (1985) para uma melhor aplicação a fundações privadas. / This main goal of this study is to investigate the influence of strategic factors in the conception of the strategic cost management system in a foundational entity. To better understand the specificities of foundations, a theorical referential on its mains aspects is developed: patrimony, resource sources and governance structure. After that, strategic factors were considered on these organizations, based on Almeidas´s theorical referential (2003) about strategy formulation and implementation. Concerning strategic management cost, it´s presented Soutes´ definition (2006) of management cost tools, in which its arrangements/fits are responsible for the conception of the Strategic Cost Management system. Then, this study presents an exploratory case study applied on Fundação Instituto de Administração, a private foundation that works on education, research and extension on the state of São Paulo. The application of the case study was made personally by the researcher with the Finance Director and Budget and Finance Manager of the foundation, and managed to contribute with insights about strategic factors that were considered in the management cost tools selection for the strategic cost management system in the last years. One may conclude that cost management system changes must occur only when strategic positioning changes happen. Besides, as a conclusion, private foundations must follow fundamental principles of sustainability and transparency so that they can assure their social main goals are met. Finally, it suggests that tests may be done in order to adapt Porter´s value chain model (1985) to a better functioning in private foundations.

Esta tese tem como principal objetivo discutir o livro Sobre a Revolução de Hannah Arendt. Levando em conta que este livro foi menos discutido pelos comentadores do que Origens do Totalitarismo, Condição Humana e Eichmann em Jerusalém, nossa pesquisa busca contribuir com a literatura sobre o pensamento arendtiano. Além disso, também visamos a contribuir com os debates de filosofia política ao tratar dos conceitos centrais apresentados em Sobre a Revolução tais como liberdade, ação, poder, fundação, resistência, soberania, dominação, governo, representação, entre outros. Mostraremos que as concepções de revolução e política no pensamento de Arendt são formuladas em contraposição à tradição e às teorias mais influentes de seu tempo: o marxismo e o liberalismo. Para ela, as categorias tradicionais não são capazes de explicar as novidades que as revoluções trouxeram. O marxismo favorece o debate sobre as questões sociais em detrimento das questões políticas e não leva em conta a Revolução Norte-Americana. Já o liberalismo trata principalmente das atividades privadas e do bemestar individual e, com isso, desvaloriza a atividade pública e as experiências revolucionárias. Nesse sentido, Sobre a Revolução nasceu de um esforço de valorizar os aspectos políticos da revolução e criticar as teorias hegemônicas da década de 1960. Pensamos que o viés crítico deste livro não perdeu sua força: Arendt, diferentemente da historiografia e do pensamento político que surgiram a partir da década de 1980, não afirma que a experiência revolucionária francesa foi um completo fracasso nem considera que a principal novidade da Revolução Norte-Americana foi estabelecer um governo representativo liberal. Ela discute tanto os grandes feitos e ideias quanto os equívocos das Revoluções no Novo e no Velho Mundo. Levando isso em conta, esta tese discutirá os conceitos políticos de Arendt, apresentará seu debate com o pensamento político e indicará sua crítica ao mundo contemporâneo. Nossa hipótese consiste em que Sobre a Revolução pode ser interpretado como uma narrativa da história dos conceitos. Buscaremos sustentar que neste livro a história conceitual indica a distinção entre as concepções antigas, tradicionais e revolucionárias; revela o pathos de novidade das revoluções; permite formular as narrativas das Revoluções Norte-Americana e Francesa por meio das concepções dos revolucionários; trata da distorção de significado de alguns conceitos produzida pelas teorias no século XX e recupera as concepções e experiências esquecidas, que são capazes de auxiliar na compreensão do presente. / This thesis aims at discussing primarily the book On Revolution by Hannah Arendt. Considering that this book has been less debated than Origins of Totalitarianism, The Human Condition and Eichmann in Jerusalem by the commentators, my research seeks to add to the Arendtians thought literature. Moreover, it also aims at contributing with the debates of political philosophy by dealing with the main concepts introduced in On Revolution, such as freedom, action, power, foundation, resistance, sovereign, rule, government, representation, among others. I will demonstrate that in Arendts thought the concepts of revolution and of politics are formulated against the tradition and against the most influential theories of her time: the Marxism and the Liberalism. According to her, the traditional categories are not able to explain the novelties brought by revolutions. The Marxism supports the debate on social question over the political matters and it does not take into account the North-American Revolution. In turn, Liberalism mainly deals with the private activities and individual welfare thereby it devaluates the public activities and the revolutionaries experiences. In this sense, On Revolution came from an effort to valorize the political aspects of revolutions and to criticize the hegemonic theories in the 1960s. I hold that the critic bias of this book has not lost its strength: differently from historiography and political thought which have arose since 1980, Arendt does not assert that the French revolutionary experience was a complete failure nor consider the settlement of liberal representative government as the most important novelty of North-American Revolution. She discusses both the great acts and ideas and the misconception in the revolutions of the New and Old World. Taking it into account, this thesis will discuss the Arendtian political concepts, it will introduce Arendt debate with political thought and it will indicate her critic about the contemporary world. My hypothesis is that On Revolution can be interpreted as a narrative on history of concepts. I seek to demonstrate that the conceptual history in this book points to the distinction between Ancient, traditional and revolutionaries conceptions; it discloses the pathos of novelty which was brought by the revolutions; it allows to formulate through the conceptions of revolutionaries the stories on North-American and French Revolutions; it deals with some misleading concepts created by twentieth centurys theories; and it recovers forgotten concepts and experiences able to aid in the task of understanding the present.