This diploma theisis deals with the theoretical analysis of the known types of current sensors, including for example, current transformers, shunts, and advanced sensors using Hall sensor or Rogowski coil. Subsequently, the rest of the work deals with the issue of current transducers with Hall sensors, without using a ferromagnetic circuit. For optimal currnet measure and overall precision, several possible options are designed and calculated. This includes number of sensing elements and distribution of sensors around the wires. Based on calaculation of magnetic intensity, related 3D charts ale plotted unsing Excel software. These charts illustrate the theoretical calculations of field distribution around conductors for various number of sensor. In the last part, components ale designed for practical implementation and scheme of electrical wiring. According to this scheme there is PCB designed as well. Whole current meter ir practically build and its results are compared with theoretical assumtions that are discussed in conclusion part of this theisis.

The aim of this diploma thesis is to introduce a construction and controlling of the EC motor. On a base of knowledge make up a EC motor model in Matlab Simulink, with a position scanning providing by Hall probe. The EC motor model should be with its behavior close to the real EC motor as much as possible. There were a given requirements on the motor. On the base of those requirements was chosen a real EC motor. Its catalog values were put in the EC motor model in Matlab and the results were compared with real data. Next task was to design a real controlling driver of EC motor, which should has a minimal size. This driver was constructed and thermal test was made a on given load.

Submitted by Maike Costa (maiksebas@gmail.com) on 2017-05-23T14:29:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4795148 bytes, checksum: c54fd3a89b2f0d0910af969c83f2d9b6 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-05-23T14:29:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivo total.pdf: 4795148 bytes, checksum: c54fd3a89b2f0d0910af969c83f2d9b6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-18 / Duplex stainless steels (AID) are characterized for having good mechanical strength and corrosion. However, when subjected to manufacturing processes requiring the material thermal cycles with temperatures above 600 ° C, occurs emergence of fragile phases that compromise his toughness and corrosion resistance. Among these phases there is the presence of σ phase, rich in chromium and high hardness. In this paper we sought to develop a monitoring technique of the formation of σ phase. This technique is based on the study of the interaction between microstructure of the duplex stainless steel and the magnetic field applied to the material. Specimen with different amounts of σ phase were obtained by aging at temperatures of 800 °C and 900 °C. Aged AID was characterized by optical microscopy and scanning electron, hardness tests, impact tests and X-ray diffraction. The volumetric percentage of this phase was estimated by X-ray diffraction and processing of optical microscopy images. The magnetic field measurements were performed with a Hall effect sensor. The results show that the rise of the phase reduced the σ value of the magnetic permeability of the material, indicating that the magnetic properties and permeability measurements, as well as the resultant magnetic field, can be used for monitoring formation of this phase. The study proves to be developed effective technique for monitoring the duplex stainless steel embrittlement. / Os aços inoxidáveis duplex (AID) se caracterizam por apresentarem boa resistência mecânica e à corrosão. Contudo, quando submetidos a processos de fabricação que impõe ao material ciclos térmicos com temperaturas acima de 600 oC, ocorre surgimento de fases fragilizantes que comprometem a sua tenacidade e resistência à corrosão. Entre essas fases destaca-se a presença da fase σ, rica em cromo e de elevada dureza. Neste trabalho buscou-se desenvolver uma técnica de acompanhamento da formação da fase σ. Essa técnica se baseou no estudo da interação entre microestrutura do aço inoxidável duplex e ao campo magnético aplicado ao material. Amostras com diferentes quantidades de fase σ foram obtidas pelo envelhecimento nas temperaturas de 800ºC e 900ºC. O AID envelhecido foi caracterizado por microscopia ótica e eletrônica de varredura, ensaios de dureza, testes de impacto e difração de raios X. O percentual volumétrico dessa fase foi estimado por difração de raios X e processamento de imagens de microscopia óptica. As medidas de campo magnético foram realizadas com um sensor de efeito Hall. Os resultados mostram que o surgimento da fase σ reduziu o valor da permeabilidade magnética do material, indicando que as propriedades magnéticas e que medidas de permeabilidade, bem como do campo magnético resultante, podem ser utilizadas para acompanhamento de formação dessa fase. O estudo comprova ser a técnica desenvolvida eficaz para monitoramento da fragilização de aço inox duplex.

[pt] Nanopartículas são importantes ferramentas utilizadas em medicina, tanto para diagnóstico como para tratamento de diversas doenças. Seus tamanhos podem ser controlados, variando de dezenas até centenas de nanômetros, tornando-as menores ou comparáveis às dimensões de células, bactérias e vírus. As nanopartículas magnéticas possuem um núcleo de material magnético recoberto por camadas de diferentes materiais, incluindo sílica ou um polímero. Esta cobertura é responsável pela funcionalização, de forma que elas realizem tarefas específicas, seja para funcionar como um marcador com fins diagnósticos e/ou como um transportador de fármacos. É muito importante no processo de fabricação e utilização das nanopartículas o conhecimento de suas propriedades magnéticas. Com este objetivo, construímos um magnetômetro baseado em um criorefrigerador com capacidade para medir propriedades magnéticas em função da temperatura desde ambiente até 6 K. Como sensor magnético utilizamos um elemento Hall de GaAs de baixo custo. O magnetômetro construído tem uma configuração diferente dos magnetômetros Hall tradicionais, já que neste caso a amostra se movimenta na região do sensor. De forma a aumentar a exatidão do momento magnético obtido, foi desenvolvido um modelo que leva em consideração a geometria da amostra. A resolução está limitada pelo sensor utilizado em 10-7 Am2. O magnetômetro foi calibrado de forma independente e seu desempenho foi comparado a magnetômetros de amostra vibrante (VSM) comerciais, apresentando erros menores que 2 porcento na magnetização obtida de diversas amostras. Todos os equipamentos envolvidos na operação do magnetômetro a baixas temperaturas são controlados utilizando a linguagem LabVIEW. Na versão atual do programa, curvas M x H e ZFC-FC podem ser obtidas. Como exemplo de aplicação, fabricamos nanopartículas magnéticas com núcleo de oxido de ferro pelo processo de coprecipitação em meio alcalino e recobrimos com surfactantes e SiO2. As propriedades magnéticas das nanopartículas foram obtidas utilizando o magnetômetro construído. As nanopartículas apresentaram comportamento superparamagnético e grande potencial para liberação controlada de drogas. / [en] Nanoparticles are important tools used in medicine, for diagnosis as well as for treatment of various diseases. Their sizes can be controlled, ranging from tens to hundreds of nanometers, enabling them to interact with cells, bacteria, and viruses. Magnetic nanoparticles have a core of magnetic material coated with layers of different materials, including silica or a polymer. This coating is responsible for their functionalization, so they can carry out specific tasks serving as a marker for diagnostic purposes and / or as a carrier for drugs. The knowledge of the magnetic properties of nanoparticles is very important in the manufacturing process and their use. With this aim, we built a magnetometer based on a cryorefrigerator capable of measuring their magnetic properties as a function of temperature from room temperature to 6 K. We used a low cost GaAs Hall element as its magnetic sensor. The magnetometer built has a different configuration from the traditional Hall magnetometers, since in this case the sample moves in the region of the sensor. A model which takes into consideration the geometry of the sample was developed in order to increase the accuracy of the magnetic moment obtained. The magnetometer resolution is limited by the Hall sensor used in 10-7 Am2. The magnetometer was calibrated independently and its performance was compared to commercial vibrating sample magnetometers (VSM) showing errors smaller than 2 percent in the magnetization obtained from various samples. All the equipment involved in the operation of magnetometers at low temperatures is controlled by using the LabVIEW language. The M x H e ZFC-FC curves can be obtained in the current version. We manufactured the core with magnetic nanoparticles of iron oxide by coprecipitation process in an alkaline medium, coated with surfactants and SiO2. The magnetic properties of the nanoparticles were obtained using the magnetometer built. The nanoparticles showed superparamagnetic behavior and great potential for controlled drug release.

[pt] A microscopia magnética de varredura tem sido um importante campo de pesquisa destinado à obtenção das propriedades magnéticas de diferentes materiais e suas aplicações em áreas como geologia, medicina, ciências e tecnologia. No Laboratório de Instrumentação do Departamento de Física da PUC-Rio construímos e calibramos um microscópio magnético de varredura capaz de medir e mapear amostras com massas na ordem de microgramas. O microscópio foi construído utilizando um sistema de leitura baseado em uma configuração gradiométrica que utiliza dois elementos sensores de efeito Hall com tamanho de 300 um (micrômetro) e está separado da superfície da amostra por uma distância de 143 um (micrômetro). Os mapeamentos podem ser realizados sob um campo magnético aplicado de até 500 mT. Aperfeiçoamos o microscópio Hall utilizando uma plataforma feita de acrílico capaz de diminuir o ruído mecânico gerado durante o mapeamento usando um sistema de molas ligada à atuadores lineares responsáveis pela varredura bidimensional. Também foi construído um sistema de leitura composto por três placas de circuito impresso de baixo custo. O microscópio Hall possui uma sensibilidade em torno de 300 nTrms/ (Hz) 1/2 e foi calibrado usando uma esfera de níquel com 99 porcento de pureza. A sensibilidade em momento magnético alcançada foi da ordem de 10 −12Am2. Todos os equipamentos envolvidos na operação do microscópio são controlados utilizando a linguagem LabVIEW. Como exemplo de aplicação, fabricamos cubos feitos de micropartículas de óxido de ferro e nanopartículas magnéticas de magnetita usando o método de coprecipitação em meio alcalino. As propriedades magnéticas destes materiais foram obtidas utilizando o microscópio construído. / [en] Scanning magnetic microscopy has been an important field of research for obtaining magnetic properties of different materials and their applications in areas such as geology, medicine, science, and technology. In this study, a scanning magnetic microscope, capable of measuring and mapping samples with masses in the microgram range, was developed and calibrated at the Instrumentation Laboratory of the Physics Department of the PUC-Rio. This device was developed using a reading system based on a gradiometric configuration with two 300 um Hall-effect sensor elements. The microscope was separated from the sample surface by a distance of 143 um. The mappings can be performed under an applied magnetic field of up to 500 mT. The Hall microscope was improved by using a platform made of acrylic capable of reducing mechanical noise generated during the mapping, through a system of springs connected to linear actuators responsible for twodimensional scanning. A reading system with three low-cost printed circuit boards was also developed. The Hall microscope has a sensitivity of around 300 nTrms/(Hz)1/2 and was calibrated using a nickel sphere (99 percent pure). The magnetic moment sensitivity achieved was of the order of 10 −12Am2. All devices used for operating the microscope were controlled using the LabVIEW language. As an application example, cubes of iron oxide microparticles and magnetite magnetic nanoparticles were made using the alkaline coprecipitation method. The magnetic properties of these materials were obtained using the microscope developed in this study.

[pt] A Microscopia Magnética de Varredura (MMV) surgiu com o objetivo de permitir a visualização de campos magnéticos de uma amostra ou material por meio de varredura, mostrando-se especialmente útil para geologia, biomedicina, caracterização de materiais e na indústria de aços. Nesse sentido, foi montada uma MMV utilizando uma estrutura de blindagem magnética de micro-metal para analisar campos remanescentes. A área sensível dos sensores foi avaliada, e foram escolhidos os sensores HQ-0811 (AKM - Asahi Kasei Microdevices), e STJ-010 (Micro Magnetics), sendo o HQ-0811 padronizado em PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) para facilitar o manuseio e aumentar a robustez do sistema. Na câmara blindada, foram utilizados dois motores de passo piezoelétricos ANC-150 (Attocube Systems), dispostos planarmente, para permitir o movimento das amostras analisadas sob o sensor montado. Para adquirir dados dos sensores, foram usados o Precision Current Source Model 6220 e o Nanovoltimeter Model 2182A (ambos Keithley), utilizando o sistema integrado da Keithley chamado Delta-Mode. Para analisar a eficácia do sistema, três amostras distintas foram analisadas para calibração, e um programa em MATLAB foi escrito para analisar as imagens e extrair a magnetização do material analisado. Além disso, uma amostra de rocha da Bacia do Parnaíba foi mapeada para demonstrar as capacidades do sistema. / [en] Magnetic Scanning Microscopy (MMV) was developed to visualize magnetic fields of a sample or material via scanning, making it particularly useful for geology, biomedicine, material characterization, and the steel industry. To this end, an MMV was assembled using a micro-metal magnetic shielding structure to analyze remanent fields. The sensors sensitive area was evaluated, and the HQ-0811 (AKM - Asahi Kasei Microdevices) and STJ-010 (Micro Magnetics) sensors were chosen, with the HQ-0811 standardized on PCBs (Printed Circuit Board) for easy handling and to enhance the system s robustness. Two piezoelectric step motors, ANC-150 (Attocube Systems), were placed in a planar arrangement in the shielded chamber to enable the analyzed samples movement under the mounted sensor. The Keithley Delta-Mode system was used in conjunction with the Precision Current Source Model 6220 and Nanovoltimeter Model 2182A (both Keithley) to acquire sensor data. Three distinct samples were analyzed for calibration, and a MATLAB program was created to extract the magnetization of the analyzed material from the images obtained. Additionally, the system s capabilities were demonstrated by mapping a rock sample from the Parnaíba Basin.

No description available.

[pt] Instrumentos de varredura magnética em estruturas, componentes e materiais têm sido objeto de pesquisa científica e são potenciais protótipos para uso na indústria, sobretudo em inspeção não destrutiva, para identificar defeitos em estruturas metálicas sujeitas a condições extremas como altas temperaturas, pressão e forte tensão. Essas condições podem levar à falhas dessas estruturas comprometendo sua operação, acarretando prejuízos e possíveis acidentes. Nesse sentido, construímos um instrumento para varredura da resposta magnética em placas de aço com defeitos utilizando dois sistemas de medição. No primeiro sistema utilizamos um equipamento comercial: Gaussímetro da marca F.W. BELL (modelo 9950), com três sensores de efeito Hall perpendiculares entre si. No segundo, um gradiômetro construído no Laboratório de Instrumentação do Departamento de Física da PUC-Rio composto de dois sensores de efeito Hall da marca Melexis (modelo 90215). Para a varredura de ambos os sistemas de medição foram utilizados dois atuadores lineares da marca Zaber (modelo T-LLS260C). Com o instrumento construído foi possível identificar defeitos manufaturados por eletroerosão em placas de aço SAE 1020. O segundo sistema de medição se mostrou mais eficiente em detectar defeitos com diâmetros da ordem de 0,90 mm e 10 μm de profundidade. Também construímos um sistema de filtros em uma placa de circuito impresso para atenuar o ruído presente. A partir da análise de sinal-ruído notou-se que o circuito foi eficaz e permitiu uma melhor identificação dos defeitos. Para reforçar a aplicação desse equipamento na pesquisa científica e na indústria, desenvolvemos uma rotina em MATLAB para estimar a profundidade dos defeitos e obtivemos resultados com erro de 3,54 por cento. / [en] Magnetic scanning instruments in structures, components, and materials have been the object of scientific research and are potential prototypes to be used in the industry, especially in non-destructive inspection to identify defects in metal structures subject to extreme conditions, such as high temperatures, pressure, and high tension. These conditions may lead to the failure of these structures, affecting their operation and resulting in losses and possible accidents. In this sense, we developed an instrument for scanning the magnetic response in defective steel plates using two measurement systems. In the first system, we used commercial equipment: Gaussmeter (F.W.BELL, model 9950), with three Hall-effect sensors perpendicular to each other, and in the second one, a gradiometer, composed of two Hall-effect sensors (Melexis, model 90215), developed at the Instrumentation Laboratory of the Physics Department of the PUC-Rio. For scanning both measurement systems, two linear actuators (Zaber, model T-LLS260C) were used. The instrument allows us to identify defects caused by electrical discharge machining on SAE 1020 steel plates. The second measurement system proved to be more efficient in detecting defects with diameters in the order of 0.90 mm and 10 μm in depth. A filter system was also built on a printed circuit board to attenuate noise. The signal-noise analysis showed that the circuit was effective and made possible a better identification of the defects. To reinforce the application of this instrument in scientific research and industry, a routine in MATLAB was developed to estimate the depth of the defects, resulting in an error of 3.54 per cent.

Η παρούσα διδακτορική διατριβή πραγματεύεται την ανάλυση, το σχεδιασμό και την κατασκευή ηλεκτρικού κινητήριου συστήματος με σύγχρονο κινητήρα μόνιμων μαγνητών, το οποίο αποτελεί βάση ανάπτυξης ηλεκτροκίνητου οχήματος κυψελών καυσίμου. Ειδικότερα, επικεντρώνεται στα ηλεκτρικά συστήματα πρόωσης και τροφοδοσίας του οχήματος και εστιάζει στην οδήγηση σύγχρονων κινητήρων μόνιμων μαγνητών τραπεζοειδούς κυματομορφής τάσης εξ επαγωγής παρακάμπτοντας τη χρήση αισθητήρων θέσης. Στη κατεύθυνση αυτή, επισημαίνονται τα προβλήματα της χρήσης των αισθητήρων τύπου Hall και ερευνάται η επίδραση της εσφαλμένης τοποθέτησης ή μετατόπισης των αισθητήρων στα λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά αυτού του τύπου του κινητήρα. Ειδικότερα, προτείνεται μέθοδος εντοπισμού και ποσοτικοποίησης της γωνίας απόκλισης από την ορθή θέση, που βασίζεται στην εμφανιζόμενη τάση εξ επαγωγής και εφαρμόζεται σε πραγματικό χρόνο. Επίσης, αξιολογούνται οι μέθοδοι οδήγησης σύγχρονων κινητήρων μόνιμων μαγνητών χωρίς τη χρήση αισθητήρων θέσης, οι οποίες έχουν προταθεί στο πλαίσιο ερευνητικών εργασιών στο διεθνή χώρο, βάση τη δυνατότητα εφαρμογής τους σε διαφόρους τύπους σύγχρονων κινητήρων μόνιμων μαγνητών, το εύρος λειτουργίας του κινητήρα, τον αξιόπιστο εντοπισμό των σημείων μετάβασης και τον υπολογιστικό φόρτο υλοποίησής τους. Προτείνεται νέα μέθοδος οδήγησης σύγχρονου κινητήρα μόνιμων μαγνητών τραπεζοειδούς κυματομορφής τάσης εξ επαγωγής, παρακάμπτοντας τη χρήση των αισθητήρων θέσης. Η μέθοδος αυτή επιτυγχάνει διευρυμένο εύρος λειτουργίας του κινητήρα με αξιόπιστο εντοπισμό των σημείων μετάβασης (μέγιστη ακρίβεια εντοπισμού το σημείου μηδενικού δυναμικού του πληροφοριακού σήματος). Το δε κόστος και ο υπολογιστικός φόρτος για την υλοποίηση της μεθόδου είναι χαμηλά. Τέλος, προτείνεται μέθοδος ενεργειακής διαχείρισης ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος με υβριδικό σύστημα τροφοδοσίας ως βάση ανάπτυξης αμιγούς ηλεκτρικού οχήματος. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου αξιολογείται στο υπό μελέτη σύστημα για έναν τυπικό κύκλο οδήγησης εντός πόλης. Αναλυτικότερα, στο κεφάλαιο 1 επισημαίνεται η αναγκαιότητα της αντικατάστασης των μηχανών εσωτερικής καύσης από ηλεκτρικούς κινητήρες στον τομέα της αυτοκίνησης. Επίσης, αναφέρονται οι στόχοι που τέθηκαν για την εκπλήρωση της διατριβής και η γενική δομή αυτής. Στο κεφάλαιο 2 περιγράφεται η τεχνολογία των Σύγχρονων Μηχανών Μόνιμων Μαγνητών. Συγκεκριμένα, εξετάζονται τα κατασκευαστικά στοιχεία αυτού του τύπου μηχανών, υπό το πρίσμα της επιρροής αυτών στα λειτουργικά χαρακτηριστικά. Επίσης παρατίθεται μια συγκριτική μελέτη της λειτουργίας των δύο (2) κατηγοριών Σύγχρονων Μηχανών Μόνιμων Μαγνητών, όπως αυτά καθορίζονται από την μορφή της Τάσης εξ Επαγωγής. Στο κεφάλαιο 3 περιγράφεται αναλυτικά η λειτουργική συμπεριφορά του Σύγχρονου Κινητήρα Μόνιμων Μαγνητών Τραπεζοειδούς Κυματομορφής Τάσης εξ Επαγωγής. Επίσης τίθεται το ζήτημα οδήγησης αυτού του είδους Σύγχρονων Κινητήρων καθώς απαιτείται γνώση για τη θέση του δρομέα και ως εκ τούτου είναι απαραίτητη η ενσωμάτωση αντίστοιχων αισθητήρων. Στο κεφάλαιο αυτό, επίσης παρουσιάζεται μία μελέτη αναφορικά με τα σφάλματα που εισάγουν στη λειτουργία του κινητήρα οι ασύμμετρα τοποθετημένοι αισθητήρες θέσης τύπου Hall. Ως κατακλείδα αυτής της μελέτης προτείνεται μία μεθοδολογία ανίχνευσης της εσφαλμένης τοποθέτησης των αισθητήρων θέσης και προσδιορισμού της γωνίας απόκλισης αυτών. Στο κεφάλαιο 4 γίνεται μια εκτενής μελέτη των τεχνικών οδήγησης Σύγχρονων Κινητήρων Μόνιμων Μαγνητών Τραπεζοειδούς Κυματομορφής Τάσης εξ Επαγωγής, παρακάμπτοντας τη χρήση αισθητήρων θέσης. Οι παρουσιαζόμενες μέθοδοι συγκρίνονται ως προς τα μεγέθη που χρησιμοποιούν για να εξάγουν την πληροφορία αναφορικά με τη θέση του δρομέα, τον τρόπο μέτρησης και τις μεθόδους επεξεργασίας αυτών. Στο κεφάλαιο 5 αναλύεται διεξοδικά η μέθοδος που προτάθηκε από τον συγγραφέα της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής αναφορικά με την οδήγηση των υπό μελέτη κινητήρων. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης τεχνικής οδήγησης επιβεβαιώνεται μέσω προσομοιωτικών αποτελεσμάτων. Επίσης παρατίθενται και πειραματικά δεδομένα από τα ενδιάμεσα στάδια επεξεργασίας που συνιστούν την προτεινόμενη τεχνική οδήγησης. Στο κεφάλαιο 6 περιγράφεται η πειραματική διάταξη και παρουσιάζονται αποτελέσματα πειραματικής διερεύνησης του ηλεκτρικού κινητήριου συστήματος Σύγχρονου Κινητήρα Μόνιμων Μαγνητών, στο οποίο εφαρμόζεται η προτεινόμενη τεχνική οδήγησης. Η μέθοδος αυτός αξιολογείται σε διάφορα σημεία λειτουργίας του υπό μελέτη κινητήρα. Στο κεφάλαιο 7 παρουσιάζεται μια εφαρμογή του υπό μελέτη κινητήριου συστήματος στα ηλεκτροκίνητα οχήματα. Σε αυτό το πλαίσιο γίνεται μία συγκριτική μελέτη των ηλεκτρικών οχημάτων σε επίπεδο κινητήρων και ενεργειακών πηγών. Στο κεφάλαιο 8 παρουσιάζεται η τεχνολογία των κυψελών καυσίμου με έμφαση στον τύπο μεμβράνης ανταλλαγής πρωτονίων. Αναλύονται εκτενώς τα ηλεκτρικά χαρακτηριστικά των κυψελών καυσίμου μεμβράνης ανταλλαγής πρωτονίων και πραγματοποιείται πειραματική διερεύνηση της λειτουργικής συμπεριφοράς μιας εμπορικής συστοιχίας κυψελών καυσίμου. Τα αποτελέσματα αυτά αποτελούν τη βάση για την ανάπτυξη ενός μοντέλου για τη δεδομένη συστοιχία κυψελών καυσίμου στο περιβάλλον Matlab. Στο κεφάλαιο 9 παρουσιάζονται οι αρχιτεκτονικές διασύνδεσης του συστήματος τροφοδοσίας με το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα και συγκριτική μελέτη των μεθόδων συντονισμού των επιμέρους υποσυστημάτων με βάση τη διεθνή βιβλιογραφία. Επίσης, προτείνεται μέθοδος ενεργειακής διαχείρισης για ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα με υβριδικό σύστημα τροφοδοσίας ως βάση ανάπτυξης αμιγούς ηλεκτρικού οχήματος. Η αποτελεσματικότητα της προτεινόμενης μεθόδου αξιολογείται στο υπό μελέτη σύστημα μέσω προσομοίωσης στο περιβάλλον Matlab για ένα τυπικό κύκλο οδήγησης εντός πόλης. Τέλος, στο κεφάλαιο 10 επισημαίνεται η συμβολή της παρούσας Διδακτορικής Διατριβής στην έρευνα σχετικά με τα ηλεκτρικά κινητήρια συστήματα Σύγχρονων Κινητήρων Μόνιμων Μαγνητών τροφοδοτούμενα από ηλεκτροχημικές πηγές ενέργειας, ανακεφαλαιώνονται τα αποτελέσματα αυτής και αναφέρονται σημεία που μπορούν να αποτελέσουν αντικείμενο επιστημονικής έρευνας στο μέλλον. / This thesis deals with the analysis, design and deployment of an electric drive system with a brushless DC (BLDC) motor, which is the basis for the development of a Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle (FCEV). Particularly, this thesis focuses on the electrical systems (propulsion and sources) of a lightweight vehicle and gives emphasis on position sensorless commutation techniques of a BLDC motor drive system. From that perspective, the issues concerning the embedded Hall effect sensors are highlighted and the effects of incorrect positioning or displacement of sensors in the operational characteristics of this type of motor are investigated. Additionally, a method for identifying and quantifying the angle of deviation from the correct position of Hall effect sensors is proposed, based on back Electromagnetic Force (EMF) zero crossing points. It should be noticed that the proposed method is implemented for real time fault detection and identification. Moreover, the already published position sensorless commutation methods for BLDC motor drive systems have been assessed based on their applicability to various types of permanent magnet synchronous motors, the operating range of the motor, the reliable identification of the correct commutation instant and the computational cost for their implementation. A novel method for position sensorless commutation of a BLDC motor drive system with trapezoidal back EMF has been proposed exploiting the Zero Sequence Voltage (ZSV). The incorporation of the proposed method in the BLDC motor drive system enables extended operational speed range of the motor without load torque limitations while the accurate commutation instants are defined reliably within that range (accurate zero crossing point detection of the information signal). It should be noticed that the overall cost for implementing this method is kept low. Finally, in this thesis, an energy management strategy for a BLDC motor drive system power by multiple electrical sources is proposed, as the basis for a FCEV constitution. The effectiveness of the proposed strategy is verified through a simulation scenario for typical urban driving cycle. Specifically, in Chapter 1 the need for replacement of internal combustion engines by electric machines in the automotive sector is highlighted. Also, a brief description of the aims and the structure of this thesis are provided. In Chapter 2 an introduction of permanent magnet synchronous machines technology is provided. The design features of machine components and their influence on the electrical characteristics of these electrical machines are provided. Also, a comparative study for permanent magnet synchronous motors (PMSM) and BLDC motor is presented. In Chapter 3 the operational behavior of a BLDC motor with trapezoidal back EMF driven by a three phase inverter that utilizes Hall effect sensors is investigated. The issues raised by the utilization of Hall effect sensors for the commutation techniques are highlighted. This chapter also presents a study of the side effects of Hall sensors misplacement on BLDC motor operation. Concluding this study, a method for detecting the incorrect placement of Hall sensors and for determining the exact angular misplacement is proposed. In Chapter 4 a comprehensive study of already known position sensorless commutation techniques for BLDC motor drive systems is presented. These methods are classified with respect to the electrical characteristics that utilize for extracting information regarding the rotor position and the required measurement and processing units. In Chapter 5 a novel position sensorless commutation method for a BLDC motor drive system is proposed by the author of this thesis. The effectiveness of the proposed technique is verified via simulation results of the investigated drive system. Also some experimental results from the intermediate processing steps of the proposed technique are provided. In Chapter 6 the constructed in our Laboratory experimental setup is presented. Experimental results of the investigated BLDC motor drive system which incorporates the proposed position sensorless commutation method are presented. The proposed method and the experimental results are assessed for steady state and during transient in comparison to those coming from embedded Hall sensor. In Chapter 7 an application of the investigated BLDC motor drive system as a propulsion system in electric vehicles is provided. In this context, a comparative study of the existing electric vehicle architectures is provided. In Chapter 8 the technology of Fuel Cells (FCs) with emphasis on Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFC) are provided. The electrical characteristics of a PEMFC stack are extensively analyzed and experimental investigation has been carried out for the operational behavior of a commercial PEMFC stack to be clarified. These results provide the basis for developing a mathematical model for the given stack in the Matlab/Simulink environment. In Chapter 9 the architectural interconnection of the supply system with the propulsion system is described. Also, a literature review of the already known energy management methods for pure electric vehicles with hybrid power supply system is provided. In this chapter an energy management strategy is proposed for dual BLDC motor drive system powered by two different electrochemical energy sources. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in the investigated system via simulation in Matlab/Simulink environment for a typical urban driving cycle. Finally, in Chapter 10 the original contribution of this thesis to the research domain of BLDC motor drive systems power by electrochemical energy sources is highlighted, its additional results are noted and subjects of possible future work are presented.

The thesis deals with a concept of turning a conventional petrol powered lawn mower to a battery powered solution which is powered by lithium cells. A division to three chapters, comparison, mechanical and electrical, provides fluency of the whole design and further realization. The arrangement of chapters is performed so that the continuity of the thesis is maintained. Calculations of parameters of every motor and transmission with choosing particular devices are just a part of much interesting information which can be found in this thesis. All new components have full documentation except those which were changed during manufacturing. The electrical part explains every part of the schematics in detail. The realization contains difference between preliminary design and further production, manufacturing of the PCB and powering up the motor drives. The last part of the thesis contains temperature measurements of the device at no load.