• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 278
  • 250
  • 79
  • 36
  • 24
  • 6
  • 6
  • 5
  • 4
  • 4
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • 3
  • Tagged with
  • 884
  • 884
  • 347
  • 307
  • 242
  • 174
  • 137
  • 122
  • 120
  • 100
  • 94
  • 84
  • 81
  • 77
  • 76
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
241

Elucidation of the product synthesis of the sesquiterpene synthase Cop6 isolated from <em>Coprinus cinereus</em>

Andersson, Marie January 2009 (has links)
<p>Mushrooms are believed to have a great potential for production of bioactive metabolites e. g. terpenes, a group of interesting compounds with diverse chemical properties such as antitumour and antibacterial activity. Cop6 is a terpene cyclase isolated from the mushroom <em>Coprinus cinereus</em> that catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to mainly α-cuprenene. In this study gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) is used to analyze the product profile of Cop6 mutants created by PCR based site directed mutagenesis. The goal is to produce trichodiene, the parent hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of trichothecene antibiotics and mycotoxins. Valine instead of tyrosine in amino acid position 195 resulted in cyclisation of (E)-β-Farnesene and (3Z,6E)-α-Farnesene besides the products of the wild type enzyme. Another mutant with aspartic acid instead of asparagine in position 224 resulted in the synthesis of β-Bisabolene except for α-cuprenene and methionine in position 74 instead of isoleucine killed the activity of the cyclase. Furthermore, an attempt to saturation of position 98 was made, resulting in four mutants. Two of them essentially killed the activity of the cyclase whereas two had minor effect of the product profile compared to the wild type. </p>
242

Applied metabolome analysis : exploration, development and application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry based metabolite profiling technologies

Kopka, Joachim January 2008 (has links)
The uptake of nutrients and their subsequent chemical conversion by reactions which provide energy and building blocks for growth and propagation is a fundamental property of life. This property is termed metabolism. In the course of evolution life has been dependent on chemical reactions which generate molecules that are common and indispensable to all life forms. These molecules are the so-called primary metabolites. In addition, life has evolved highly diverse biochemical reactions. These reactions allow organisms to produce unique molecules, the so-called secondary metabolites, which provide a competitive advantage for survival. The sum of all metabolites produced by the complex network of reactions within an organism has since 1998 been called the metabolome. The size of the metabolome can only be estimated and may range from less than 1,000 metabolites in unicellular organisms to approximately 200,000 in the whole plant kingdom. In current biology, three additional types of molecules are thought to be important to the understanding of the phenomena of life: (1) the proteins, in other words the proteome, including enzymes which perform the metabolic reactions, (2) the ribonucleic acids (RNAs) which constitute the so-called transcriptome, and (3) all genes of the genome which are encoded within the double strands of desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Investigations of each of these molecular levels of life require analytical technologies which should best enable the comprehensive analysis of all proteins, RNAs, et cetera. At the beginning of this thesis such analytical technologies were available for DNA, RNA and proteins, but not for metabolites. Therefore, this thesis was dedicated to the implementation of the gas chromatography – mass spectrometry technology, in short GC-MS, for the in-parallel analysis of as many metabolites as possible. Today GC-MS is one of the most widely applied technologies and indispensable for the efficient profiling of primary metabolites. The main achievements and research topics of this work can be divided into technological advances and novel insights into the metabolic mechanisms which allow plants to cope with environmental stresses. Firstly, the GC-MS profiling technology has been highly automated and standardized. The major technological achievements were (1) substantial contributions to the development of automated and, within the limits of GC-MS, comprehensive chemical analysis, (2) contributions to the implementation of time of flight mass spectrometry for GC-MS based metabolite profiling, (3) the creation of a software platform for reproducible GC-MS data processing, named TagFinder, and (4) the establishment of an internationally coordinated library of mass spectra which allows the identification of metabolites in diverse and complex biological samples. In addition, the Golm Metabolome Database (GMD) has been initiated to harbor this library and to cope with the increasing amount of generated profiling data. This database makes publicly available all chemical information essential for GC-MS profiling and has been extended to a global resource of GC-MS based metabolite profiles. Querying the concentration changes of hundreds of known and yet non-identified metabolites has recently been enabled by uploading standardized, TagFinder-processed data. Long-term technological aims have been pursued with the central aims (1) to enhance the precision of absolute and relative quantification and (2) to enable the combined analysis of metabolite concentrations and metabolic flux. In contrast to concentrations which provide information on metabolite amounts, flux analysis provides information on the speed of biochemical reactions or reaction sequences, for example on the rate of CO2 conversion into metabolites. This conversion is an essential function of plants which is the basis of life on earth. Secondly, GC-MS based metabolite profiling technology has been continuously applied to advance plant stress physiology. These efforts have yielded a detailed description of and new functional insights into metabolic changes in response to high and low temperatures as well as common and divergent responses to salt stress among higher plants, such as Arabidopsis thaliana, Lotus japonicus and rice (Oryza sativa). Time course analysis after temperature stress and investigations into salt dosage responses indicated that metabolism changed in a gradual manner rather than by stepwise transitions between fixed states. In agreement with these observations, metabolite profiles of the model plant Lotus japonicus, when exposed to increased soil salinity, were demonstrated to have a highly predictive power for both NaCl accumulation and plant biomass. Thus, it may be possible to use GC-MS based metabolite profiling as a breeding tool to support the selection of individual plants that cope best with salt stress or other environmental challenges. / Die Aufnahme von Nährstoffen und ihre chemische Umwandlung mittels Reaktionen, die Energie und Baustoffe für Wachstum und Vermehrung bereitstellen, ist eine grundlegende Eigenschaft des Lebens. Diese Eigenschaft wird Stoffwechsel oder, wie im Folgenden, Metabolismus genannt. Im Verlauf der Evolution war alles Leben abhängig von solchen Reaktionen, die essentielle und allen Lebensformen gemeinsame Moleküle erzeugen. Über diese sogenannten Primärmetabolite hinaus sind hochdiverse Reaktionen entstanden. Diese erlauben Organismen, einzigartige sogenannte Sekundärmetabolite zu produzieren, die in der Regel einen zusätzlichen Überlebensvorteil vermitteln. Die Gesamtheit aller Metabolite, die von dem komplexen Reaktionsnetzwerk in Organismen erzeugt werden, nennt man seit 1998 das Metabolom. Die Größe des Metaboloms kann nur geschätzt werden. Neben der Gesamtheit aller Metabolite werden heute drei weitere Arten an Molekülen als wesentlich betrachtet, um die Phänomene des Lebens zu verstehen: erstens die Proteine, deren Summe, das Proteom, auch die Enzyme einschließt, die die obigen metabolischen Reaktionen durchführen, zweitens die Ribonukleinsäuren (RNS), deren Gesamtheit als Transkriptom bezeichnet wird, und drittens die doppelsträngige Desoxyribonukleinsäure (DNS), die das Genom, die Summe aller Gene eines Organismus, ausmacht. Die Untersuchung aller dieser vier molekularen Ebenen des Lebens erfordert Technologien, die idealerweise die vollständige Analyse der Gesamtheit aller DNS-, RNS-, Protein-Moleküle, bzw. Metabolite erlauben. Zu Beginn meiner Arbeiten waren solche Technologien für DNS, RNS, und Proteine verfügbar, aber nicht für Metabolite. Aus diesem Grund habe ich meine Forschungstätigkeit auf das Ziel ausgerichtet, so viele Metabolite wie irgend möglich in einer gemeinsamen Analyse zu erfassen. Zu diesem Zweck habe ich mich auf eine einzelne Technik, nämlich die gekoppelte Gaschromatographie und Massenspektrometrie, kurz GC-MS, konzentriert. Nicht zuletzt durch meine Arbeiten ist GC-MS heute eine der am häufigsten angewandten Technologien und unverzichtbar für das breite Durchmustern der Metabolite. Neben der Etablierung der grundlegenden GC-MS-Profilanalyse-Technologie liegen die Haupterrungenschaften meiner Arbeiten sowohl in den technischen Neuerungen als auch in den Einsichten in metabolische Mechanismen, die es Pflanzen erlauben, erfolgreich auf Umwelteinflüsse zu reagieren. Die technologischen Errungenschaften waren erstens wesentliche Beiträge zur Labor-Automatisierung und zur Auswertung von modernen, auf Flugzeitmassenspektrometrie beruhenden, GC-MS-Profilanalysen, zweitens die Entwicklung einer entsprechenden Prozessierungs-Software, genannt TagFinder, und drittens die Etablierung einer internationalen Datensammlung zur Metabolitidentifizierung aus komplexen Mischungen. Diese massenspektralen und gaschromatographischen Daten haben seit 2005 Eingang in die von mir initiierte Entwicklung der Golm Metabolom Datenbank (GMD) gefunden, die die zunehmend wachsenden GC-MS-Referenzdaten wie auch die Metabolitprofildaten verwaltet und öffentlich zugänglich macht. Darüber hinaus wurden die langfristigen Ziele einer verbesserten Präzision für relative und absolute Quantifizierung wie auch einer Kopplung von Konzentrationsbestimmung und metabolischen Flussanalysen mittels GC-MS verfolgt. Sowohl die Stoffmengen als auch die Geschwindigkeit der Stoffaufnahme und der chemischen Umsetzung, d.h. der metabolische Fluss, sind wesentlich für neue biologische Einsichten. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde von mir die Aufnahme von CO2 durch Pflanzen, der Basis allen Lebens auf der Erde, untersucht. Angewandt auf das Temperaturstress- und Salzstressverhalten von Modell- und Kulturpflanzen, nämlich des Ackerschmalwands (Arabidopsis thaliana), des Hornklees (Lotus japonicus) und der global bedeutendsten Nutzpflanze Reis (Oryza sativa), wurden detaillierte und vergleichende neue metabolische Einsichten in den Zeitverlauf der Temperaturanpassung und die Anpassung an zunehmend salzhaltige Böden erzielt. Metabolismus verändert sich unter diesen Bedingungen allmählich fortschreitend und nicht in plötzlichen Übergängen. Am Beispiel des Hornklees konnte gezeigt werden, dass Metabolitprofilanalysen eine hohe Vorhersagekraft für die Biomasseerzeugung unter Salzeinfluss wie auch für die Aufnahme von Salz durch die Pflanze haben. So mag es in Zukunft möglich werden, GC-MS-Profilanaysen anzuwenden, um den Züchtungsprozess von Kulturpflanzen zu beschleunigen.
243

Elucidation of the product synthesis of the sesquiterpene synthase Cop6 isolated from Coprinus cinereus

Andersson, Marie January 2009 (has links)
Mushrooms are believed to have a great potential for production of bioactive metabolites e. g. terpenes, a group of interesting compounds with diverse chemical properties such as antitumour and antibacterial activity. Cop6 is a terpene cyclase isolated from the mushroom Coprinus cinereus that catalyzes the cyclization of farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) to mainly α-cuprenene. In this study gas chromatography combined with mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) is used to analyze the product profile of Cop6 mutants created by PCR based site directed mutagenesis. The goal is to produce trichodiene, the parent hydrocarbon in the biosynthesis of trichothecene antibiotics and mycotoxins. Valine instead of tyrosine in amino acid position 195 resulted in cyclisation of (E)-β-Farnesene and (3Z,6E)-α-Farnesene besides the products of the wild type enzyme. Another mutant with aspartic acid instead of asparagine in position 224 resulted in the synthesis of β-Bisabolene except for α-cuprenene and methionine in position 74 instead of isoleucine killed the activity of the cyclase. Furthermore, an attempt to saturation of position 98 was made, resulting in four mutants. Two of them essentially killed the activity of the cyclase whereas two had minor effect of the product profile compared to the wild type.
244

Advances in gas chromatographic methods for the identification of biomarkers in cancer

Kouremenos, Konstantinos A, Johansson, Mikael, Marriott, Philip J January 2012 (has links)
Screening complex biological specimens such as exhaled air, tissue, blood and urine to identify biomarkers in different forms of cancer has become increasingly popular over the last decade, mainly due to new instruments and improved bioinformatics. However, despite some progress, the identification of biomarkers has shown to be a difficult task with few new biomarkers (excluding recent genetic markers) being considered for introduction to clinical analysis. This review describes recent advances in gas chromatographic methods for the identification of biomarkers in the detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It presents a general overview of cancer metabolism, the current biomarkers used for cancer diagnosis and treatment, a background to metabolic changes in tumors, an overview of current GC methods, and collectively presents the scope and outlook of GC methods in oncology.
245

Detection of gasoline from internal tissues for use in determining victim status at the time of a fire

Pahor, Kevin 01 August 2012 (has links)
In Ontario, fire investigators from the Office of the Fire Marshal (OFM) are responsible for determining the origin and cause of suspicious fires. As part of the investigation, fire debris samples are collected from the scene and analyzed by the Centre of Forensic Sciences. The standard practice is to collect items that are porous, highly absorbent or adsorbent with high surface areas as they allow for better retention of the ignitable liquids. The evidence typically collected includes carpets, cardboards, soils, cloths and other items that have not been impinged by flame such as beneath baseboards. These samples are analyzed for the presence of ignitable liquid residues which may be evidence that an accelerant was used at the fire. When a body is recovered from a fire it can provide another source from which to collect samples for analysis. These samples can be especially helpful in instances where the fire generated an intense heat which may cause a loss of ignitable liquid residues from the fire debris. The tissue samples have a greater likelihood of still containing residues as the organs and body fluids can act as a shield protecting the residues from volatilization. The purpose of this study is to validate whether a victim was alive or deceased at the time a fire was intentionally set by detecting presence or absence of gasoline residues within their lungs and heart blood post fire. It was hypothesized that only when a victim was alive and performing respiration would sufficient gasoline vapours enter the airways and bloodstream for detection postmortem. Contamination becomes a significant issue when these samples are collected at autopsy and this study aimed to determine the accuracy with which a gasoline signature can be interpreted following the collection and analysis of lung tissue and heart blood. Pig (Sus domesticus) carcasses were chosen as acceptable analogues for humans in this study. The experiments involved anaesthetizing a pig (with Animal Ethics Approval), exposing the pig to gasoline vapours for 10 minutes, and then euthanizing it. The carcass was clothed with a cotton t-shirt and placed in a house where additional gasoline was poured onto it. The house also contained two additional clothed pig carcasses which did not inhale gasoline vapours; one with gasoline poured directly onto it and the other with no gasoline exposure (negative control). Thermocouples were placed under each carcass and in the centre of each room at ceiling and floor level to record the temperature. The house was set ablaze and monitored by a volunteer fire service. After the fire had reached V flashover and was suppressed, the carcasses were collected and their lungs and heart blood excised at a necropsy. The lungs and heart blood were then placed into glass mason jars following the OFM protocol. The headspace from each sample was analyzed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy to determine the presence or absence of a gasoline signature. Two full scale house fires were conducted in order to obtain three replicates. The results showed that only the lungs and heart blood from the pig that inhaled gasoline contained gasoline residues. This indicates that it is possible to determine a victim’s status at the time of the fire based on the detection of gasoline in the lungs and/or heart blood. It was also concluded that contamination of samples during an autopsy can be minimized by changing gloves before handling the internal tissues. The thermal data showed that the bodies act as an insulator and protects the underside as the temperatures under the carcasses did not exceed 30⁰C while the room reached over 900⁰C at the first full scale house fire. These results will impact the forensic community by demonstrating the importance of analyzing a deceased victim’s internal tissues for ignitable liquid residues post fire as they may provide evidence of an intentionally set fire as well as providing information about the victim’s status when a fire was started. These findings will have a direct impact to the OFM as additional evidence can be obtained by completing internal tissue analysis. This will intern impact the Centre of Forensic Science (CFS) as it confirms the importance of analyzing internal tissues in order to provide results to fire investigators. Finally these findings should be used to implement new protocols at the Coroner’s Office so contamination can be minimized during fire autopsies and accurate samples are collected and sent to the CFS for analysis. / UOIT
246

The role of folate status in formate metabolism and its relationship to antioxidant capacity during alcohol intoxication

Sokoro, AbdulRazaq Abubakar Hamud 22 August 2007
Alcohol abuse during pregnancy has been associated with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Research to date has focused on the role played by ethanol in the development of this disorder. In addition to ethanol, alcoholic drinks also contain methanol. Hence, consumption of alcohol can also lead to methanol accumulation. Methanol is metabolized to formaldehyde, which is then rapidly metabolized to formate, a toxic metabolite. Folate, a B-vitamin and antoxidant, is a cofactor in the metabolism of formate. This study assessed the relationship between formate and folate, formate kinetics in folate deficiency and, changes in antioxidant capacity during formate insult in folate deficiency. The findings of this study would lead to a better understanding of the role of formate in the development of the etiology of FASD and form the basis of future research. The relationship between formate and folate was investigated in intoxicated human female subjects, sober drug rehabilitating females and, pregnant women. A negative (inverse) relationship was observed between plasma formate and folate in pregnant sober women (correlation coefficient = -0.4989). Such a relationship, however, was not observed in whole blood in alcohol intoxicated (correlation coefficient = 0.0899) and detox women (correlation coefficient = 0.2382). Because of the health promoting ingredients in grain and fruit based alcoholic drinks, antioxidant B-vitamins were higher during intoxication while homocysteine levels were lower.<p>Formate kinetics during folate deficiency and changes in the body antioxidant capacity was investigated in folate deficient young swine. Folate deficiency altered formate kinetics leading to decreased systemic clearance (by approximately 2.3 fold), increased half-life (by 2.5 fold) and, consequently increased exposure (by 2.7 fold). Folate deficiency alone compromised antioxidant capacity. However, the combination of folate deficiency and formate insult further compromised antioxidant capacity.<p>In conclusion, methanol accumulates after alcohol intoxication, which can lead to formate build up in the body. During folate deficiency formate kinetics is altered leading to reduced formate clearance and increased exposure. Exposure to formate coupled to folate deficiency compromises antioxidant capacity, which can have deleterious effects on the fetus.
247

Investigation of Volatile Products from Wood Pyrolysis

Gade, Prabhavathi 01 December 2010 (has links)
In this research we are following the thermo-chemical degradation of wood in the absence of oxygen. The objectives are to evaluate the influence of heating rates on pyrolysis products obtained from wood pyrolysis and to evaluate the influence of acid pre-treatment on pyrolysis products. Depending on the wood heating rates, pyrolysis can be categorized as Flash pyrolysis, Fast pyrolysis, and Slow pyrolysis. We have evaluated the volatile products obtained at different heating rates and the volatile products obtained from sulfuric acid pre-treatment by using gas chromatography- mass spectrometry (GC-MS). We have also performed thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) of raw wood samples and sulfuric acid pre-treated wood samples of Yellow Pine to determine the changes in weight in relation to change in temperature. Our results indicated that by using the Flash, Fast, and Slow heating rates, the overall volatile products obtained from wood pyrolysis (i.e. the overall list of all the compounds obtained from different temperature ranges in wood pyrolysis by using different heating rates) were the same, but the volatile products obtained at different temperature ranges like Room temperature-300°C, 300°C - 400°C, and 400°C -500°C in Flash, Fast, and Slow pyrolysis were different. Most of the volatile products obtained from the pyrolysis of untreated wood were phenols. Our results also indicated that the pretreatment of wood with sulfuric acid alters the charcoal properties and releases gaseous products including furan derivatives that are useful as fuels or fuel additives. The sulfuric acid (10%) pretreatment of wood followed by slow pyrolysis produced maximum yield of charcoal, indicated by the lowest mass % decrease of 58.234. The production of furan derivatives increased by using sulfuric acid pre-treatment, which is a good improvement for the production of Furanics, the furan based biofuels. The furan based biofuels are of increasing research interest because of their significant advantages over the first generation biofuels. The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) results indicated that the acid pre-treatment altered the decomposition rate of pyrolysis and lowered the onset of temperature for decomposition. The use of thermal degradation of plants for creating chemicals and fuels is seeing renewed interest across the globe as it is considered carbon-neutral and it uses a renewable feedstock. The information obtained from this research work will also be valued by industries, such as charcoal and activated carbon producers, which currently perform biomass pyrolysis, by allowing them to form approaches that optimize their energy use and minimize waste.
248

Improvement of ms based e-nose performances by incorporation of chromatographic retention time as a new data dimension

Burian, Cosmin 19 July 2010 (has links)
Mejora del rendimiento de la nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas mediante la incorporación del tiempo de retención cromatografico como una nueva dimensión de datosLa importancia del sentido de olor en la naturaleza y en la sociedad humana queda latente con el gran interés que se muestra en el análisis del olor y el gusto en la industria alimentaria. Aunque las aéreas mas interesadas son las de la alimentación y bebida, también se ha mostrado la necesitad para esta tecnología en otros campos como en el de la cosmética. Lamentablemente, el uso de los paneles sensoriales humanos o paneles caninos son costosos, propensos al cansancio, subjetivos, poco fiables e inadecuados para cuantificar, mientras que el análisis de laboratorio, a pesar de la precisión, imparcialidad y capacidad cuantitativa, necesita una labor intensa, con personal especializado y requiere de mucho tiempo. Debido a estos inconvenientes el concepto de olfato artificial generó un gran interés en entornos industriales.El término "nariz electrónica" se asocia con una serie de sensores de gases químicos, con una amplia superposición de selectividad para las mediciones de compuestos volátiles en combinación con los instrumentos informáticos de análisis de datos. La nariz electrónica se utiliza para proporcionar una información comparativa en vez de una cualitativa en un análisis, y porque la interpretación puede ser automatizada, el dispositivo es adecuado para el control de calidad y análisis. A pesar de algunos logros prometedores, los sensores de estado sólido de gas no han cumplido con sus expectativas. La baja sensibilidad y selectividad, la corta vida del sensor, la calibración difícil y los problemas de deriva han demostrado serias limitaciones. En un esfuerzo para mejorar los inconvenientes de los sensores de estado sólido, se han adoptado nuevos enfoques, utilizando diferentes sensores para la nariz electrónica. Sistemas de sensores ópticos, la espectrometría de movilidad iónica y la espectrometría infrarroja son ejemplos de técnicas que han sido probadas.Las narices electrónicas basadas en la espectrometría de masas (MS) aparecieron por primera vez en 1998 [B. Dittmann, S. y G. Nitz Horner. Adv. Food Sci. 20 (1998), p. 115], y representan un salto importante en la sensibilidad, retando a la nariz electrónica basada en sensores químicos. Este nuevo enfoque del concepto de una nariz electrónica usa sensores virtuales en forma de proporciones m/z. Una huella digital compleja y muy reproducible se obtiene en forma de un espectro de masas, que se procesa mediante algoritmos de reconocimiento de patrones para la clasificación y cuantificación. A pesar de que la nariz electrónica basada en la espectrometría de masas supera a la nariz electrónica clásica de sensores de estado sólido en muchos aspectos, su uso se limita actualmente a la instrumentación de laboratorio de escritorio. La falta de portabilidad no representará necesariamente un problema en el futuro, dado que espectrómetros de masas en miniatura se han fabricado ya en una fase de prototipado.Un inconveniente más crítico de la nariz electrónica basada en MS consiste en la manera en la que se analizan las muestras. La fragmentación simultánea de mezclas complejas de isómeros pueden producir resultados muy similares a raíz de este enfoque. Una nariz electrónica mejor sería la que combina la sensibilidad y el poder de identificación del detector de masas con la capacidad de separación de la cromatografía de gases. El principal inconveniente de este enfoque es de nuevo el coste y la falta de portabilidad de los equipos. Además de los problemas anteriores con la espectrometría de masas, el análisis de cromatografía de gases requiere mucho tiempo de medida.Para abordar estas cuestiones, se han reportado miniaturizaciones en cromatografía capilar de gases (GC) que hacen posible el GC-en-un-chip, CG-rápido y CG-flash que hacen uso de columnas cortas, reduciendo el tiempo de análisis a los tiempos de elución como segundos y, en algunos casos, se han comercializado. La miniaturización de la espectrometría de masas y cromatografía de gases tiene un gran potencial para mejorar el rendimiento, la utilidad y la accesibilidad de la nueva generación de narices electrónicas.Esta tesis se dedica al estudio y a la evaluación del enfoque del GC-MS para la nariz electrónica como un paso anterior al desarrollo de las tecnologías mencionadas anteriormente. El objetivo principal de la tesis es de estudiar si el tiempo de retención de una separación de cromatografía puede mejorar el rendimiento de la nariz electrónica basada en MS, mostrando que la adición de una tercera dimensión trae más información, ayudando a la clasificación de las pruebas. Esto se puede hacer de dos maneras: · comparando el análisis de datos de dos vías de espectrometría de masas con análisis de datos de dos vías de matrices desplegadas y concatenadas para los datos de tres vías y · comparando el análisis de datos de dos vías del espectrometría de masas con el análisis de datos de tres vías para el conjunto de datos tridimensionales.Desde el punto de vista de cromatografía, la meta será la de optimizar el método cromatográfico con el fin de reducir el tiempo de análisis a un mínimo sin dejar de tener resultados aceptables.Un paso importante en el análisis de datos multivariados de vías múltiples es el preprocesamiento de datos. Debido a este objetivo, el último objetivo será el de determinar qué técnicas de preprocesamiento son las mejores para y el análisis de dos y tres vías de datos.Con el fin de alcanzar los objetivos propuestos se crearon dos grupos de datos. El primero consiste en las mezclas de nueve isómeros de dimetilfenol y etilfenol. La razón de esta elección fue la similitud de los espectros de masas entre sí. De esta manera la nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas sería retada por el conjunto de datos. También teniendo en cuenta el tiempo de retención de los nueve isómeros solos, las soluciones se hicieron, como si el conjunto de datos demostraría el reto si se usaría sólo el tiempo de retención. Por tanto, este conjunto de datos "artificiales" sostiene nuestras esperanzas en mostrar las mejoras de la utilización de ambas dimensiones, la MS (espectros de masas) y la GC (tiempo de retención).Veinte clases, representando las soluciones de los nueve isómeros se midieron en diez repeticiones cada una, por tres métodos cromatográficos, dando un total de 600 mediciones. Los métodos cromatográficos fueron diseñados para dar un cromatograma resuelto por completo, un pico coeluido y una situación intermediaria con un cromatograma resuelto parcialmente. Los datos fueron registrados en una matriz de tres dimensiones con las siguientes direcciones: (muestras medidas) x (proporción m/z) x (tiempo de retención). Por "colapsar" los ejes X e Y del tiempo de retención cromatográfica y los fragmentos m/z, respectivamente, se obtuvieron dos matrices que representan los espectros de masa regular y el cromatograma de iones totales, respectivamente. Estos enfoques sueltan la información traída por la tercera dimensión y el despliegue por lo que la matriz original 3D y la concatenación de las TIC y el espectro de masa media se han tenido en consideración como una forma de preservar la información adicional de la tercera dimensión en una matriz de dos dimensiones.Los datos fueron tratados mediante la alineación de picos, con una media de centrado y la normalización por la altura máxima y el área del pico, los instrumentos de pre-procesamiento que también fueron evaluados por sus logros.Para el análisis de datos de dos vías fueron utilizados el PCA, PLS-DA y fuzzyARTMAP. La agrupación de PCA y PARAFAC fueron evaluados por la relación intervariedad - intravariedad, mientras que los resultados mediante fuzzy ARTMAP fueron dados como el éxito de la las tasas de clasificación en porcentajes.Cuando PCA y PARAFAC se utilizaron, como era de esperar, el método de cromatografía resuelto (método 1) dio los mejores resultados globales, donde los algoritmos 2D funcionan mejor, mientras que en un caso más complicado (picos más coeluidos del método 3) pierden eficacia frente a métodos 3D.En el caso de PLS-DA y n-PLS, aunque los resultados no son tan concluyentes como los resultados del PCA y PARAFAC, tratándose de las diferencias mínimas, el modelo de vías múltiples PLS-DA ofrece un porcentaje de éxito en la predicción de ambos conjuntos de datos. También se recomienda el n-PLS en vez de utilizar datos desplegados y concatenados, ya que construye un modelo más parsimonioso.Para el análisis fuzzyARTMAP, la estrategia de votación empleada ha demostrado que al usar los espectros de masa media y la información del cromatograma de iones totales juntos se obtienen resultados más consistentes.En el segundo conjunto de datos se aborda el problema de la adulteración del aceite de oliva extra virgen con aceite de avellana, que debido a las similitudes entre los dos aceites es una de las más difíciles de detectar. Cuatro aceites extra virgen de oliva y dos aceites de avellana se midieron puros y en mezclas de 30%, 10%, 5% y 2% con los mismos objetivos mostrando que la adición de la extra dimensión mejora los resultados. Se han hechos cinco repeticiones para cada preparación, dando un total de 190 muestras: 4 aceites puros de oliva, 2 aceites puros de avellana y 32 adulteraciones de aceite de avellana en aceite de oliva, dando un total de 38 clases. Dos métodos cromatográficos fueron utilizados. El primero estaba dirigido a una completa separación de los componentes del aceite de oliva y empleó una separación con temperatura programable, mientras que el objetivo del segundo método fue un pico coeluido, por lo tanto fue contratada una temperatura constante de separación. Los datos fueron analizados por medio de la PCA, PARAFAC, PLS-DA y PLS-n.Como en el conjunto "artificial" de datos, el PCA y PARAFAC se analizaron por medio de la capacidad de clusterización, que mostró que los mejores resultados se obtienen con los datos desplegados seguido por los datos 3D tratados con el PARAFAC.Desde el punto de vista de optimización de la columna, los logros obtenidos por la columna corta está por debajo del enfoque de la columna larga, pero este caso demuestra una vez más que la adición de los incrementos de tercera dimensión mejoran la nariz electrónica basada en MS.Para el PLS-DA y n-PLS se evaluaron las tasas de éxito comparativamente, tanto para las corridas cromatográficas largas como para las cortas. Mientras que para la columna larga el mejor rendimiento es para los datos del cromatograma de iones totales (TIC), la columna corta muestra mejor rendimiento para los datos concatenados de los espectros de masa media y TIC. Además, la predicción de las tasas de éxito son las mismas para los datos TIC de columna larga como para los datos concatenados de la columna corta. Este caso es muy interesante porque demuestra que el enfoque PLS de la tercera dimensión mejora los resultados y, por otra parte, mediante el uso de la columna corta el tiempo de análisis se acorta considerablemente.Se esperan ciertos logros de la nariz electrónica. Por el momento, ninguno de esos enfoques se acercó lo suficiente para producir una respuesta positiva en los mercados. Los sensores de estado sólido tienen inconvenientes casi imposibles de superar. La nariz electrónica basada en espectrometría de masas tiene una falta de portabilidad y a veces sus logros son insuficientes, y el aparato del cromatógrafo de gases-espectrómetro de masas sufre problemas de portabilidad igual que espectrómetro de masas y toma mucho tiempo. El desarrollo de potentes algoritmos matemáticos durante los últimos años, junto con los avances en la miniaturización, tanto para MS y GC y mostrar cromatografía rápida cierta esperanza de una nariz electrónica mucho mejor.A través de este trabajo podemos afirmar que la adición del tiempo de retención cromatográfica como una dimensión extra aporta una ventaja sobre las actuales tecnologías de la nariz electrónica. Mientras que para los cromatogramas totalmente resueltos no se logran mejoras o la ganancia es mínima, sobre todo en la predicción, para una columna corta la información adicional mejora los resultados, en algunos casos, hacerlos tan bien como cuando una larga columna se utiliza. Esto es muy importante ya que las mediciones en un cromatógrafo de gases - espectrometro de masas se pueden optimizar para tramos muy cortos, una característica muy importante para una nariz electrónica. Esto permitiría el diseño de un instrumento de mayor rendimiento, adecuado para el control de calidad en líneas de productos.
249

SIMPLE AND RAPID ASSAY METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS QUANTIFICATION OF URINARY NICOTINE AND COTININE USING MICRO-EXTRACTION BY PACKED SORBENT AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY

Seno, Hiroshi, Suzuki, Osamu, Ishii, Akira, Zaitsu, Kei, Hattori, Hideki, Ogawa, Tadashi, Iwai, Masae 08 1900 (has links)
No description available.
250

Laser Desorption Solid Phase Microextraction

Wang, Yan January 2006 (has links)
The use of laser desorption as a sample introduction method for solid phase microextraction (SPME) has been investigated in this research project. Three different types of analytical instruments, mass spectrometry (MS), ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) and gas chromatography (GC) were employed as detectors. The coupling of laser desorption SPME to these three instruments was constructed and described in here. <br /><br /> Solid phase microextraction/surface enhanced laser desorption ionization fibers (SPME/SELDI) were developed and have been coupled to two IMS devices. SPME/SELDI combines sampling, sample preparation and sample introduction with the ionization and desorption of the analytes. Other than being the extraction phase for the SPME fiber, the electro-conductive polymer coatings can facilitate the ionization process without the involvement of a matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) matrix. The performance of the SPME coatings and the experimental parameters for laser desorption SPME were investigated with the SPME/SELDI IMS devices. The new SPME/SELDI-IMS 400B device has a faster data acquisition system and a more powerful data analysis program. The optimum laser operation parameters were 250 <em>&mu;J</em> laser energy and 20 <em>Hz</em> repetition rate. Three new SPME coatings, polypyrrole (PPY), polythiophene (PTH) and polyaniline (PAN) were developed and evaluated by an IMS and a GC. The PPY coating was found to have the best performance and was used in most of the experiments. The characteristics of the PPY and the PTH SPME/SELDI fiber were then assessed with both IMS and MS. Good linearity could be observed between the fiber surface area and the signal intensity, and between the concentration and the signal intensities. <br /><br /> The ionization mechanism of poly(ethylene glycol) 400 (PEG) was studied with the SPME/SELDI-IMS 400B device. It was found that the potassiated ions and sodiated ions were both present in the ion mobility spectra. The results obtained with quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS confirmed the presence of both potassiated and sodiated ions. This result suggested that cationization is the main ionization process when polymers are directly ionized from the PPY coated silica surface. Four PEGs with different average molecular weights and poly(propylene glycol) 400 were also tested with this SPME/SELDI device. The differences between the ion mobility spectra of these polymers could be used for the fast identification of synthetic polymers. <br /><br /> The SPME/SELDI fibers were then coupled to QTOF MS and hybrid quadrupole linear ion trap (QqLIT) MS, respectively. Improved sensitivity could be achieved with QqLIT MS, as the modified AP MALDI source facilitated the ion transmission. The application of method for analysis of urine sample and the bovine serum albumin (BSA) digest were demonstrated with both PPY and PTH fibers. The LOD for leucine enkephalin in urine was determined to be 40 <em>fmol &mu;L<sup>-1</sup></em> with PTH coated fiber; and the LOD for the BSA digest was 2 <em>fmol &mu;L<sup>-1</sup></em> obtained with both PTH and PPY fibers. <br /><br /> A new multiplexed SPME/AP MALDI plate was designed and evaluated on the same QqLIT MS to improve the throughput, and the performance of this technique. The experimental parameters were optimized to obtain a significant improvement in performance. The incorporation of diluted matrix to the extraction solution improved the absolute signal and S/N ratio by 104X and 32X, respectively. The incorporation of reflection geometry for the laser illumination improved the S/N ratio by more than two orders of magnitude. The fully optimized high throughput SPME/AP MALDI configuration generated detection limit improvements on the order of 1000-7500X those achieved prior to these modifications. This system presents a possible alternative for qualitative proteomics and drug screening. <br /><br /> Laser desorption SPME as a sample introduction method for the fast analysis of non-volatile synthetic polymers was also demonstrated here. The coupling of laser desorption SPME to GC/FID and GC/MS was performed, and the advantage of laser desorption over traditional thermal desorption was demonstrated in this research. Laser desorption PEG 400 was observed more effcient than thermal desorption. Good separation was obtained even with a 1-m or 2-m column. These results demonstrate the potential of laser desorption SPME as a sample introduction method for the fast GC analysis of non-volatile compounds such as synthetic polymers.

Page generated in 0.0569 seconds