Afin de pouvoir évaluer les impacts futurs des changements climatiques en Arctique, il faut bien simuler les tendances de ces changements. La comparaison des résultats des modèles climatiques avec les observations est donc capitale pour le développement de modèles climatiques fiables et pour la compréhension de leurs limitations lors des projections futures. Le problème est que seulement quelques modèles couplés sont en mesure de reproduire les tendances majeures de température de surface du 20e siècle (3e Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, IPCC-2001). En fait, avec l'augmentation des gaz à effet de serre, tous les modèles climatiques anticipent un maximum de réchauffement en Arctique durant la saison froide. Par contre, même si les observations au cours de la deuxième moitié du dernier siècle suggèrent une tendance au réchauffement en Arctique au cours du printemps, de l'été et de l'automne (Rigor, Colony et Martin, 2000), la région du centre de l'arctique ne permet pas de déterminer une tendance de température durant l'hiver et ce, même si les autres régions près du cercle polaire montre un réchauffement durant cette période (Rigor, Colony et Martin, 2000; Kahl et al., 1993). De plus, certaines observations pour la période 1980-2000 vont même jusqu'à montrer des tendances systématiques de refroidissement durant l'automne et l'hiver, non seulement à l'intérieur du cercle polaire arctique, mais également dans certaines régions du nord de l'Europe, de la Russie et du Canada (Comiso, 2003; Wang et al., 2003; Rigor, Colony et Martin, 2000; Hansen et al., 1999; Chapman et Walsh, 1993; Kahl et al., 1993). La comparaison des différentes configurations du modèle canadien GEM avec les réanalyses ERA 40 et NCEP/NCAR dans la région arctique pour la période 1978-2002 dans le cadre de l'année polaire internationale (API) permet ainsi de vérifier si le traitement de la physique et de la dynamique dans le modèle est adéquat pour représenter les principales tendances et les patrons moyens de la variabilité atmosphérique observés. Elle permet également de vérifier que les principaux processus reliés à la diminution de la neige, de la glace de mer et de l'albédo, sont biens représentés par le modèle. L'étude des différentes configurations de GEM montre que celles-ci sont généralement incapables de reproduire les principaux patrons de tendances et de variabilité atmosphérique sur l'Arctique, en particulier la PNA, la NAO/AO et l'anticyclone de Sibérie. Ceci ce traduit notamment par des différences relativement importantes d'une configuration à l'autre. Le fait que certaines différences persistent également entre les réanalyses NCEP et ERA 40 rend également plus difficile la comparaison et l'identification des principaux patrons et processus. En fait, il ressort à première vue que certaines configurations de GEM éprouvent plus de difficultés par rapport à d'autres pour simuler les tendances négatives de SLP sur le bassin arctique, les fortes tendances positives de SAT le long des côtes continentales au printemps et à l'automne ainsi que les fortes tendances positives de SAT sur l'Europe et l'est de l'océan Arctique. Il apparait de plus que les configurations GEM-LAM surestiment de manière relativement importante les tendances et les variabilités de SLP et de GZ à 500 hPa, en particulier à l'automne et à l'hiver. Par contre, l'ensemble des configurations semblent généralement bien simuler les tendances et la variabilité observées durant l'été. Les configurations de GEM sont de plus en accord avec le fait que les variances les plus fortes au lieu durant l'hiver. ______________________________________________________________________________ MOTS-CLÉS DE L’AUTEUR : Arctique, modèle canadien GEM, configurations, tendances et variabilité, patrons atmosphériques, vortex polaire, la rétroaction de la vapeur d'eau, la rétroaction glace-albédo-température, la rétroaction déshydratation-effet de serre (RDES)

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The first part of the thesis deals with the synthesis and biological evaluation of new platelets aggregation inhibitors, based on 12-HETE, 13-HODE and their analogues. In the second part we are interested in novel methodologies for the preparation of CF₂-containing molecules : First, a flexible strategy for the synthesis of gem-difluoro-bisarylic derivatives and heteroaromatic analogues was designed based on the easy synthesis and the reactivity of gem-difluoro propargylic intermediates, which by Diels-Alder cycloaddition and 1,3-dipolar cycloadditions afforded respectively the bisarylic and mixed arylic heteroarylic scaffolds. In addition, two small libraries were constructed around a bisarylic scaffold as representative examples. Second, we were interested in the synthesis of optically active functionalized molecules containing a gem-difluoro group, using asymmetric organocatalysis protocols. After preparation of the gem-difluoro enals, from their difluoropropargylic precursors, asymmetric organocalytic Diels-Alder cycloaddition and 1,4-conjugated additions were successfully performed.

Robust speech recognition in acoustic environments that contain multiple speech sources and/or complex non-stationary noise is a difficult problem, but one of great practical interest. The formalism of probabilistic graphical models constitutes a relatively new and very powerful tool for better understanding and extending existing models, learning, and inference algorithms; and a bedrock for the creative, quasi-systematic development of new ones. In this thesis a collection of new graphical models and inference algorithms for robust speech recognition are presented. The problem of speech separation using multiple microphones is first treated. A family of variational algorithms for tractably combining multiple acoustic models of speech with observed sensor likelihoods is presented. The algorithms recover high quality estimates of the speech sources even when there are more sources than microphones, and have improved upon the state-of-the-art in terms of SNR gain by over 10 dB. Next the problem of background compensation in non-stationary acoustic environments is treated. A new dynamic noise adaptation (DNA) algorithm for robust noise compensation is presented, and shown to outperform several existing state-of-the-art front-end denoising systems on the new DNA + Aurora II and Aurora II-M extensions of the Aurora II task. Finally, the problem of speech recognition in speech using a single microphone is treated. The Iroquois system for multi-talker speech separation and recognition is presented. The system won the 2006 Pascal International Speech Separation Challenge, and amazingly, achieved super-human recognition performance on a majority of test cases in the task. The result marks a significant first in automatic speech recognition, and a milestone in computing.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-05-07T15:09:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 5575116 bytes, checksum: bb5bbe15d95eb6e16cb30799c53ddb8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-03-15 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / This thesis is based on theoretical research into the phenomenon of reading in Youth and Adult Education (YAE), in which we seek to answer two questions: what epistemological elements should be fundamental for the teaching of reading in YAE? What are we (re) learning through and about the practice of reading in YAE with a view to good living ? We believe that these answers could provide important elements for a praxis of reading in YAE which guarantees a widening of the possibilities for social participation by the subjects of the educational process, in a way which makes the process of learning to read less opaque, with the indication of possible and adequate paths for the recreation of this activity in YAE. Such paths, based on the perspective of Popular Education and as such with respect for the different social subjects, in the cultivation of lifelong learning and in the most diverse learning communities, without losing good living from sight which implies a good living together , that is, the construction of ethical, democratic, symbiotic, balanced and harmonious (inter)relations between persons and between them and nature all, without a sense of inferiority or superiority, and conceived as interrelated and interdependent elements which make up the cosmos. Amongst the areas selected for this study, we can list the contributions of the Historical-cultural Theory of Human Psyche (Vygotsky), of Pedagogy (in particular, the Freirean postulates), of Philosophy (Dialectics and Historical Materialism), of Social Semiotics and some of the strands of contemporary Linguistics, such as Socio-linguistics, and Textual Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Pragmatics and bakhtinian studies (interactionism). In our search for coherence with the principles of Popular Education, a qualitative research methodology was chosen and, on the basis of that, we opted for a diversification of ideas and contexts. In this way, the process of content analysis in which is implicit the discursive character of each and every enunciation, made use of educational theories and proposals and extant practices (already systematized and registered) as well as data resulting from experiences in which the researcher in her condition as educator in YAE was involved. We sought in this way to establish new working hypotheses, with the results obtained being reflected again in and for YAE, considered as a process of lifelong learning (human right) and a possible and necessary locus for popular education. In accordance with the results of this research, reading in YAE as interlocutive praxis constitutes a pedagogical process which makes possible the enlargement of the construction of knowledge and transformative practices in the search for good living which corroborates the initial thesis of this research. The right to the will to produce truth is still an unequal, tense and conflictive battle, although simultaneously pregnant with contradictions which can even be transformed into gaps housing new positions with regard to the world, in new humanizing potentializing conquests of good living for young people, adults and the elderly who, as historical subjects, can be conditioned but not determined and, therefore, can be re-dignified as subjects of rights, as constructors of new rights, personally and collectively, in and through interlocutive praxis. / A presente Tese se constitui em uma pesquisa teórica sobre o fenômeno leitura na Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA), em que se buscaram respostas para duas perguntas: que elementos epistemológicos seriam basilares no trabalho com a leitura na EJA? O que se está (re)aprendendo na e com a prática de leitura na EJA, com vistas a um bem viver ( buen vivir )? Acreditou-se que essas respostas poderiam fornecer elementos importantes para uma práxis de leitura na EJA que garanta a ampliação das possibilidades de participação social dos sujeitos educativos, de forma a tornar menos opaco o processo da aprendizagem da leitura, com indicação de possíveis e adequados caminhos à recriação dessa atividade na EJA. Caminhos fundados na perspectiva de educação popular, portanto, que respeitam os diferentes sujeitos sociais no cultivo da aprendizagem ao longo da vida e nas mais diversas comunidades de aprendizagem, sem perder de vista um bem viver ( buen vivir ), que implica um conviver bem , isto é, a construção de (inter)relações éticas, democráticas, simbióticas, equilibradas e harmoniosas entre as pessoas e entre estas e a natureza todos, sem relação de inferioridade/superioridade, concebidos como elementos interligados e interdependentes que integram o cosmo. Dentre as áreas selecionadas para este estudo, podem ser aqui elencadas as contribuições da Teoria Histórico-Cultural do Psiquismo Humano (Vygotsky), da Pedagogia (em especial, os postulados freireanos), da Filosofia (Materialismo Histórico e Dialético), da Semiótica Social e de algumas das vertentes da Linguística contemporânea, como a Sociolinguística, a Linguística de Texto, a Análise do Discurso, a Pragmática e os estudos bakhtinianos (interacionismo). Na busca de coerência aos princípios da Educação Popular (EP), priorizou-se uma metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa e, por isso, optou-se pela diversificação de ideias e contextos. Dessa maneira, o processo de análise dos conteúdos em que está implicado o caráter discursivo de todo e qualquer enunciado , valeu-se tanto de teorias e propostas educativas e práticas já existentes (sistematizadas e com registro) como também de dados resultantes de experiências da pesquisadora na condição de educadora de EJA. Buscou-se, então, estabelecer novas hipóteses de trabalho, sendo os resultados obtidos refletidos novamente na e para a EJA, considerada como processo de aprendizagem ao longo da vida (direito humano) e um locus possível e necessário de educação popular. De acordo com os resultados dessa pesquisa, a leitura na EJA como práxis interlocutiva constitui-se num processo pedagógico que possibilita a ampliação da construção de saberes e práticas transformadoras em busca de um bem viver ( um buen vivir ) o que corrobora a tese inicial de pesquisa. O direito à vontade da produção de verdades é, ainda, uma batalha desigual, tensa e conflituosa, entretanto, simultaneamente, grávida de contradições que podem até ser transformadas em f(r)estas em novo(s) posicionamento(s) frente ao mundo, em nova(s) conquista(s) humanizadora(s), possibilatora(s) de um bem viver ( buen vivir ) inclusive pelos(as) jovens, adultos(as) e idosos(as) que, enquanto sujeitos históricos, até podem ser condicionados, mas não determinados, portanto, podem, sim, redignificar-se como sujeitos de direito, como construtores de novos direitos, pessoal e coletivamente, na e pela práxis inclusive interlocutiva

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T15:59:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo5641_1.pdf: 8861232 bytes, checksum: 06bc13c415ab89ab54528cc9a26b9d6b (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007 / A popularização das artes mediadas por computador e, em especial, do visual-jóquei (VJ), estimula o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas multimídia de tempo real. Esta demanda vem sendo atendida por programas específicos para o controle de exibição de vídeos e efeitos como Resolume, ArKaos e diversas variantes; e com linguagens de programação visual como o Pd/GEM, Max/MSP/Jitter e diversas variantes. Entretanto, existe um compromisso entre usabilidade (facilidade de uso) e expressividade (limite técnico para se criar novos efeitos e funcionalidades) que ainda não é bem resolvido nestes sistemas e se torna problemático para muitos usuários como confirmado a partir de entrevistas respondidas por VJs. Este trabalho tem duas contribuições principais. A primeira é um estudo analítico e original das tecnologias existentes, incluindo desafios de arquitetura para processamento audiovisual em tempo real. A segunda contribuição é o desenvolvimento do sistema ViMus, que introduz o conceito de interface gráfica de caixa aberta" na tentativa de amenizar o problema de compromisso entre expressividade e usabilidade, fazendo uso de interfaces análogas às dos sistemas mais simples, porém pouco expressivos, como Resolume e oferecendo, gradativa e intuitivamente ao usuário, o acesso a uma máquina de processamento análoga à dos sistemas mais expressivos, porém mais difíceis de se aprender a usar, como o Pd/GEM

Ce travail s'inscrit dans le cadre d'un programme de collaboration entre l'Université Libanaise et l'université de Rennes 1. La thèse est divisée en deux parties :Chimie du fluor : synthèse de nouveaux hétérocycles portant des chaînes latérales fluorées ; chimie médicinale : recherche de nouvelles molécules à visées anticancéreuses. La première partie se compose de trois chapitres : dans le premier chapitre, des intermédiaires de synthèse de type énones fluorées ont été synthétisés par une voie originale, et leur réactivité en cyclocondensation a été étudiée pour obtenir de pyrazolines et de pyrrolines avec des chaînes latérales fluorés. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous nous sommes intéressés à la préparation d'hétérocycles de type chroman-4-one, en utilisant les intermédiaires difluorés précédents. Dans le dernier chapitre, la réaction de Kinugasa a été appliquée pour la première fois sur des dérivés propargyliques gem-difluorés. Cette réaction nous a permis de découvrir une voie de synthèse originale à une famille de composés nouveaux, à savoir des exoalkylidène b-lactames portant un fluor en position vinylique. Dans la seconde partie, notre objectif était de restaurer les propriétés apoptotiques au sein des cellules cancéreuses afin d'obtenir de nouveaux composés à activité antitumorale. A partir de données obtenues par modélisation moléculaire, nous avons fait le design de plusieurs séries d'analogues d'un inhibiteur connu (MIM-1) de la protéine anti-apoptotique Mcl-1. Plus de 40 analogues ont été préparés et testés sur trois variétés de cellules cancéreuses (sein, ovaire et mélanome). Un certain nombre de ces composés ont présenté des activités prometteuses dans ces différents domaines. / This work is a part of a collaboration program between Lebanese University and University of Rennes 1. The thesis is divided into two parts: fluorine chemistryv : synthesis of new heterocycles bearing fluorine-containing side chains ; medicinal chemistry : research towards new anticancer molecules. The first part consists of three chapters: in the first chapter, gem-difluoro enone-type intermediates were synthesized through a new route and their cyclocondensation reactions were studied to get pyrazolines and pyrrolines with fluorinated side chains. In the second chapter, type-chroman-4-one heterocycles were prepared using the previous difluorinated intermediates. In the third chapter, the Kinugasa reaction was applied for the first time on gem-difluoro propargylic derivatives. This reaction has allowed us to discover a pathway to a new family of molecules, the fluorine-containing exoalkylidene β-lactames. In the second part, our goal was to reinduce the proapoptotic properties in cancer cells in order to obtain new antitumor compounds. Starting from data obtained through molecular modeling studies, we designed and prepared several series of analogs for a known inhibitor (MIM-1) of the anti-apoptotic protein Mcl-1. Over 40 analogs have been synthetized and screened towards three types of cancer cells (breast, ovarian and melanoma). Some of these derivatives have demonstrated promising data in these areas.

Graphical user interfaces for high-assurance systems must fulfill a range of security requirements such as protected and reliable presentation, prevention of unauthorized cross-domain talk, and prevention of user-input eavesdropping. Additionally, it is desirable to support legacy applications running in confined compartments. Standard isolation methods such as virtual-machine monitors provide one frame buffer per security domain, where each frame buffer is managed by one legacy window system. This raises the question of how to safely integrate multiple (legacy) window systems and protect the displayed data while preserving the usability of modern user interfaces. Our paper describes the OverlayWindow System, a general mechanism for multiplexing windows of multiple distinct window systems into the host frame buffer. Thus, each legacy window appears to the user as one corresponding host window that can be moved and resized. To achieve this, only slight modifications of the legacy window system are required whereby, the source code does not have to be available. Our implementation of an Overlay Window System successfully multiplexes Linux, GEM and native L4 applications.

Este trabajo consiste en el desarrollo de un plan de negocio de jabones artesanales con propiedades naturales y de gemoterapia teniendo como prioridad satisfacer las necesidades de nuestro público objetivo. Con el objetivo de elaborar un producto de alta calidad, se contó con la colaboración por medio de entrevistas de expertos que nos permitieron implementar diversas mejoras en la adquisición de los insumos correctos y los procedimientos adecuados. En primer lugar, para la elaboración del proyecto se desarrolló una segmentación que nos permitió determinar de manera efectiva nuestro público objetivo. Posteriormente por medio de los diversos experimentos que se desarrollaron se pudo conocer las características que eran apreciadas por los consumidores de nuestro producto, además se estableció el precio de venta por medio del concierge. En segundo lugar, se evaluaron los diversos factores tanto internos como externos que pueden afectar de manera indirecta o directa a nuestra empresa incluyendo la coyuntura relacionada con el COVID-19, elaborando de esta manera estrategias aplicables para el entorno cambiante actual y futuro. Finalmente, se elaboraron presupuestos en las diversas áreas implicadas en los procesos de la empresa como marketing, responsabilidad social empresarial, operaciones, recursos humanos entre otros tanto a corto como largo plazo, permitiéndonos de esta manera evaluar la viabilidad del proyecto. / This assignment consists in the development of a business plan for handmade soaps with natural properties and gem therapy having as a priority to satisfy the needs of our target public. With the objective of elaborating a high-quality product, we had the collaboration through interviews with experts that allowed us to implement several improvements in the acquisition of the correct inputs and the adequate procedures. First, for the elaboration of the project, a segmentation was developed that allowed us to effectively determine our target audience. Later, through the various experiments that were developed, we were able to know the characteristics that were appreciated by the consumers of our product, in addition to establishing the sales price through the concierge. Secondly, we evaluated the various internal and external factors that may indirectly or directly affect our company including the situation related to the COVID-19, thus developing applicable strategies for the current and future changing environment. Finally, budgets were prepared in the various areas involved in the company's processes such as marketing, corporate social responsibility, operations, human resources among others both in the short and long term, thus allowing us to assess the viability of the project. / Trabajo de investigación

De par ses propriétés uniques, le motif cyclopropane est largement répandu dans les composés bioactifs et d’intérêt pharmaceutique. Des efforts d’envergure ont été déployés pour accéder directement à des cyclopropanes substitués. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse décrit de nouvelles méthodes de préparation de cyclopropanes polysubstitués et leur application pour la synthèse de bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Pour accéder à une variété de cis-iodocyclopropanes, une zinciocyclopropanation diastéréosélective a été développée en utilisant les réactifs hétéro-dihalocarbénoïdes récemment décrits par le groupe Charette. La procédure a été simplifiée, notamment en augmentant la concentration. L’utilisation de ces nouvelles conditions a permis d’élargir considérablement l’étendue et l’efficacité de la réaction. Bien que leur synthèse soit difficile, les petits systèmes carbobicycliques rigides possède une réactivité unique en tant qu'intermédiaires pour des molécules complexes. Les iodocyclopropanes cis issus du premier projet ont été utilisés pour la synthèse de bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes riches en électrons et substitués aux positions 2-, 2,2- et 2,4. Comme la nature et la position des substituants est opposées à celles des bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes précédemment développés, ces composés peu étudiés jusqu’à maintenant, ont une réactivité intéressante. À l'aide d'un précurseur de carbène diiodosilylméthylboronate, une gem-borosilylcyclopropanation organocatalysée et activée par la lumière visible a été développée et appliquée à de nombreux dérivés du styrène. Cette méthode a permis la préparation de borosilylcyclopropanes 1,1,2-tri- et 1,1,2,2-tétrasubstitués avec un excellent contrôle diastéréosélectif. Différentes réactions de post-fonctionnalisation soulignent la versatilité de cette nouvelle entité. En complément, une gem-borosilylcyclopropanation rapide et efficace médiée par micro-ondes sans catalyseur a été développée. Cette méthode est une alternative aux conditions développées en photochimie. / The cyclopropane moiety is prevalent in bioactive compounds and drug candidates due to its unique properties. Extensive effort has been made to develop straightforward access towards highly substituted cyclopropanes. The research presented in the thesis describes new methods for polysubstituted cyclopropanes and their application in the preparation of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. To access a variety of cis-iodocyclopropanes, a diastereoselective zincocyclopropanation using modified conditions was developed by applying hetero-dihalocarbenoids recently reported by the Charette group. The procedure increased the reaction concentration, streamlined the process, and improved the efficiency of the reaction. The substrate scope was significantly expanded using the newly developed conditions. Strained small carbobicyclic systems are valuable synthons for complex molecules despite their challenging synthesis. The cis-iodocyclopropanes resulting from the first project were applied in the synthesis of electron-rich 2–, 2,2– and 2,4–substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Since the nature and the position of the substituents were opposite compared to previously developed bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, the underexplored scaffolds exhibited different reactivity. The organocatalyzed visible-light mediated gem-borosilylcyclopropanation of styrene derivatives was developed using a diiodosilylmethylboronate carbene precursor. The method enabled the preparation of 1,1,2-tri– and 1,1,2,2–tetrasubstituted borosilylcyclopropanes with excellent diastereocontrol. Post-functionalization reactions highlighted the synthetic versatility of the novel entities. A catalyst-free microwave-assisted time-efficient gem-borosilylcyclopropanation reaction was complementary developed, offering an alternative to photochemistry.