Le travail présenté dans cette thèse porte d’une part sur le développement et la caractérisation d’une nouvelle génération de détecteurs Micromegas (MICROMEsh GAseous Structure) pour l’expérience COMPASS au Cern, et d’autre part sur l’estimation de la contribution de canaux diffractifs à la production de pions et de kaons, dans le cadre de l’étude des fonctions de fragmentation de quarks en hadrons à COMPASS. De nouveaux détecteurs Micromegas d’une surface active de 40 x 40 cm² sont en cours de développement pour le futur de l’expérience COMPASS, à partir de 2015. Ces détecteurs devront fonctionner dans des flux de muons et hadrons approchant 8 MHz/cm². Pour cela, une zone centrale d’environ 5 cm de diamètre, traversée par le faisceau, sera constituée de 1280 pixels, et des technologies permettant de fortement réduire l’impact des décharges seront adoptées. Quatre prototypes de géométrie finale utilisant deux types de technologies de réduction des décharges différentes ont été produits au Cern et testés en conditions réelles à COMPASS entre 2010 et 2012. Trois d’entre eux sont des détecteurs hybrides utilisant une feuille GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) en tant qu’étage de préamplification pour réduire la probabilité de décharge. Le dernier détecteur est équipé d’une structure résistive à « résistances enterrées », permettant la réduction de l’amplitude des décharges. Leurs performances sont présentées dans cette thèse. L’impact de ces résultats sur la production et la mise en œuvre de la série finale de détecteurs est également discuté. Les fonctions de fragmentation de quarks en hadrons l’hadronisation d’un quark de saveur q en un hadron h. Ces fonctions universelles interviennent dans l’expression de la section efficace de nombreux processus. Elles sont accessibles à COMPASS via la réaction de diffusion profondément inélastique semi-inclusive de muons sur des nucléons. Les observables permettant leur extraction dans ce cadre sont les multiplicités de hadrons, soit le nombre moyen de hadrons produits par événement de diffusion profondément inélastique. Les mésons vecteurs issus de processus diffractifs produisent également des pions et kaons par leur désintégration. Ces processus n’impliquant pas l’hadronisation d’un quark, il semble justifié de ne pas les comptabiliser dans la mesure des multiplicités. Ce travail propose une étude Monte-Carlo des contributions de la production diffractive de mésons vecteurs rho et phi à la production de hadrons léger et aux événements inclusifs. Des facteurs de correction des multiplicités sont finalement établis. Enfin, l’effet de cette correction sur l’extraction des fonctions de fragmentation en pions est présenté. / This thesis is dedicated to the development and characterisation of a new generation of Micromegas (MICROMEsh GAseous Structure) detectors for the COMPASS experiment at Cern, and the estimation of the diffractive processes’ contribution to the production of pions and kaons, concerning the study of the quark fragmentation functions into hadrons at COMPASS. New Micromegas detectors with a 40 x 40 cm² active area are being developed for the future physics program of the COMPASS experiment starting in 2015. These detectors will have to work in high muon and hadron flux (close to 8 MHz/cm²). In this context, a central area of about 5 cm diameter, crossed by the beam, will be composed of 1280 pixels, and discharge-reduction technologies will be used. Four prototypes with a final read-out geometry, using two different discharge-reduction technologies have been produced at Cern and studied in nominal conditions at COMPASS between 2010 and 2012. Three are hybrid detectors using a GEM (Gas Electron Multiplier) foil as a preamplification stage to reduce the discharge probability. The other is equipped with a so called “buried resistors” resistive structure allowing to strongly reduce the discharge amplitude. Their performances are presented in this thesis. The impact of these results on the production and implementation of the final series of detectors is also discussed. Quark fragmentation functions into hadrons describe the hadronisation of a quark of flavor q into a hadron h. These universal functions take part in the cross-section expression of several processes. They can be accessed at COMPASS via semi-inclusive deep inelastic scattering of muons off nucleons. The relevant observables for fragmentation function extraction are hadron multiplicities, corresponding to the mean number of hadrons produced per deep inelastic scattering event. Vector mesons produced by a diffractive process can decay into pions and kaons. As such processes do not involve quark hadronisation, they should a priori be excluded from multiplicity measurements. This work presents a Monte-Carlo study of the impact of diffractive rho and phi production on light hadrons and inclusive events yields. Multiplicity correction factors are finally established. The effect of this correction on the extraction of pion fragmentation functions is also discussed.

This thesis examines the experience of loss in Anne Landsman’s novels The Devil’s Chimney (1997) and The Rowing Lesson (2008), and Rachel Zadok’s Gem Squash Tokoloshe (2005). Positing the Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) as an impetus for emerging literary traditions within contemporary South African fiction, the argument begins by evaluating the reasons for the TRC’s widespread impact, and considers the role that the individual author may play within a culture which is undergoing dramatic socio-political upheavals. Through theoretical explication, close reading, and textual comparison, the argument initiates a dialogue between psychoanalysis and literary analysis, differentiating between two primary modes of experiencing loss, namely traumatic and nostalgic memory. Out of these sets of concerns, the thesis seeks to understand the inextricability of body, memory and landscape, and interrogates the deployment of these tropes within the contexts of traumatic and nostalgic loss, examining each author’s nuanced invocation. A central tenet of the argument is a consideration, moreover, of how the dialogic imagination has shaped storytelling, and whether or not narrative may provide therapeutic affect for either author or reader. The study concludes with an interpretation of the changing shape of literary expression within South Africa.

本研究主要利用全球創業觀察(Global Entrepreneur Monitor, 簡稱 GEM)中 之成人人口調查資料庫(Adult Population Survey, 簡稱 APS)進行台灣自 2010 年 2015 年間創業趨勢分析。 藉由敘述性統計觀察台灣自 2010 年至 2015 年的整體創業趨勢，包括民眾對創業的認知態度、整體社會對創業的觀感，以及創業行為的變化趨勢；藉由交叉分析,比較台灣各階段創業者的人口統計變數、創業態度及創業觀感之比較，以了解位於不同創業過程的受訪者的特徵;並利用卡方獨立性檢定找出在不同的創 業行為階段，創業態度、創業觀感以及人口統計變數是否與其有顯著關聯，最後整合上述分析結果，提供國家層次創業活動的政策意涵，並分別為產、官、學界提出建議，期望活絡台灣創業活動。

This thesis goal is to analyze the factors that are influencing the strategies and growth expectations of the Czech start-ups. The analysis is based on the data sample from the Czech GEM 2011 and unique study of the Czech start-ups performed in 2011 as well. Various statistical methods are used to determine which microeconomic factors affect (1) the strategy choice and (2) growth expectations. As for the factors influencing expected growth, the research is concluded by the creation of the regression equations explaining the expected growth in the revenues as well as expected growth in employees. The factors influencing strategy choice are: managers-owners experience, the environment, self-efficacy, gender, and innovativeness. The factors influencing expected growth in revenues are: innovativeness, self-efficacy, competitive strategy, managers-owners experience, social capital, export intention, and business planning. The factors influencing the expected growth in employment are: legal structure of company, export intention, self-efficacy, innovativeness, competitive strategy, business planning. Following variables create the regression equation explaining expected growth in revenues: financial planning, export intention, education, IPR use, and age of entrepreneur. The variables explaining expected growth in employees are: (1) export intention, product newness, and legal structure of the company, (2) product newness, differentiation inclination, and financial projections. Alongside, the Porter's generic strategies framework was proved to fit the data sample while it was showed that a portion of Czech entrepreneurs are "stuck in the middle". By these findings, this thesis provides unique empirical verification of the growth and strategy theory on the sample of the Czech entrepreneurs.

En collaboration avec les Laboratoires Servier, nous présentons la synthèse d'une nouvelle famille d'inhibiteurs portant un groupe thiol ou carboxyle, développé comme antagoniste du TAFIa en vue d'une nouvelle thérapie antithrombotique et thrombolytique. L'étape clé de cette synthèse consiste en la formation de motifs β-lactames gem-difluorés. Dans ce but, la synthèse chimio- et stéréosélective de β-aminoesters et de β-lactames gem-difluorés à partir du bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle et d'imines par réaction de Reformatsky a été étudiée. L'influence de paramètres réactionnels variés, la nature de l'amine et de l'aldéhyde, la nature de l'auxiliaire chiral ont été évaluées. De hauts degrés de stéréosélectivité (jusqu'à 98%) ont été obtenus pour les gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters et les gem-difluoroazétidin-2-ones en employant soit le (R)-phénylglycinol soit le (R)-méthoxyphénylglycinol. Nous avons également développé une procédure efficace pour effectuer la synthèse de gem-difluoro-β-lactames racémiques. Ces composés ont été obtenus par réaction de Reformatsky entre le bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle et diverses imines de la p-méthoxybenzylamine. La synthèse de gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters racémiques est accomplie par réaction de Gilman-Speeter entre un sel d'iminium généré selon la procédure de Katritzky et le bromodifluoroacétate d'éthyle. Après une déprotection efficace de ces gem-difluoro-β-aminoesters et gem-difluoro-β-lactames, nous avons étudié la N-alkylation et la N-acylation pour l'introduction du groupe chélateur du zinc, e.g. un groupe portant un acide carboxylique ou un thiol, ainsi qu'un groupe espaceur. Après déprotection, ces composés ont été évalués pour l'inhibition de la carboxypeptidase U par la Division Angiologie de l'IdRS. Malheureusement tous ces dérivés n'ont présenté qu'une IC50 supérieure à 33 rM. Néanmoins, nous avons développé une méthode générale et efficace pour synthétiser des dérivés pseudopeptidiques gem-difluorés comme des building blocks originaux, avec une large gamme d'application.

Carbon dioxide is one of the greenhouse gases which have strong impacts on the environment and its amount in the atmosphere is far beyond to be ignored. Carbon dioxide levels are projected to be reduced by sequestering it directly to the underground. High amounts of carbon dioxide can be safely stored in underground media for very long time periods. Storage in depleted gas reservoirs provides an option for sequestering carbon dioxide. In 2002, production of Kuzey Marmara gas reservoir has been stopped due to gas storage plans. Carbon dioxide sequestration in Kuzey Marmara field has been considered in this study as an alternative to the gas storage projects. Reservoir porosity and permeability maps were prepared with the help of Surfer software demo version. These maps were merged with the available Kuzey Marmara production information to create an input file for CMG-GEM simulator and a three dimensional model of the reservoir was created. History match of the field model was made according to the 1998-2002 production data to verify the similarity between the model and actual reservoir. Kuzey Marmara field is regarded as a candidate for future gas storage projects. The reservoir still contains producible natural gas. Four different scenarios were prepared by considering this fact with variations in the regional field properties and implemented into previously built simulation model. These scenarios primarily focus on sequestering carbon dioxide while producing as much as natural gas possible. After analyzing the results from the scenarios it is realized that / CO2 injection can be applied to increase natural gas recovery of Kuzey Marmara field but sequestering high rate CO2 emissions is found out to be inappropriate.

Submitted by JÚLIO HEBER SILVA (julioheber@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-05-19T17:39:41Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Alexandre Freitas - 2017.pdf: 10640805 bytes, checksum: 61b69f91cb32e17075d698eecf19b8c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2017-05-22T10:42:45Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Alexandre Freitas - 2017.pdf: 10640805 bytes, checksum: 61b69f91cb32e17075d698eecf19b8c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-22T10:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Tese - Leandro Alexandre Freitas - 2017.pdf: 10640805 bytes, checksum: 61b69f91cb32e17075d698eecf19b8c4 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-04 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The growth and popularization of wireless connectivity and of mobile devices has allowed the development of smart spaces that were previously only envisaged in the approach proposed by Mark Weiser. These smart spaces are composed of many computational resources, such as devices, services and applications, along with users, who must be able to associate with these features. However, programming these environments is a challenging task, since smart spaces have a dynamic nature, resources are heterogeneous, and it is necessary that interactions between users and devices are coordinated with one another. In this work, we present a new approach for smart spaces programming using Models@RunTime. In this regard, we propose a high level modeling language, called Smart Spaces Modeling Language (2SML), in which the user is able to model the smart space with all elements that can be part of it. Such models are developed by the users, interpreted and effected in the physical space by a model execution engine, called Smart Space Virtual Machine (2SVM), whose development is part of this work. / O crescimento e a popularização cada vez maior da conectividade sem fio e dos dispositivos móveis, tem permitido a construção de espaços inteligentes que antes eram vislumbrados apenas na proposta de computação ubíqua do cientista da Xerox PARK, Mark Weiser. Esses espaços inteligentes são compostos por diversos recursos computacionais, como dispositivos, serviços e aplicações, além de usuários, que devem ser capazes de se associar a esses recursos. Entretanto, a programação destes ambientes é uma tarefa desa- fiadora, uma vez que os espaços inteligentes possuem uma natureza dinâmica, os recursos se apresentam de forma heterogênea e é necessário que as interações entre usuários e dispositivos sejam coordenadas. Neste trabalho desenvolvemos uma nova abordagem para programação de espaços inteligentes, por meio de modelos em tempo de execução. Para isso, propomos uma linguagem de modelagem de alto nível, denominada Smart Space Modeling Language (2SML), em que o usuário é capaz de modelar o espaço inteligente com todos os elementos que dele podem fazer parte. Esse modelo desenvolvido pelo usuá- rio é interpretado e realizado no espaço físico por uma máquina de execução de modelos, denominada Smart Space Virtual Machine (2SVM), cujo desenvolvimento é parte deste trabalho.

This PhD thesis presents the measurement of the differential cross section for the production of a Z boson in association with jets in proton-proton collisions taking place at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, at a centre-of-mass energy of 8 TeV. A development of a data acquisition (DAQ) system for the Triple-Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector in view of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector upgrade is also presented.<p><p>The events used for the data analysis were collected by the CMS detector during the year 2012 and constitute a sample of 19:6 fb-& / Doctorat en Sciences / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

PhD. (Department of Business Administration, Faculty of Management Sciences), Vaal University of Technology. / Entrepreneurial intention (EI) is considered as an element used by researchers to measure the propensity of individuals to become entrepreneurs. Higher education institutions (HEIs) have been utilised globally by governments as mechanisms to increase the EIs of students by establishing entrepreneurship as an academic discipline and instituting entrepreneurship programmes at all educational levels. However, in South Africa, the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) reports a decline in EIs in the last decade of the population aged 18-64 years. The current study investigated the influence of the entrepreneurship education (EE) at one selected Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) college and a University of Technology (UOT) located in the Gauteng Province, South Africa through a comparative analysis. The Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and the Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA) were used as theories to underpin the study. In addition, Self-efficacy (SE), Need to Achieve (NA) and Instrumental Readiness (IR) were included as constructs to examine further variables for EIs. The study adopted a survey design and followed a quantitative research approach in determining the relationship between the identified variables. A self-administered survey questionnaire was used to gather the data from the sampled students at the selected HEIs. The total number of usable questionnaires was 390 from the TVET college and 362 from the UOT, giving a total of 752 responses. The empirical analysis was performed by means of the descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), Pearson correlations, and regression analysis. The descriptive analysis procedure was utilised to examine the demographic profile of the respondents as well as the perceptions of the respondents towards the research constructs of the study. The EFA procedure confirmed that all measurement scales applied in the study were unidimensional. The Pearson correlation analysis was used to examine the linear association between the constructs while the regression analysis was used to test the hypotheses. The results of the hypotheses tests revealed that EE was statistically significant in predicting the EI of the students from both the TVET college and UOT. The tests further revealed that EE was also statistically significant in predicting the Attitude towards Behaviour (ATB), Subjective Norm (SN), Perceived Behavioural Control (PBC), SE, NA and IR of the students from both HEIs in a similar manner. However, PBC, SE, and NA were found to be statistically insignificant for the TVET college students while for the UOT students only SN, NA and IR were statistically insignificant. The study concludes that EE is an important tool that can be used to enhance the EI of the students at both types of HEIs. It further draws the conclusion that students from the TVET college are more dependent on external factors such as the support of their families and friends as well as the availability of resources to start thinking of starting their own business, whereas those from the UOT are more reliant on internal motivation. Based on the results, the study recommends that subjects in the curriculum in HEIs should have a learning unit dedicated to stimulating entrepreneurship amongst students. Such an approach might inspire students to venture into entrepreneurship.

Radiations can be classified as either ionizing or non-ionizing according to whether it ionizes or does not ionize the medium through which they propagate. X-rays photons and gamma rays are the typical examples of ionizing radiations whereas radiowave, heat or visible light are examples of non ionizing radiations. UV photons have some features of both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. Both ionizing and non-ionizing radiation can be harmful to living organisms and to the natural environment. Hence the detection and measurement of radiation is very important for the well being of living organisms as well as the natural environment. Not only for safety reasons, have radiation detectors found their applications in various fields including medical physics, nuclear and particle physics, astronomy and homeland security. Industrial sectors that use radiation detection include medical imaging, security and baggage scanning, the nuclear power industry and defense. Gas electron multiplier (GEM) is one of the most successful representatives of gaseous detectors used for UV photon and X-ray photon detection. Recently there is a growing demand for large area photon detectors with sensitivity reaching to the level of single photon. They are used in spectroscopy and imaging in astronomy high energy physics experiments etc. Thick GEM (THGEM) is a mechanical expansion of standard GEM. It has all the necessary requirements needed for large area detector and offers a multiplication factor that permits efficient detection of light. Hence, the development and performance study of THGEM based radiation detector is chosen as the topic of study in the present thesis. The initial part of the thesis contains simulation studies carried out for the understanding the working of the detector and the effect of various design parameters of THGEM for the above said applications. Different steps for the fabrication of THGEM and the technical challenges faced during the process are discussed. In the view of application of the fabricated THGEM for UV photon detection, cesium iodide photocathode is prepared using thin film technology and characterized. The performance of the photocathode under various operating conditions is studied in terms of its photoemission property. The effect of vacuum treatment on the photoemission property of the photocathode exposed to moist air is studied in detail. A major portion of this thesis focuses on maximizing the detection efficiency of the UV photon detector realized using the fabricated THGEM coupled with the cesium iodide photocathode. Simulations are used at different stages to interpret the experimental observations. The electron spectrum obtained from the detector under study was analyzed. The dependence of secondary effect like photon feedback on the operating parameters is also discussed. The last portion of the thesis deals with the application of THGEM as an X-ray detector. The performance is evaluated in terms of the gain and energy resolution achieved. The thesis is organized as follows: Chapter 1 is divided into two sections. Section A gives a general introduction to different types of radiation detectors found in the present day and their working principles. This is followed by discussion about gas ionization based detector and its working principle in detail. A brief literature survey of the different types of micropattern gas detectors is also given in this section. In Section B of this chapter GEM and THGEM are introduced with discussion about their working principle and areas of application. Chapter 2 deals with the simulation study of THGEM undertaken to have a clear understanding of the detector’s working. Section A of this chapter gives an overview of the simulation tools used for the present thesis in particular ANSYS and GARFIELD. Section B presents the results of the simulation study highlighting the effects of different geometrical and operating parameters on the electric field distribution in and around the THGEM aperture. The relevance of the study to the detectors performance is discussed vividly for all the cases. In Chapter 3, the details of the different steps involved in THGEM fabrication are given. Design aspects involved, fabrication of the THGEM using standard PCB technology coupled with photolithography technique are discussed in this chapter. This is followed by an elaborate description of the test setup used for all the performance study. Preface In the view of application of THGEM as a UV photon detector, cesium iodide photocathode was prepared and characterized. Chapter 4 discusses about the CsI photocathode preparation and its characterization for the above said application. Photoemission property of the photocathode was analyzed under various operating parameters. The effect of vacuum treatment on the photocathode performance is a new aspect of this thesis. Its correlation with the microstructure of the film is reported for the first time. Chapter 5 deals with the application of THGEM as a UV photon detector. The study mainly focuses on the improvement of the detection efficiency of the detector. The effect of drift parameters on the electron transfer efficiency and hence on the detection efficiency of the detector is a major contribution of this thesis. There are no literature available which discusses this aspect of a UV photon detector. The experimental study has been supported with simulation results. In addition to the study on detection efficiency, electron spectrum has also been acquired from the UV photon detector. The spectrum has been analyzed under various operating conditions. Discussions about secondary effects like photon feedback prevailing in the detector output are also present in this chapter. Chapter 6 presents the results of THGEM as an X-ray detector. The performance of the detector has been evaluated in terms of the effective gain and energy resolution achieved under different operating conditions. The gain instability with time and its uniformity across the THGEM area are also studied. The effect of drift field on the energy resolution and its correlation with ETE is a new aspect of this work. Chapter 7 summarizes the salient features of the work presented in this thesis. Also the scope of future work based on this thesis is discussed at the end of the chapter.