Soil erosion is a major global environmental problem that is increasing year by year in Turkey. Preventing soil erosion requires political, economic and technical actions / before these actions we must learn properties and behaviors of our soil resources. The aims of this study are to estimate annual soil loss rates of a watershed with integrated models within GIS framework and to map the soil erosion risk for a complex terrain. In this study, annual soil loss rates are estimated using the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) that has been used for five decades all over the world. The main problem in estimating the soil loss rate is determining suitable slope length parameters of USLE for complex terrains in grid based approaches. Different algorithms are evaluated for calculating slope length parameters of the study area namely Kocadere Creek Watershed, which can be considered as a complex terrain. Hickey&amp / #8217 / s algorithm gives more reliable topographic factor values than Mitasova&amp / #8217 / s and Moore&amp / #8217 / s. Satellite image driven cover and management parameter (C) determination is performed by scaling NDVI values to approximate C values by using European Soil Bureau&amp / #8217 / s formula. After the estimation of annual soil loss rates, watershed is mapped into three different erosion risk classes (low, moderate, high) by using two different classification approaches: boolean and fuzzy classifications. Fuzzy classifications are based on (I) only topographic factor and, (II) both topographic and C factors of USLE. By comparing three different classified risk maps, it is found that! in the study area topography dominates erosion process on bare soils and areas having sparse vegetation.

Submitted by GABRIEL RONDINA PUPO DA SILVEIRA null (grpdsilveira@fca.unesp.br) on 2016-04-12T19:02:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 11-04-16 Dissertação_Mestrado_Gabriel correção pós defesa.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Felipe Augusto Arakaki (arakaki@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-04-13T17:51:57Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_grp_me_bot.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-13T17:51:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 silveira_grp_me_bot.pdf: 2935467 bytes, checksum: 8878469923acc8405c1027536873dc18 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Nas últimas décadas, tem aumentado a preocupação a respeito dos recursos naturais, buscando-se a aplicação de práticas conservacionistas e recuperação de áreas degradadas no passado. Assim, o presente estudo tem o objetivo de aplicar técnicas de geomática e geoprocessamento na caracterização conservacionista da bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquazinho – São Manuel (SP) através do Sistema de Informação Geográfica – IDRISI Selva, visando à preservação, racionalização do seu uso e recuperação ambiental, de acordo com o Código Florestal Brasileiro (Lei nº 12.727/2012). A bacia hidrográfica do rio Araquazinho apresenta uma área de 6.2803,07 hectares e está localizada geograficamente entre os paralelos 22º 33’ a 22º 42’ de latitude Sul e os meridianos 48º 27’ a 48º 34’ de longitude W Gr. As cartas planialtimétricas de São Manuel (SP) (IBGE, 1973) e Barra Bonita (SP) (IBGE, 1974), ambas em escala 1:50000, foram utilizadas para extrair as curvas de nível, a hidrografia e os divisores de água. O software SIG - IDRISI Selva foi utilizado na caracterização ambiental da área, com o mapeamento do uso do solo, e na determinação dos parâmetros morfométricos, que resultaram na caracterização física da bacia. Como resultados, segundo o Código Florestal, a área da bacia apresenta apenas 10,77% com vegetação natural, sendo que o mínimo que deve ser destinado para Reserva Legal é 20% da área total. A área de preservação permanente (303,22ha) vem sendo ocupada inadequadamente com cana-de-açúcar em aproximadamente um terço dessa área. O estudo da morfometria da bacia permitiu concluir que a área é suscetível à erosão devido à sua forma circular, porém que a velocidade do escoamento da água acaba sendo reduzida graças ao relevo plano e aos bons solos que compõem a área, aumentando assim a drenagem desta. Segundo o coeficiente de rugosidade, a bacia é adequada para o uso da Agricultura (Classe A), podendo sofrer efeitos da erosão, necessitando de medidas para prevenção e proteção com cobertura vegetal. / In the last few years, the concern about natural resources has increased, seeking the application of conservation practices and the recovery of previously degraded areas. This study aims to apply techniques of geomatics and GIS in conservationist characterization in the watershed of rio Araquazinho - São Manuel (SP), using the Geographic Information System - IDRISI Selva, looking for preservation, a correct use and environmental restoration, according to the Brazilian Forest Code (Law nº 12,727/2012). The watershed of rio Araquazinho has an area of 6.2803,07 hectares and is located geographically between parallels 22º 33 'to 22º 42' South latitude and meridians 48º 27 'to 48º 34' W longitude Gr. The planialtimetrics charts of São Manuel (SP) (IBGE, 1973) and Barra Bonita (SP) (IBGE, 1974), both in scale 1: 50000, were used to extract the contour lines, hydrography and limits of the area. The software GIS - IDRISI Selva was used in the environmental characterization of the area, to map the land use, and to determinate the morphometric parameters, which resulted in the physical characterization of the watershed. The watershed has only 10.77% of natural vegetation, and according to the Forest Code the minimum that should be destined to the legal reserve is 20% of the total area. The permanent preservation area (303,22ha) has been inappropriately occupied by sugarcane in about a third of the area. The morphometry study of the watershed concluded that the area is susceptible to erosion due to its circular shape, however, as the flow speed of the water is reduced, due to relief plan and the good soils that form the area, the drainage of water is increased. According to the roughness coefficient, the watershed is proper to agricultural use (Class A) and may suffer the effects of erosion, requiring prevention and protection with vegetation.

Estudos hidrológicos são extremamente importantes em projetos de obras lineares, nas quais o traçado deve minimizar o risco de instabilidade tanto na fase de construção como na fase de operação. O escoamento superficial, além de ser um parâmetro fundamental para a definição do traçado e dos projetos subsequentes, influencia diretamente a dinâmica dos processos geológico-geotécnicos na área do empreendimento. A presente pesquisa propõe um método para realizar uma estimativa das vazões máximas nas travessias de obras civis lineares, integrando modelos hidrológicos obtidos com Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e métodos usuais de cálculo de vazões de cheia. O método foi aplicado em um setor do oleoduto São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA), entre os municípios de São Simão e Cravinhos (SP). O modelo hidrológico foi obtido no software ArcGIS 9.3, a partir da definição de uma área mínima de contribuição de 5 hectares, adequada para a escala da base cartográfica digital (1:10.000) e para as características da área de estudo. As 29 bacias de contribuição delimitadas foram posteriormente validadas na vistoria de campo. A compatibilidade entre as bacias geradas pelo modelo hidrológico e as bacias identificadas visualmente na área de estudo foi satisfatória. As vazões máximas foram calculadas pelo Método Racional (bacias com área inferior a 2 km²) e pelo Método Racional Modificado (bacias com área superior a 2 km²), que abrangeu o Método de McMath, o Método Racional com expoente redutor de área e o Método Racional com coeficiente de retardo, sendo o último o que apresentou os resultados mais razoáveis. O cálculo das vazões de cheia foi realizado para períodos de retorno de 10 e 50 anos, a partir dos quais foram gerados Mapas de Vazões Máximas, que foram utilizados para inferência de riscos de eventos perigosos de natureza geológico-geotécnica causados pela ação das águas pluviais na região do oleoduto. Como o traçado do oleoduto foi posicionado ao longo dos divisores principais, não foram identificados locais críticos. Posteriormente, o traçado do oleoduto foi utilizado como referência para uma aplicação do método proposto em um projeto de drenagem. As bacias com valores de vazões máximas classificados com muito baixos não foram incluídas devido aos fluxos pouco significativos. Para as bacias com valores de vazões de cheia classificados como baixos e médios, sugeriu-se a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem superficial. Para as bacias com vazões máximas classificadas como altas e muito altas, foi proposta a utilização de dispositivos de drenagem de transposição de talvegues. Os resultados obtidos na pesquisa permitiram a consolidação do método proposto para aplicação em outros tipos de obras lineares e em locais com diferentes características ambientais. / Hydrological studies are extremely important in linear constructions projects, in which the routing must minimize the risk of instability both during construction and in operation phase. The surface runoff, in addition of being a fundamental parameter to routing definition and subsequent projects, directly influences the dynamics of geological-geotechnical processes in the enterprise area. The present research proposes a method to estimate maximum flows in crossing locations in linear civil constructions, integrating hydrological models obtained with Geographic Information System (GIS) and usual methods of peak flows calculation. The method was applied in a sector of São Paulo – Brasília (OSBRA) oil pipeline, between the municipalities of São Simão and Cravinhos (SP). The hydrological model was obtained in ArcGIS 9.3 software, from the definition of a minimal area of contribution of 5 hectares, adequate for the scale of the digital cartographic base (1:10.000) and for the study area characteristics. The 29 delimited watersheds were subsequently validated in the field visit. The compatibility between watersheds generated in the hydrological model and watersheds visually identified in the study area was satisfactory. The maximum flows were calculated by Rational Method (watersheds with area less than 2 km²) e by Modified Rational Method (watersheds with area higher than 2 km²), which included McMath Method, Rational Method with reducing exponent area and Rational Method with retard coefficient, and the latter presented the most reasonable results. Peak flows calculation was performed for return periods of 10 and 50 years, from which were generated Maximum Flows Maps, which were used for inference of risks of hazardous events of geological-geotechnical nature caused by rainwater action in the pipeline region. The pipeline routing was positioned along the main dividers, therefore critical locations were not identified. Subsequently, the pipeline routing was used as a reference for application of the proposed method in a drainage project. Basins with maximum flows classified as very low were not included due to its low significance flows. For basins with peak flows values classified as low and medium, it was suggested the use of surface drainage devices. For basin with maximum flows classified as high and very high, it was proposed the use of thalwegs transposition drainage devices. The results obtained in the research allowed the consolidation of the proposed method to application in other types of linear constructions and in locals with different environmental characteristics.

Orientador: Antonio Carlos Zuffo / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T19:47:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Palini_RitaCristinaCantoni_M.pdf: 11804088 bytes, checksum: dc5f9467b8338cf5b9ace68f5d00d76a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: O aumento das intensidades de precipitação verificado nas últimas décadas tem solicitado mais os itens que compõem os sistemas de drenagem, mostrando a deficiência de alguns projetos de décadas passadas. Aliado a isto, a sociedade tem a necessidade premente de conservação dos recursos hídricos, por causa da escassez de água. Numa refinaria de petróleo este assunto é particularmente importante por causa dos grandes volumes de água utilizados e consumidos no processo industrial, assim como também por causa das grandes dimensões das áreas de processo e de estoque de matéria-prima e produtos acabados, que têm potenciais riscos ambientais associados (óleo cru, naftas, benzeno, "slop", enxofre). Quando a água precipita sobre estas áreas gera diferentes tipos de escoamentos, que podem ser simplesmente escoamento superficial livre (água pluvial), se livres de contaminação proveniente da área industrial, ou efluentes que devem ser tratados, caso venham a contaminar-se em sítios específicos dessas grandes áreas industriais. Neste trabalho pretende-se reunir os conceitos de hidrologia e de precipitações intensas, assim como os conceitos relacionados à produção do escoamento limpo ou efluente contaminado e aplicá-los aos elementos reais da Refinaria Presidente Bernardes (RPBC) em um Sistema de Informação Geográfica - SIG. Desta forma, constrói-se a análise-diagnóstico do problema considerando toda a dinâmica complexidade ambiental, econômica e legal que envolve a planta industrial na drenagem das suas águas. / Abstract: The increase on the rains intensity veryfied on last decades has requested the conveyances over than their capacity, showing deficiencies on old designed systems. At the same time, society has the crying need of water resources conservation, justified by the water's scarcity. In an oil refinery this subject is particularly important because of the great amounts of water that are used and consumed into the industrial process, and also because of the great dimensions of the process and stock of raw material and products areas, which has substances with great environmental risks associated (crude oil, naftas, benzene, slop, sulphur). When the water falls over these areas creates differentflows, that may become storm water flow, when free from the refinery contamination, or may become polluted effluents that must be treated, when contamined in specific industrial area sites. This work intends to join the concepts of hydrology and rain intensity, and also the concepts related to the clean and contamined discharge rate that are produced into the industrial plant and aply them to the Refinery Presidente Bernardes - Cubatão, into a Geographic Information System Database (GIS). By this way, it builds analysis-diagnosis of the problem considering the whole environmental, economics and legal complexity dynamics that involves the water drainage into the industrial plant. / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

[pt] O processo de conteinerização e o desenvolvimento de redes de transporte intermodal têm provocado crescente competição no setor portuário e vêm interferindo nas zonas de influência dos portos (hinterland) do mundo inteiro, principalmente nos países desenvolvidos. Estas hinterlands estão deixando de ser cativas de um determinado porto para serem de múltipla influência de dois ou mais portos. Esta dissertação apresenta um estudo cujo objetivo é caracterizar a dinâmica portuária à luz da conteinerização, mapear a discussão acerca do conceito de hinterlands, identificando suas definições e sua validade, além de apresentar metodologias para sua delimitação, essenciais para permitir o correto planejamento do desenvolvimento portuário por parte de Autoridades Portuárias e Terminais Privativos num cenário de crescente competição. Essa contextualização conceitual e metodológica permitirá a aplicação de uma metodologia para o caso do porto de Rio Grande, localizado no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, especializado na movimentação de contêineres, utilizando-se para tanto de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG). / [en] The containerization process and the development of intermodal transport networks have lead to a competitive scenario in the port sector and have modified the ports hinterlands all over the world, specially on developed countries. These hinterlands are no more captive areas of one port but competitive areas of two or more ports. This dissertation presents a study whose objective is to characterize port development due to the containerization process, to map the discussion on port hinterlands concept, identifying its definitions and its validity, and to present methodologies for its delimitation, important to allow a correct port planning and development by Port Authorities or private terminals in a competitive scenario. This conceptual and methodological context will allow the application of a methodology using Geographical Information Systems (GIS) in the case study that embraces the port of Rio Grande, located at State of Rio Grande do Sul, specialized on containers handling.

Remote sensing has transformed coral reef science in the last decades. It is now possible to audit reef health and geomorphology at global scale and very high spatial resolution. This work utilizes the vast and no-cost archive of imagery housed within Google Earth (GE). GE was used to interrogate the morphometric properties (size, shape, complexity, etc) of the components that combine to yield a reef environment (reef structures, sediment sheets, and so forth). The data populated a morphometric database for reefs globally that are partitioned by their architecture. The database has been investigated using information theory. The aim of the work is to identify whether motifs of carbonate platforms within these reef types are predictable on the basis of environmental parameters. The results are relevant to assess depositional patterns to develop rules for predicting how facies are distributed in modern systems and ancient reservoirs.

[pt] O estado do Rio de Janeiro, a segunda maior economia do Brasil, exerce forte influência na Região Sudeste nas atividades de exportação e importação, principalmente por sua estrutura portuária privilegiada. Bilhões de dólares em mercadorias são exportadas e importadas anualmente através de terminais portuários no estado. Para auxiliar o planejamento dos sistemas de transporte do estado, torna-se necessário um diagnóstico das operações de comércio exterior, assim como o uso de um sistema de informação para apoio a decisões, devido ao grande volume de dados e da complexidade do problema. Essa dissertação aborda a proposta, os testes e a implementação de um modelo de sistema de informações para o armazenamento e análise de dados referentes a operações de exportação que envolvem o estado do Rio de Janeiro e seu entorno, juntamente com um modelo de interface de consultas que possibilite o diagnóstico dessas operações. A dissertação também aborda o uso de um Sistema de Informações Geográficas para a visualização dos resultados das consultas e auxílio ao diagnóstico. O principal resultado deste trabalho é tornar disponível um sistema de informações para diagnósticos logísticos. Entre diversas constatações feitas com o uso desta ferramenta, extraídas de dados entre os anos de 1999 e 2002, estão a confirmação da necessidade de um anel rodoviário circundando a cidade do Rio de Janeiro, que o importador principal são os Estados Unidos com 18% do total exportado e que a maior parte das exportações está ligada aos produtos da indústria de petróleo. / [en] Rio de Janeiro has the second strongest state economic movement in Brazil, as a consequence it has great influence over the Brazilian southeastern region in international trade operations, based on a privileged harbor infrastructure. Over the years, goods and products worth billions of dollars have been imported and exported through harbors located in Rio. A diagnostics of these operations is a necessary tool for the transportation systems planning in the state, as well as the use of information systems to support decision-making, since there`s a large amount of data to be handled and the ensuing complexity of the problem. This dissertation proposes, develops, tests and implements an information system model for storage and analysis of data concerning the international trade operations involving the state of Rio de Janeiro and its outskirts together with a query interface model for computer aided human diagnostics of these operations. This work also includes the use of Geographic Information Systems for visualization of query results and diagnostic assistance. The main result of this work is to make available a useful information systems tool for diagnostics in Logistics. Among various sample conclusions of a prototypical use of the tool with data in the range 1999- 2002 were: the confirmation of the need for a surrounding expressway, that the main foreign client is the US with 18% of the total and that the majority of the products belong to the Oil industry.

Bacillus anthracis is the causal agent of anthrax which primarily affects ungulates, occasionally carnivores and less frequently humans. The endospores of this soil-borne bacterium are highly resistant to extreme conditions, and under ideal conditions, anthrax spores can survive for many years in the soil. The bacterium is generally found in soil at sites where infected animals have died. When these spores are exposed, they have the potential to be ingested by a mammalian species which could lead to an anthrax outbreak. Anthrax is almost never transmitted directly from host to host, but is rather ingested by herbivores while drinking, grazing or browsing in a contaminated environment, with the exception of scavengers and carnivores consuming infected prey. Anthrax is known to be endemic in the northern part of Kruger National Park (KNP) in South Africa (SA), with occasional epidemics spreading southward into the non-endemic areas. The aim of this study is to identify and map areas that are ecologically suitable for the harbouring of B. anthracis spores within the KNP. Anthrax surveillance data and selected environmental variables were used as inputs to the maximum entropy (Maxent) species distribution modelling method. Five-hundred and ninety-seven anthrax occurrence records, dating from the year 1988 to 2011, were extracted from the Skukuza State Veterinary Office’s database. A total of 40 environmental variables were used and their relative contribution to predicting suitability for anthrax occurrence was evaluated using Maxent software (version 3.3.3k). Variables showing the highest gain were then used for subsequent, refined model iterations until the final model parameters were established. The environmental variables that contributed the most to the occurrence of anthrax were soil type, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), land type and precipitation. A map was created using a geographic information system (GIS) that illustrates the sites where anthrax spores are most likely to occur throughout the Park. This included the known endemic Pafuri region as well as the low lying soils along the Shingwedzi-Phugwane-Bubube rivers and the Letaba-Olifants river drainage area. The outputs of this study could guide future targeted surveillance efforts to focus on areas predicted to be highly suitable for anthrax, especially since the KNP uses passive surveillance to detect anthrax outbreaks. Knowing where to look can improve sampling efficiency and lead to increased understanding of the ecology of anthrax within the KNP. / Dissertation (MMedVet)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / Production Animal Studies / unrestricted

African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) are the most endangered large carnivore in Southern Africa. There are as little as 5,000 individuals globally and less than 450 African wild dogs in South Africa alone. African wild dogs are listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. Therefore, the time has never been more crucial to conserve the species. With increased human encroachment and inhabitation in and around protected areas, so are increased conflicts between humans and carnivores. Human-wild dog conflict is likely to rise where a common resource is found. Human-carnivore conflicts have often been induced by the uncomfortably close inhabitation of humans in areas predominantly occupied by large carnivores. For this reason, it is becoming vital to establish a harmonious relationship between carnivores and humans. This research investigated the extent and causes of human-carnivore conflict specific to private landowners and the African wild dog in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve, Limpopo Province, South Africa between April 2018 and January 2019. The causes of conflict in the Waterberg and levels of tolerance by the farmers for African wild dogs were investigated. The methodology was two-fold, using spatial analyses and an online survey. Three African wild dogs from the same pack were collared using telemetry collars (Tag 2651, Tag 2953 and Tag 3017). These data were used for the spatial analysis part of the research, using Geographic Information System (GIS) to determine the African wild dogs’ home ranges, movement patterns, and proximities to commonalities with humans and preferred land use. The private landowners possibly experiencing human-carnivore conflict were surveyed using an online survey (n = 81), and this information was used to determine the extent of conflict and tolerance of African wild dogs amongst the farmers in the Waterberg. The information gathered will be used by the Endangered Wildlife Trust to develop an early warning system for private landowners affected by the presence of free-roaming African wild dogs in the area. In general, English speaking farmers in the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve were more tolerant of African wild dogs compared with Afrikaans speaking farmers. Results also showed that areas near food and water sources are high potential conflict hotspots. The results also showed that African wild dog movement patterns in Waterberg Biosphere Reserve have an influence on conflict hotspot areas during denning season, wet and dry months, different phases of the moon, and overall hunting patterns of African wild dogs. This research facilitated an understanding of aspects of utilisation, persecution, and how to mitigate conflict between humans and African wild dogs within the Waterberg Biosphere Reserve. / Dissertation (MSc (Environment and Society))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / GreenMatter Fellowship Mapula Trust Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT) National Research Foundation (NRF) / Geography, Geoinformatics and Meteorology / MSc (Environment and Society) / Unrestricted

Address data within geographic information systems (GIS) is used as reference data to link personal and administrative information, thus making it possible to locate and deliver goods and services to eligible persons. Preferably, every country must develop and maintain a single national address database (NAD) to eliminate data redundancy and provide a common point of reference across the board. In South Africa, the challenge is that there are separate address databases, which are developed and maintained by various public and private organizations – with little or no cooperation on data sharing. Currently, the establishment of a Committee for Spatial Information (CSI) which is tasked with the implementation of the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI) and the publication of the South African Address Standard (SANS 1883) offer organizations an opportunity to collaborate towards the creation of a single address dataset. This research posits that the implementation of a successful data sharing initiative depends on the understanding of motivators and barriers of organizations participating in it. The research applied the case study method – with a semi-structured questionnaire – to assess the issues that motivate or obstruct GIS data sharing among three address organizations in South Africa. The results identified significant motivators that underlie the data sharing activities, e.g. reduced cost of data collection, improved data quality; and equally identified significant barriers that make organizations reluctant to enter into a data sharing initiative, e.g. data copyright and ownership, high staff-turnover, and lack of financial and technical resources. Although the case studies focused on address data in South Africa, the research findings can equally apply to other spatial datasets and are relevant for the successful implementation of the South African Spatial Data Infrastructure (SASDI). / Dissertation (MIT)--University of Pretoria, 2012. / Computer Science / Unrestricted