Στην παρούσα εργασία γίνεται μια προσπάθεια ανάδειξης του φαινομένου των κατολισθήσεων στο Νομό Αχαΐας με κύρια συνιστώσα το χρόνο (παρελθόν - παρόν- μέλλον). Οι κατολισθήσεις αποτελούν ένα σημαντικό φυσικό κίνδυνο (Natural Hazard) καθώς είναι ευρέως διαδεδομένες και κατέχουν μία θέση στη λίστα των λεγόμενων Φυσικών Καταστροφών (Natural Disasters). Έχει παρατηρηθεί ότι στη Δυτική Ελλάδα τα φαινόμενα των κατολισθήσεων είναι περισσότερα και συχνότερα απ’ ότι στη κεντρική και ανατολική Ελλάδα, κυρίως λόγω της λιθολογικής σύστασης των σχηματισμών, της έντονης και ενεργής τεκτονικής καθώς και των υψηλών βροχοπτώσεων. Ο Ν. Αχαΐας είναι μία από τις πιο χαρακτηριστικές περιοχές μελέτης κατολισθήσεων καθότι εκτός της μεγάλης συχνότητας του φαινομένου, υπάρχει μεγάλη ποικιλία ως προς την έκφρασή του (γεωλογία, μέγεθος, αίτια, συνέπειες κα). Εδώ και δεκαετίες, από το Εργαστήριο Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας του Τμήματος Γεωλογίας Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, μελετώνται τα φαινόμενα κατολισθήσεων στο Νομό οπότε υπάρχει αρκετός όγκος πληροφόρησης που μας δίνει στοιχεία για το παρελθόν μέσω των υφιστάμενων Βάσεων Δεδομένων. Σήμερα, παρόν, υπάρχει σχετικά άμεση ανταπόκριση και αντιμετώπιση των φαινομένων και καλύτερη καταγραφή αυτών. Το ερώτημα που τίθεται είναι κατά πόσο είναι εφικτό παρακολουθώντας και καταγράφοντας την ενεργότητα των κατολισθήσεων, να προβλέψουμε μία μελλοντική εξέλιξή τους, μέλλον. Για τον σκοπό αυτόν έγινε μία διεξοδική συλλογή στοιχείων και ανάπτυξη μιας νέας Βάσης Δεδομένων Κατολισθήσεων για το Ν. Αχαΐας. Αρχικά, αναπτύχθηκε μία Φόρμα Καταγραφής Κατολισθήσεων (Landslide Inventory Form) στην οποία καταγράφηκαν 123 περιπτώσεις για την Αχαΐα (ιστορικές καταγραφές), από τις οποίες διατηρήθηκε ένα μέρος. Έγινε προσπάθεια αναγνώρισης και αποτύπωσης των καταγεγραμμένων θέσεων με χρήση Γεωγραφικών Συστημάτων Πληροφόρησης - ΓΠΣ (Geographical Information System – GIS). Η αποτύπωση έγινε με την βοήθεια ορθοφωτοχαρτών της ΚΤΗΜΑΤΟΛΟΓΙΟ ΑΕ και κατά περιπτώσεις σαν βοηθητικό εργαλείο του GoogleEarth. Παράλληλα με τις παλαιές (ιστορικές) θέσεις αναγνωρίστηκαν μία σειρά επιπλέον κατολισθήσεων (νέες) οι οποίες αποτέλεσαν μία σειρά νέων καταγραφών. Προέκυψε έτσι μία αρκετά ενημερωμένη Βάση Κατολισθήσεων η οποία και αναρτήθηκε στο Διαδίκτυο στον ιστότοπο του Εργαστηρίου Τεχνικής Γεωλογίας. Από τις θέσεις που καταγράφηκαν τελικά επιλέχθηκαν οι τέσσερις (4) πλέον σημαντικές και «ενεργές» κατολισθήσεις μερικές από τις οποίες έχουν απασχολήσει αρκετά επιστήμονες και τεχνικούς τα παλαιότερα χρόνια, για περαιτέρω παρακολούθηση (monitoring) με ενόργανο εξοπλισμό (αποκλισιόμετρο) και μεθόδους τηλεπισκόπισης (remote sensing - SAR interferometry). Οι θέσεις αυτές είναι: (α) η κατολισθαίνουσα ζώνη Πλατάνου, (β) η κατολίσθηση της Παναγοπούλας, (γ) η κατολίσθηση της Καρυάς και (δ) η κατολίσθηση στον οικισμό Πλατανίτη Ναυπάκτου του Νομού Αιτωλοακαρνανίας. Στις θέσεις αυτές έγινε λεπτομερής γεωτεχνική έρευνα και εγκατάσταση αποκλισιομετρικών σωλήνων για συστηματική παρακολούθηση της κινηματικής και την ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου επικινδυνότητας. / The objective of this thesis is the study of landslide hazard. It’s an attempt to highlight the phenomenon of landslides in the Prefecture of Achaia function of time (past - present - future). Landslides constitute a major geologic hazard because they are widespread and we can add them in the hall of fame of natural disasters. It has been observed that in western Greece phenomena of landslides are more frequent than in the central and eastern Greece, mainly due to the lithology of the formations, the strong and active tectonics and high rainfall. For decades, the Laboratory of Engineering Geology, Department of Geology, University of Patras, studied the effects of landslides in the Prefecture, as a result, there is enough volume of data that gives us information about the past through the existing Database. Today, there is immediate response and handling of landslide phenomena as well as better recording methods. The question that arises is whether it is possible by monitoring and recording the activity of landslides to predict a future evolution, future. For this purpose took place a detailed collection of data and developed a new landslide database for the Prefecture of Achaia. At first, we developed a Landslide Inventory Form which recorded and archived 123 historical cases from Achaia, a part of that study was recorded and kept for further study. After that, the landslide recordings were imported to the Geographical Information Systems - GIS. Additionally, we used orthophotos from KTIMATOLOGIO S.A. and occasionally we used, as an auxiliary tool GoogleEarth. Alongside with the old (historical) landslide sites we identified a series of additional landslides (new ones) which helped us constitute a new archive with new recordings. As a result, there is an updated Landslide Database which was published on the webpage of the Laboratory of Engineering Geology. From this point of view, we selected the four (4) most important and "active" landslides from which some of them have been the major study of several scientists and technicians in the past. Further monitoring (monitoring) with instrumental equipment (inclinometer) and remote sensing methods (remote sensing - SAR interferometry) was used in the study. These positions are as recorded : (a) the landslide zone at Platanos area (b) the landslide of Panagopoula area, (c) the landslide of Karia village and (d) the landslide at Platanitis area, near Nafpaktos village, Aitoloakarnania Prefecture. On these studies, a detailed geotechnical investigation and installation of inclinometer tubes for systematic monitoring of the kinematics and the development of a risk model was used.

Σκοπός της παρούσας εργασίας, είναι η διερεύνηση των υδροχημικών παραμέτρων των κοκκωδών υδροφόρων της λεκάνης του Σπερχειού, καθώς και η πιθανή τροφοδοσία τους από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα. Για το σκοπό αυτό πραγματοποιήθηκαν μετρήσεις στάθμης, καθώς και υδροχημικές αναλύσεις κύριων στοιχείων, ιχνοστοιχείων και σπάνιων γαιών. Γεωλογικά η περιοχή, στο βορειοανατολικό και νοτιοανατολικό τμήμα της ,δομείται από τους σχηματισμούς της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης, στο νότιο από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας και στο δυτικό από τους σχηματισμούς της ζώνης της Πίνδου. Οι Ολοκαινικές και Πλειο-πλειστοκαινικές αποθέσεις, δομούν το πεδινό τμήμα της λεκάνης και φιλοξενούν τον κύριο υδροφόρο ορίζοντα της περιοχής. Ο ελεύθερος αυτός υδροφόρος μεταπίπτει σε υπό πίεση, εξαιτίας της παρουσίας αργιλικών σχηματισμών, στα ανατολικά της περιοχής. Στα ορεινά τμήματα της λεκάνης, εντός των ανθρακικών σχηματισμών, αναπτύσσονται σημαντικοί υδροφόροι ορίζοντες. Με βάση τον πιεζομετρικό χάρτη της περιοχής προκύπτει ότι η διεύθυνση της ροής του υπόγειου νερού, είναι κυρίως ΒΑ-ΝΑ και o προσχωματικός υδροφόρος, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά, από τους ανθρακικούς σχηματισμούς, που βρίσκονται νότια και βορειοανατολικά του πεδινού τμήματος. Τα υπόγεια νερά της περιοχής, ομαδοποιούνται σε τρεις κύριους υδροχημικούς τύπους: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 και (Ca)-Νa-Cl-(HCO3). Ο πρώτος υδροχημικός τύπος χαρακτηρίζει τα φρέσκα νερά της περιοχής, ο δεύτερος τα νερά που παρέμειναν για μεγαλύτερο χρονικό διάστημα στον υδροφόρο και εμπλουτίστηκαν σε Μg+2, και ο τρίτος τα νερά που δέχονται την επίδραση είτε της θάλασσας, είτε των θερμών νερών από μεγαλύτερα βάθη. Από τα αποτελέσματα των υδροχημικών αναλύσεων προέκυψε ότι στην πλειοψηφία τους τα δείγματα είναι κορεσμένα σε ασβεστίτη και δολομίτη. Eπίσης σε μία ομάδα δειγμάτων, διαπιστώθηκε απεμπλουτισμός σε Na, γεγονός που αποδόθηκε σε διαδικασίες ιοντοανταλαγής. Οι αυξημένες συγκεντρώσεις Fe, Mn, αποδόθηκαν στη διάλυση των ορυκτών του φλύσχη της Πίνδου, ενώ ο Zn και τα NΟ3 σε ανθρωπογενείς παρεμβάσεις (βιομηχανικά απόβλητα και λιπάσματα). Το As το Li και το Β συνδέονται με την παρουσία θερμών πηγών. Τέλος η μεθοδολογία των σπάνιων γαιών, επαλήθευσε τα αποτελέσματα της πιεζομετρίας αλλά και τα υδροχημικών αναλύσεων, ότι δηλαδή ο προσχωματικός υδροφόρος της περιοχής, τροφοδοτείται πλευρικά από τα ανθρακικά πετρώματα της περιοχής και συγκεκριμένα από τους ασβεστόλιθους της Υποπελαγονικής ζώνης και της ζώνης Παρνασσού-Γκιώνας. / In the frames of this study the hydrochemical parameters of porous aquifers at Sperchios basin, were investigated. Moreover their possible recharge by carbonate rocks was examined. Therefore, a series of water level measurements and a sampling campaign were carried out. The samples were analysed for main, trace and rare earth elements. Regarding the area’s geological setting, its northeastern and southeastern part is comprised of formations of the Subpelagonic Zone, its southern edge of Parnassos-Giona Zone and its western part of Pindos Zone. At the lowlands these formations are overlain by Holocene and Pleistocene deposits which host the most important aquifer of the region. It is an unconfined aquifer, which at the eastern part turns into a confined one, due to the presence of clay formations. Many important aquifers have been also developed in the basin’s carbonate formations. The region’s piezometric map at the southern area indicates that the main water flow direction is NE-SE. Moreover it points out that the carbonate formations recharge the porous aquifer. According to their hydrochemical characteristics groundwater can be divided into three main types: Ca-HCO3, Ca-Mg-HCO3 and (Ca)-Na-Cl-(HCO3). The first one is typical of the region’s fresh water, the second one indicates longer residence time of the water that was enriched in Mg+2 and the third one of water that was either influenced by sea water or hot springs. The elaboration of the hydrochemical data also showed that the majority of water samples are saturated in calcite and dolomite. There is also a depletion of certain samples in Na+ which was attributed to ion exchange processes. High Fe and Mn concentrations originate from the dissolution of Pindos Flysch minerals, As, Li and B to the presence of hot springs, while Zn and NO3 were related to human impact (industrial waste and fertilizers). The rare earth elements confirmed the original hypothesis, which was based on piezometric data and hydrochemical data analysis, that the region’s porous aquifer is laterally recharged by the carbonate rock formations of Subpelagonic and Parnassos-Giona Zone limestones.

En 1790, les autorités locales pensaient que la période révolutionnaire sonnait le glas des villes de parlement. Supprimer les institutions d'Ancien Régime et les ordres religieux qui marquaient les espaces et les sociétés de ces neuf capitales régionales depuis des dizaines voire des centaines d'années signifiait ôter tout rayonnement à ces villes quasiment dépourvues d'industrie ou de commerce de grande ampleur. Paradoxalement, à la fin du premier tiers du XIXe siècle, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes et Toulouse étaient plus peuplées et plus étendues qu'en 1789. Seule Aix-en-Provence ne parvenait pas encore à se remettre de la crise révolutionnaire. De nouvelles fonctions, essentiellement militaires, avaient alors pris la place des magistrats et des hommes d'Eglise. En quelques dizaines d'années, les villes de parlement avaient été complètement redéfinies. Comprendre les conséquences de la suppression des anciens principes structurants des espaces urbains ainsi que celles de la mise en place de nouvelles fonctions urbaines implique d'analyser les espaces urbains du passé à l'aide de problématiques de géographe, donc d'avoir recours à une démarche géo-historique. Celle-ci a particulièrement été appliquée au cas de Toulouse à l'aide du Système d'Information Géographique (S.I.G.) de la ville : Urban-Hist. Cet outil a permis d'analyser l'ensemble des mutations urbaines de l'époque à l'échelle de la parcelle avant de chercher à savoir si les phénomènes alors observés ne concernaient que l'ancienne capitale de Languedoc ou s'il est possible de dégager un modèle de l'évolution des villes parlementaires avant, pendant, et après la Révolution. / In 1790, Toulouse authorities thought that when the French Revolution had suppressed all the Parliaments in the kingdom, they had also destroyed the parliamentary cities. Indeed, there were almost no industrial, commercial or other important economic activities in these administrative and judicial centers. Despite these suppressions, Besançon, Dijon, Douai, Grenoble, Metz, Pau, Rennes and Toulouse were already larger and more populous at the end of the first third of the 19th Century than they were in 1789. Aix-en-Provence was the only one which still suffered from the revolutionary crisis. Some new urban functions took the place of the magistrates and the churchmen. It took only a few decades to redefine the former parliamentary cities. In order to understand this phenomenon and its consequences on the urban spaces of the past we will use some geographical perspectives: we will use a geo-historical method. We will mainly focus on the case of Toulouse thanks to the Geographical Information System (G.I.S.) of this town: Urban-Hist. This tool provides much useful information which can help us understand the changes in the former capital of Languedoc. Were these changes specific to Toulouse or were they representative of the group of continental parliamentary cities before, during and after the French Revolution?

A dinâmica da ocupação agrícola foi extensivamente modificando a cobertura da terra, o que possibilitou avanços socioeconômicos, mas também permitiu a fragilização estrutural dos ecossistemas naturais. No Brasil esta dinâmica se intensifica a partir dos anos 40, período este em que as tecnologias industriais foram incorporadas pela atividade agropecuária. Com as técnicas do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e os princípios de modelagem da aptidão do uso das terras, foi possível recriar o uso histórico das terras agrícolas e analisar que ele tem evoluído em direção às regiões consideradas mais aptas para esta atividade. No entanto, este processo foi desigual entre as coberturas de lavouras e pastagens e entre as regiões brasileiras. Estas distorções são consequências do baixo uso tecnológico nas pastagens e de políticas de ocupação mal planejadas, não antevendo os impactos da ocupação em áreas inadequadas. Com estas conclusões será possível repensar o planejamento do uso da terra, incorporando a modelagem da aptidão e garantindo a sustentabilidade na agricultura. / The dynamics of agricultural occupation was extensively modifying the land cover which allowed socioeconomic advances, but also allowed the structural fragility of natural ecosystems. In Brazil this dynamic was evident from the \'40s, a period where industrial technologies were incorporated by farming. With the techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling principles of land suitability, it was possible to recreate this dynamic since 1940 and analyze what it has evolved towards the areas considered most suitable for this practice. However, this process has been uneven across the covers of crops and pastures and between regions. These distortions are consequences of low technology use in pastures and poorly planned policies of occupation, not anticipating the impact of the occupation in unsuitable areas. It is hoped that with these findings it is possible to rethink the planning of land use, incorporating fitness modeling and ensuring sustainability in agriculture.

A dinâmica da ocupação agrícola foi extensivamente modificando a cobertura da terra, o que possibilitou avanços socioeconômicos, mas também permitiu a fragilização estrutural dos ecossistemas naturais. No Brasil esta dinâmica se intensifica a partir dos anos 40, período este em que as tecnologias industriais foram incorporadas pela atividade agropecuária. Com as técnicas do Sistema de Informação Geográfica (SIG) e os princípios de modelagem da aptidão do uso das terras, foi possível recriar o uso histórico das terras agrícolas e analisar que ele tem evoluído em direção às regiões consideradas mais aptas para esta atividade. No entanto, este processo foi desigual entre as coberturas de lavouras e pastagens e entre as regiões brasileiras. Estas distorções são consequências do baixo uso tecnológico nas pastagens e de políticas de ocupação mal planejadas, não antevendo os impactos da ocupação em áreas inadequadas. Com estas conclusões será possível repensar o planejamento do uso da terra, incorporando a modelagem da aptidão e garantindo a sustentabilidade na agricultura. / The dynamics of agricultural occupation was extensively modifying the land cover which allowed socioeconomic advances, but also allowed the structural fragility of natural ecosystems. In Brazil this dynamic was evident from the \'40s, a period where industrial technologies were incorporated by farming. With the techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) and modeling principles of land suitability, it was possible to recreate this dynamic since 1940 and analyze what it has evolved towards the areas considered most suitable for this practice. However, this process has been uneven across the covers of crops and pastures and between regions. These distortions are consequences of low technology use in pastures and poorly planned policies of occupation, not anticipating the impact of the occupation in unsuitable areas. It is hoped that with these findings it is possible to rethink the planning of land use, incorporating fitness modeling and ensuring sustainability in agriculture.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:25:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suzana.pdf: 5151914 bytes, checksum: c63559c69cd7a0d86cdf0775b7973895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / the interest of many researchers who have studied the characteristics and environmental realities of agriculture in order to improve its sustainable development. Thus, this trial aimed at characterizing the use and occupation of soil and water quality according to the GIS techniques. Physical parameters as turbidity, temperature were analyzed as well as chemical ones: pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and nitrate and biological parameters as thermotolerant coliform in two annual distinct raining periods (1 and 2). Based on field surveys, by georeferencing of sampling points, farms perimeters and survey data concerning soil use and occupation, some information was recorded on water quality for irrigation and the area management, especially the permanent preservation areas. Google Earth program provided the images used to map soil use and occupation. The determination of influence areas was obtained according to Thiessen polygons technique. The data obtained from the mapping of soil use as well as water quality for irrigation in periods 1 and 2 were statistically analyzed by techniques of Principal Component Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis to record the relation of soil use and occupation on water quality. The interpretation of satellite imagery from Google Earth with ArcGIS 9.3 software allowed a map drawing regarding soil use and occupation in four categories: areas with temporary crops, permanent crops, urban areas and forests. Thiessen polygons technique allowed the recognition of influence areas on each point of irrigation water catchment and identification of soil use categories in representing polygons of the points where there were restrictions to use irrigation water according to phosphate and thermotolerant coliform parameters. The Principal Component Analysis of chemical, physical and biological parameters data of water explained 53.27% variation of water quality among the sampled properties. Among the analyzed parameters, it was observed that nitrate, thermotolerant coliform, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the ones that best explained the spatial variation of water quality, with the highest correlations with the major axis. The relation among soil use and occupation and water quality parameters by canonical correspondence analysis identified two significant axes of variation in order to explain variation in water quality. In the first axis, the highest values of electrical conductivity, nitrate, bicarbonate and phosphate were identified in period 2 and period 1 as well as variables as temperature and thermotolerant coliform. The second axis was positively related to the permanent preservation areas and reforestation, with some positive influence on turbidity and electrical conductivity. The restriction on irrigation water use based on parameters as phosphate and thermotolerant coliform was associated to the development of agricultural activities. / A necessidade de conservação dos recursos hídricos, aliada à demanda crescente por alimentos, tem despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores que contribuem com a agricultura, devido ao conhecimento das características e realidades ambientais, em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na caracterização do uso e ocupação do solo e da qualidade da água com a utilização de técnicas ligadas ao Geoprocessamento. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos como turbidez e temperatura; os químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, bicarbonato, cloro, fosfato e nitrato e o parâmetro biológico referiu-se aos coliformes termotolerantes, em dois períodos anuais distintos de precipitação (1 e 2). Com base nos levantamentos de campo, por meio do georreferenciamento dos pontos de amostragem e dos perímetros das propriedades rurais e levantamentos dos dados de uso e ocupação do solo, obtiveram-se informações sobre a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação e o atual uso do solo, com destaque para as áreas de preservação permanente. Foram utilizadas imagens disponibilizadas no site Google Earth para o mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo. A determinação das áreas de influência foi obtida a partir da aplicação da técnica de polígonos de Thiessen. Os dados resultantes do mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo e a qualidade da água de irrigação nos dois períodos de precipitação foram submetidos às análises estatísticas pelas técnicas de Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada e Análise de Correspondência Canônica para verificar a relação do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a qualidade da água. A interpretação da imagem do Google Earth com o software ArcGIS 9.3 possibilitou a elaboração do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo em quatro classes: áreas com culturas temporárias; culturas permanentes; área urbana e mata. A técnica dos polígonos de Thiessen permitiu o reconhecimento das áreas de influência sobre cada ponto de captação da água de irrigação e a identificação das classes de uso do solo nos polígonos representativos dos pontos em que houve restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes. A técnica de Análise dos Componentes Principais dos dados químicos, físicos e biológicos da água explicou 53,27% da variação na qualidade da água entre as propriedades amostradas. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, verificou-se que o Nitrato, os Coliformes Termotolerantes, a temperatura, a condutividade elétrica e o bicarbonato foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a variação espacial da qualidade da água e apresentaram as maiores correlações com o eixo principal. A relação do uso e ocupação do solo e dos parâmetros de qualidade da água pela Análise de Correspondência Canônica permitiu identificar dois eixos de variação significativos para explicar a variação na qualidade da água. No primeiro eixo, foram identificados os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, nitrato, bicarbonato e fosfato no período 2 e no período 1, bem como as variáveis temperatura e coliformes termotolerantes. O segundo eixo esteve positivamente relacionado com as áreas de preservação permanente e de reflorestamento, com influência positiva sobre a turbidez e a condutividade elétrica. A restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes esteve relacionada ao desenvolvimento das atividades agropecuárias.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-12T14:48:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 suzana.pdf: 5151914 bytes, checksum: c63559c69cd7a0d86cdf0775b7973895 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-01 / the interest of many researchers who have studied the characteristics and environmental realities of agriculture in order to improve its sustainable development. Thus, this trial aimed at characterizing the use and occupation of soil and water quality according to the GIS techniques. Physical parameters as turbidity, temperature were analyzed as well as chemical ones: pH, electrical conductivity, bicarbonate, chloride, phosphate and nitrate and biological parameters as thermotolerant coliform in two annual distinct raining periods (1 and 2). Based on field surveys, by georeferencing of sampling points, farms perimeters and survey data concerning soil use and occupation, some information was recorded on water quality for irrigation and the area management, especially the permanent preservation areas. Google Earth program provided the images used to map soil use and occupation. The determination of influence areas was obtained according to Thiessen polygons technique. The data obtained from the mapping of soil use as well as water quality for irrigation in periods 1 and 2 were statistically analyzed by techniques of Principal Component Analysis, Detrended Correspondence Analysis and Canonical Correspondence Analysis to record the relation of soil use and occupation on water quality. The interpretation of satellite imagery from Google Earth with ArcGIS 9.3 software allowed a map drawing regarding soil use and occupation in four categories: areas with temporary crops, permanent crops, urban areas and forests. Thiessen polygons technique allowed the recognition of influence areas on each point of irrigation water catchment and identification of soil use categories in representing polygons of the points where there were restrictions to use irrigation water according to phosphate and thermotolerant coliform parameters. The Principal Component Analysis of chemical, physical and biological parameters data of water explained 53.27% variation of water quality among the sampled properties. Among the analyzed parameters, it was observed that nitrate, thermotolerant coliform, temperature, electrical conductivity and bicarbonate were the ones that best explained the spatial variation of water quality, with the highest correlations with the major axis. The relation among soil use and occupation and water quality parameters by canonical correspondence analysis identified two significant axes of variation in order to explain variation in water quality. In the first axis, the highest values of electrical conductivity, nitrate, bicarbonate and phosphate were identified in period 2 and period 1 as well as variables as temperature and thermotolerant coliform. The second axis was positively related to the permanent preservation areas and reforestation, with some positive influence on turbidity and electrical conductivity. The restriction on irrigation water use based on parameters as phosphate and thermotolerant coliform was associated to the development of agricultural activities. / A necessidade de conservação dos recursos hídricos, aliada à demanda crescente por alimentos, tem despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores que contribuem com a agricultura, devido ao conhecimento das características e realidades ambientais, em busca do desenvolvimento sustentável. Assim, o objetivo do presente trabalho consiste na caracterização do uso e ocupação do solo e da qualidade da água com a utilização de técnicas ligadas ao Geoprocessamento. Foram analisados parâmetros físicos como turbidez e temperatura; os químicos: pH, condutividade elétrica, bicarbonato, cloro, fosfato e nitrato e o parâmetro biológico referiu-se aos coliformes termotolerantes, em dois períodos anuais distintos de precipitação (1 e 2). Com base nos levantamentos de campo, por meio do georreferenciamento dos pontos de amostragem e dos perímetros das propriedades rurais e levantamentos dos dados de uso e ocupação do solo, obtiveram-se informações sobre a qualidade da água utilizada para irrigação e o atual uso do solo, com destaque para as áreas de preservação permanente. Foram utilizadas imagens disponibilizadas no site Google Earth para o mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo. A determinação das áreas de influência foi obtida a partir da aplicação da técnica de polígonos de Thiessen. Os dados resultantes do mapeamento do uso e ocupação do solo e a qualidade da água de irrigação nos dois períodos de precipitação foram submetidos às análises estatísticas pelas técnicas de Análise de Componentes Principais, Análise de Correspondência Destendenciada e Análise de Correspondência Canônica para verificar a relação do uso e ocupação do solo sobre a qualidade da água. A interpretação da imagem do Google Earth com o software ArcGIS 9.3 possibilitou a elaboração do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo em quatro classes: áreas com culturas temporárias; culturas permanentes; área urbana e mata. A técnica dos polígonos de Thiessen permitiu o reconhecimento das áreas de influência sobre cada ponto de captação da água de irrigação e a identificação das classes de uso do solo nos polígonos representativos dos pontos em que houve restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes. A técnica de Análise dos Componentes Principais dos dados químicos, físicos e biológicos da água explicou 53,27% da variação na qualidade da água entre as propriedades amostradas. Dentre os parâmetros analisados, verificou-se que o Nitrato, os Coliformes Termotolerantes, a temperatura, a condutividade elétrica e o bicarbonato foram os parâmetros que melhor explicaram a variação espacial da qualidade da água e apresentaram as maiores correlações com o eixo principal. A relação do uso e ocupação do solo e dos parâmetros de qualidade da água pela Análise de Correspondência Canônica permitiu identificar dois eixos de variação significativos para explicar a variação na qualidade da água. No primeiro eixo, foram identificados os maiores valores de condutividade elétrica, nitrato, bicarbonato e fosfato no período 2 e no período 1, bem como as variáveis temperatura e coliformes termotolerantes. O segundo eixo esteve positivamente relacionado com as áreas de preservação permanente e de reflorestamento, com influência positiva sobre a turbidez e a condutividade elétrica. A restrição ao uso da água de irrigação nos parâmetros fosfato e coliformes termotolerantes esteve relacionada ao desenvolvimento das atividades agropecuárias.

The west coast of Taiwan is densely populated with frequently activities for industrial and economic developments. The area is also the site with the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (CWD). Because the arising of ecosystem conservation, the government has attempted to promote the west coast as the marine protected areas (MPAs) for the CWD. Nevertheless, it is required to assess changes of environmental condition and marine environmental quality around the area before the establishment of marine protected areas to the site. If ineffective monitoring is implemented, then the establishment of marine protected areas will be no use. This study was initiated to assess the marine environmental condition by collecting and surveying the long term monitoring data that were published under the government reports and documents to assess the temporal and spatial trends of environmental factors. The data consists of rivers, trench, and marine water or sediments. The study areas covered Taichung County to Yunlin County. The methods for assessing the environmental quality included the use of geographic information system (GIS) for the biological distribution, regression analysis for the trend monitoring of chemical contaminants and physical environmental factors between 2001 ¡V 2010 year surveys. The overall environmental quality within the studied sites were further evaluated for the river pollution index (RPI) and the habitat suitability index (HSI). The survey results of 10 years river monitoring from Taichung to Yunlin showed that Hsin-Huu-Wei River belong to serious pollution with RPI 6.67 value. Yuanlin drainage, one of the six drainages of Chang Hua Coast Industrial Park, belongs to serious pollution with RPI 6.08 value. The RPI results of Six trenches around the Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park showed that Tien-Wei trench 2, Lun-Wei trench 1, and Ji-An trench belong to mid level of pollution (RPI 3.7~3.975). In the marine water survey, the results showed that the pH values were found lower at southern-ward monitoring station nearby the Formosa Petrochemical Corporation No. 6 Naphtha Cracking Industry site. The nitrogen-NH3 concentrations were found high in Jhuo-Shuei River and No. 6 Naphtha Cracking industry. The concentration of Chlorophyll-a was high in Chang-Hua Coast Industrial Park. In the survey of sediment, Hsin-Huu-Wei River arsenic concentration (As) was over the EPA guidelines, but the concentrations of Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn were within the level of required limits. In the biological survey, the results showed that abundance and species were not evenly distributed with non-comprehensive trends related to the environmental condition or changes. These indicated that biological monitoring survey displayed less important than physical and chemical monitoring for the assessment of man-made pollution or environmental impact from the industrial activities. Overall the monitor sites of river, drainage and trench were differed without a consistent sampling scheme. The offshore sites were sampled greatly in distance, i.e. the farthermost point at four sea miles that had caused difficulties for the comparison of data results collected in different time. It is very uneasy to evaluate the pollution monitoring results. Thus, it is required to develop a long-term environmental quality monitoring plan for the assessment of water quality and sediment of river and marine water with appropriate / consistency sampling method, monitor time and site scheme. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is required to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine environment.

The west coast of Taiwan is enriched with biological resources. The areas are the economic development sites with highly industrialized activities and densely population. The government attempts to promote the sites for the establishment of marine protected areas (MPA) because of the existence of Chinese White Dolphin (Sousa Chinensis) which is the most important issues against the sustainable development of economy. Thus, the present study was initiated to assess the marine environmental quality (MEQ) in the west coast of Taiwan. The research consists of the integral monitoring assessments of rivers, estuaries and the marine areas. This work collected, reviewed and analyzed the environmental monitoring data from industrial environmental impact assessment reports and governmental documents for the evaluation of spatial and temporal trends of the west coast areas over the last ten year. The assessment is required to understand the possible interactive problems between the marine protected areas and the marine environmental quality prior to the establishment of MPA acts. The present work consists of the subsection of coastal areas ranging from Hsinchu Country to Taichung Harbour. Ten annual monitoring data including the water quality or sediments of rivers, estuaries, and marine were assessed for the spatial and temporal trends of physical, chemical and biological changes over the years. The approaches for assessing the sites included the geographic information system (GIS) spatial analysis method and linear regression of monitoring data. The levels of pollution were also evaluated by using the river pollution index (RPI). The effect of habitat suitability index (HSI) was also calculated. The results of river water quality assessment showed that the Ke-ya-si, Jhong-gang river, and Nan-gan river were seriously polluted with RPI¡Ö6. The river seiment contaminants (Cu¡BNi) were significantly increased in the Ke-ya-si and Jhong-gang river. The water quality of Taichung Port drainage showed serious pollution with low dissolved oxygen (DO), high concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, and high counts of coli-forms. The Taichung Port drainage sediment contaminants (As¡BCu¡BHg¡BZn) had higher than the average of EPA guidelines. This could be resulting from the significant point source of industries pollutants discharged into the river. The significant amounts of waste water discharged into ocean could cause the impacts to the marine environment. The present study demonstrated the impacts to the river monitoring site although the ocean water quality monitoring contaminants were found without signicant changes in all time. This suggests that the ocean water quality monitoring sites were inconsistently sampled at 4 nm away from the coast which caused the dilution of contaminant concentrations and affecting the monitoring effectiveness. The sediment contaminants in Taichung Port monitoring site showed with the exception of appearing unusual change. The results also showed that there is lack of bio-monitoring program carried out in rivers, estuary, and marine that are imperatively needed to resolve the ineffective sampling protocol implemented in the current coastal environmental monitoring. This is owing to the non unified for authorization between the municipality and environmental bureau. The Canada Ocean Acts on assessing the water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine as a whole concept were compared with the present study. Finally, the relevant authorities should implement river remediation to improve the pollution and thereby to maintain the sustainability of marine environment. It is needed to establish an integral monitoring program consisting of water and sediment and bio-monitoring in rivers, estuary, and marine to better predict the marine environmental quality. Also the integral and long-term monitoring program should ensure to predict the changes of west coastal and to achieve the effectiveness of marine management.

This dissertation addresses the impact of urbanization and land use change on the availability and accessibility of two urban amenities that are often inequitably distributed: green space and water features. Diverse methodologies were utilized in order to gain a better understanding of the role of these amenities in improving urban quality of life and integrated water management. Using an interdisciplinary approach, this research provides a unique perspective within both a developed and developing world context by evaluating aspects of urbanization to emphasize more sustainable and integrated approaches to development. A preliminary analysis highlights potential drivers of green space revitalization in Santa Cruz, Bolivia by identifying perceived benefits of brownfields redevelopment projects between developed and developing countries. These include environmental benefits (creation of green space, reduced health risks), economic benefits (job creation, retention of residents and businesses), and social benefits (community enhancement, improved city services). Building on this analysis, an in-depth anthropological study then examines the preferences, perceptions, and barriers to accessing green spaces in Santa Cruz. Utilizing qualitative and quantifiable research methods, it was determined that although green spaces can help ensure greater equality in urban areas by providing access to public spaces, significant gender discrepancies were noted in Santa Cruz. Disparities in the distribution and accessibility of green space and water features were further assessed in Tampa, Florida. Using a Geographic Information System (GIS) and census data, access to these urban amenities was examined. The inner-city community of East Tampa was found to have greater inequalities, relative to other areas in Tampa, in terms of the quality, diversity, and size of green spaces within their community. The revitalization of urban water infrastructures, such as stormwater ponds, was evaluated as a way to address these environmental justice issues. Lastly, impacts of urbanization, land use change, and population growth on water resources were analyzed using a regional water balance model for the city of Santa Cruz. Development scenarios were examined based on historical and future spatial and temporal changes. Between 1970 and 2010, a decreasing trend was observed for the aridity index (potential evapotranspiration over precipitation) while future climate projections (2011-2050) indicate a trend reversal, with the IPCC's emission scenario A1B having the strongest increasing trend. The increasing trend in the aridity index suggests a long-term shift in the regional hydroclimatology towards less humid conditions. Each chapter of this research builds on the idea of green space as an indicator of urban quality of life (particularly for urban poor who rely more heavily on public spaces for leisure and recreation activities) as well as an important facilitator of urban hydrology due to their predominately permeable surfaces (including water features). Yet rapid change occurring in cities around the world has resulted in the under-valuation of both green space and water resources and thus these amenities have been degraded or destroyed through the urbanization process.