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All-optical Microwave Signal ProcessingHan, Yichen 22 September 2011 (has links)
Microwave signal processing in the optical domain is investigated in this thesis. Two signal processors including an all-optical fractional Hilbert transformer and an all-optical microwave differentiator are investigated and experimentally demonstrated.
Specifically, the photonic-assisted fractional Hilbert transformer with tunable fractional order is implemented based on a temporal pulse shaping system incorporating a phase modulator. By applying a step function to the phase modulator to introduce a phase jump, a real-time fractional Hilbert transformer with a tunable fractional order is achieved.
The microwave bandpass differentiator is implemented based on a finite impulse response (FIR) photonic microwave delay-line filter with nonuniformly-spaced taps. A microwave bandpass differentiator based on a six-tap nonuniformly-spaced photonic microwave delay-line filter with all- positive coefficients is designed, simulated, and experimentally demonstrated. The reconfigurability of the microwave bandpass differentiator is experimentally investigated. The employment of the differentiator to perform differentiation of a bandpass microwave signal is also experimentally demonstrated.
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Infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems with continuous spectra : perturbation theory, normal forms, and Landau dampingHagstrom, George Isaac 28 October 2011 (has links)
Various properties of linear infinite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems are studied. The structural stability of the Vlasov-Poisson equation linearized around a homogeneous stable equilibrium [mathematical symbol] is investigated in a Banach space setting. It is found that when perturbations of [mathematical symbols] are allowed to live in the space [mathematical symbols], every equilibrium is structurally unstable. When perturbations are restricted to area preserving rearrangements of [mathematical symbol], structural stability exists if and only if there is negative signature in the continuous spectrum. This analogizes Krein's theorem for linear finite-dimensional Hamiltonian systems. The techniques used to prove this theorem are applied to other aspects of the linearized Vlasov-Poisson equation, in particular the energy of discrete modes which are embedded within the continuous spectrum. In the second part, an integral transformation that exactly diagonalizes the Caldeira-Leggett model is presented. The resulting form of the Hamiltonian, derived using canonical transformations, is shown to be identical to that of the linearized Vlasov-Poisson equation. The damping mechanism in the Caldeira-Leggett model is identified with the Landau damping of a plasma. The correspondence between the two systems suggests the presence of an echo effect in the Caldeira-Leggett model. Generalizations of the Caldeira-Leggett model with negative energy are studied and interpreted in the context of Krein's theorem. / text
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All-optical Microwave Signal ProcessingHan, Yichen 22 September 2011 (has links)
Microwave signal processing in the optical domain is investigated in this thesis. Two signal processors including an all-optical fractional Hilbert transformer and an all-optical microwave differentiator are investigated and experimentally demonstrated.
Specifically, the photonic-assisted fractional Hilbert transformer with tunable fractional order is implemented based on a temporal pulse shaping system incorporating a phase modulator. By applying a step function to the phase modulator to introduce a phase jump, a real-time fractional Hilbert transformer with a tunable fractional order is achieved.
The microwave bandpass differentiator is implemented based on a finite impulse response (FIR) photonic microwave delay-line filter with nonuniformly-spaced taps. A microwave bandpass differentiator based on a six-tap nonuniformly-spaced photonic microwave delay-line filter with all- positive coefficients is designed, simulated, and experimentally demonstrated. The reconfigurability of the microwave bandpass differentiator is experimentally investigated. The employment of the differentiator to perform differentiation of a bandpass microwave signal is also experimentally demonstrated.
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Avaliação e implementação de métodos de estimação de tempo de atraso de sinais de ultra-somMartinhon, Guilherme [UNESP] 15 June 2007 (has links) (PDF)
Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0
Previous issue date: 2007-06-15Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:08:03Z : No. of bitstreams: 1
martinhon_g_me_ilha.pdf: 1559279 bytes, checksum: 7e975933281fbe9aec5c7a3556631af8 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A estimação do tempo de atraso entre dois sinais de ultra-som é uma tarefa muito comum e importante em diversas aplicações, como em sistemas de posicionamento para medição de distâncias, medidores de espessura em ensaios não-destrutivos, células de medição de propriedades de materiais, entre outros. Em algumas aplicações há necessidade de elevada acurácia e precisão na determinação do tempo de atraso, que dependem de diversos parâmetros do transdutor, de sua excitação e do meio em que a onda se propaga, além do método de estimação e representação numérica. Neste trabalho são avaliados três estimadores de tempo de atraso, com implementações em ponto-fixo e ponto-flutuante: correlação cruzada com interpolação parabólica, transformada de Hilbert da correlação e envoltória do sinal analítico. Os estimadores são avaliados em MATLAB, em ponto-flutuante, com sinais sintetizados e com sinais reais obtidos em laboratório, e em ponto-fixo, usando um processador digital de sinais TMS320VC5416, da Texas Instruments. São explorados parâmetros como freqüência central do transdutor, freqüência de amostragem, largura de banda, relação sinal-ruído e atenuação do meio. O desempenho dos métodos é comparado por meio dos erros médios e desvios-padrão das medidas / Time-delay estimation between two ultrasonic signals is a very common and important task in several applications, such as distance measurement in positioning systems, thickness measurement in nondestructive testing, measurement cells of materials properties, among others. Some applications require high accuracy and precision on the determination of the time-delay, which depend on several transducer parameters, excitation and medium of propagation, as well as the estimation method and numerical representation. In this work, three time-delay estimators are evaluated, with fixed- and floating-point implementations: cross-correlation with parabolic interpolation, Hilbert transform of correlation and analytic signal envelope. The estimators are evaluated in MATLAB with floating-point representation, using synthesized signals and real signals acquired in laboratory, and in fixed-point using a Texas Instruments TMS320VC5416 digital signal processor. Parameters as transducer central frequency, sampling frequency, bandwidth, signal-to-noise ratio and medium attenuation are considered. The performances of the methods are compared by means of errors (or bias) and standard deviations
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DetecÃÃo e segmentaÃÃo automÃtica de batimentos cardÃacos do eletrocardiograma por modelagem matemÃtica e combinaÃÃo das transformadas Wavelet e de Hilbert / Automatic Detection and Segmentation of Heartbeats in ECG Signals based on a Mathematical Model and the Combination of Wavelet and Hilbert TransformsJoÃo Paulo do Vale Madeiro 17 May 2013 (has links)
nÃo hà / Sistemas automÃticos de auxÃlio ao diagnÃstico visam à extraÃÃo de mÃtricas especÃficas, podendo ser por algoritmos computacionais, de forma a subsidiar a anÃlise por parte do especialista de condiÃÃes orgÃnicas e fisiolÃgicas do paciente. No contexto da cardiologia, referidos sistemas sÃo particularmente importantes quando aplicados no processamento de sinais de longa duraÃÃo, como o eletrocardiograma (ECG) de 24 horas. As tÃcnicas para segmentaÃÃo e extraÃÃo automÃtica de parÃmetros do sinal ECG propostas nesta tese abrangem diversos campos de pesquisa. Inicialmente, o sistema realiza a detecÃÃo e a segmentaÃÃo do complexo QRS, relacionado à despolarizaÃÃo ventricular. Como metodologia, utiliza-se a combinaÃÃo das tÃcnicas do limiar adaptativo, das transformadas de Hilbert e Wavelet e do filtro derivativo com uma nova abordagem de reduÃÃo de prÃ-processamento e de seleÃÃo do fator de escala da Wavelet. Ao final desta etapa, obtÃm-se a sÃrie de intervalos RR, a sÃrie de duraÃÃes de cada complexo QRS e de suas amplitudes. No segundo momento, tem-se a detecÃÃo e a segmentaÃÃo da onda T, relacionada à repolarizaÃÃo ventricular. PropÃe-se um novo modelo matemÃtico do comportamento morfolÃgico da onda T baseado na funÃÃo Gaussiana, modificada por um procedimento matemÃtico de inserÃÃo de assimetria. Uma vez obtidos os parÃmetros de modelagem para uma dada morfologia predominante de onda T, a funÃÃo de correlaÃÃo cruzada à utilizada para a detecÃÃo do pico e uma tÃcnica baseada no cÃlculo da Ãrea de trapÃzios à utilizada para a localizaÃÃo do final da forma de onda. Dentre as mÃtricas derivadas das informaÃÃes extraÃdas, destaca-se a sÃrie de intervalos QT, segmento que vai do inÃcio de cada complexo QRS ao final de cada onda T. Finalizado o processo de segmentaÃÃo, dois estudos de caso sÃo realizados: subtraÃÃo da atividade ventricular em sinais eletrogramas atriais de pacientes com fibrilaÃÃo atrial (FA) e anÃlise de sÃries de variabilidade da frequÃncia cardÃaca (VFC) de um conjunto de pacientes idosos selecionados pelo AmbulatÃrio de Geriatria do Hospital UniversitÃrio WÃlter CantÃdio.
A partir de experimentos de validaÃÃo em bases de dados diversas com anotaÃÃes manuais dos batimentos, obtÃm-se as seguintes taxas de detecÃÃo e erros de delineamento para o complexo QRS: sensibilidade de 99,51%, preditividade positiva de 99,44%, erro mÃdio de inÃcio (QRS onset) de 2,85  9,90 ms e erro mÃdio de final (QRS offset) de 2,83  12,26 ms. Com relaÃÃo à detecÃÃo e segmentaÃÃo da onda T, obtÃm-se os seguintes resultados: sensibilidade de 99,48%, preditividade positiva de 99,53%, erro mÃdio de localizaÃÃo de pico de 0,51  8,06 ms e erro mÃdio de localizaÃÃo de final da forma de onda de 0,11  11,73 ms.
Quanto ao primeiro estudo de caso de uso dos pontos fiduciais detectados, a potÃncia mÃdia dos sinais eletrogramas atriais, apÃs a subtraÃÃo da atividade ventricular, à significativamente reduzida para frequÃncias acima de 10 Hz, predominantemente associadas ao complexo QRS, bem como para frequÃncias na faixa de 3 a 5 Hz, relacionadas à atividade elÃtrica de repolarizaÃÃo ventricular. Para o segundo estudo, a anÃlise do comportamento de mÃtricas no domÃnio da frequÃncia associadas à atividade do sistema nervoso simpÃtico permite o reconhecimento de tendÃncias prÃprias e caracterÃsticas, no que tange a aspectos de funcionamento/disautonomia do sistema nervoso autonÃmico, de cada classe prÃ-determinada de idosos segundo os conceitos de fenÃtipo de fragilidade: idosos frÃgeis, prÃ-frÃgeis e robustos.
Os resultados obtidos sugerem que o conjunto de metodologias desenvolvidas para a segmentaÃÃo do sinal ECG apresenta altas taxas de precisÃo, repetibilidade e robustez a uma ampla gama de morfologias, podendo ser aplicado em diversos contextos de auxÃlio ao diagnÃstico. Dadas as mÃtricas e sÃries temporais que podem ser extraÃdas, os referidos mÃtodos tambÃm podem dar suporte a processos de investigaÃÃo clÃnica e desenvolvimento de marcadores/indicadores de eventos cardiovasculares adversos.
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Estudo do comportamento dinâmico de um escoamento padrão golfadas de líquido / Study of dynamic behavior of a regime slug flow of liquidGuillermo Navarro, Juan José 07 August 2010 (has links)
Orientador: Ricardo Augusto Mazza / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T00:40:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
GuillermoNavarro_JuanJose_M.pdf: 3419746 bytes, checksum: 4938a1fd57b3e5e404a4456f18b322a3 (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: O escoamento gás-líquido intermitente em golfadas de líquido é composto por uma sucessão de bolhas de gás alongadas e pistões de líquido, que interagem cinematicamente e dinamicamente à medida que viajam ao longo da tubulação. Essas interações produzem o caráter intermitente do escoamento fazendo com que o escoamento não seja periódico nem no tempo nem no espaço. Desta forma, modelar o escoamento padrão golfadas de líquido é um desafio aos pesquisadores. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo determinar as freqüências características/naturais da oscilação da velocidade do pistão e da pressão da bolha em escoamento padrão golfadas de líquido. O fenômeno oscilatório é estudado numericamente utilizando-se um modelo de seguimento dinâmico de pistões, no qual se obtém um sinal característico da evolução da velocidade de líquido e da pressão da bolha ao longo do tempo. Esses sinais são analisados utilizando-se a transformada de Hilbert-Huang para determinar as freqüências características. Também é proposta uma solução analítica aproximada para determinar as freqüências naturais de oscilação, sendo comparada com os resultados numéricos, determinando os limites da validade para a solução analítica aproximada. A solução analítica é obtida por meio de análise dimensional das principais grandezas envolvidas e a similaridade com sistemas massa-mola / Abstract: The slug flow pattern is described by a succession of liquid pistons trailed by elongated gas bubbles. One of the least known features of this specific flow pattern is the compressibility effect associated with the elongated gas bubble. In fact when the gas-liquid mixture is subjected to a pressure or velocity disturbance it is expected that the system, composed by liquid pistons trailed by elongated bubbles, oscillates. The objective of this work is to disclose the natural frequency modes of this system as a function of the flow properties including the lengths of the liquid piston and gas bubble, the bubble liquid holdup among others. The kinematical and dynamical interactions among the bubbles and the liquid pistons are modeled accordingly to the slug tracking model. A numerical and an analytical solution to this model are sought. The first one retains all non-linear terms and the frequency signal response is obtained using Hilbert-Huang transform. The second one is an approximated solution given by linearizing the slug tracking model to get an analytical solution to the frequency in terms of the slug flow properties. An analysis of the frequency spectra obtained from the analytical solution and from the Hilbert-Huang transformation is performed within the linear range of the model. Both techniques disclose that the gas pressure and the liquid piston velocity have time dependent frequencies / Mestrado / Termica e Fluidos / Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Identificação e caracterização de não-linearidades em dinâmica estrutural / Identification and characterization of nonlinearities in structural dynamicsMarcelo Gustavo de Souza 24 March 2008 (has links)
Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal realizar uma investigação sobre técnicas de identificação e caracterização de não linearidades em dinâmica estrutural. Em particular, busca-se aplicar as transformadas de Hilbert e Hilbert-Huang na identificação e caracterização de um sistema estrutural composto de uma viga metálica em balanço com uma massa concentrada em sua extremidade livre e apresentando uma não linearidade cúbica. Este efeito não linear é obtido através de um fio metálico tracionado que é fixo à extremidade livre da viga em balanço. O sistema é modelado através de ferramentas analíticas convencionais e o modelo do sistema é usado em simulações numéricas. Ensaios experimentais de vibração livre são realizados e os sinais medidos são usados como dados de entradas nas transformadas afim de se investigar o fenômeno não linear presente na estrutura. Os resultados simulados numéricamente apresentaram uma excelente correlação com os resultados experimentais no que se refere à identificação e caracterização do efeito não linear cubico presente no sistema. Algumas distorções entre resultados simulados e experimentais foram observados no que se refere à quantificação do parâmetro não linear, mas de forma geral, as técnicas empregadas produziram resultados bastante satisfatórios. / The major goal of this dissertation is to investigate currently available techniques to the identification and characterization of nonlinearities in structural dynamics. Particular attention is paid to the application of the Hilbert and Hilbert-Huang transforms in the nonlinearity identification and characterization process. For that purpose, a structural system composed of a steel cantilever beam carrying a lumped mass at its free end is used. The nonlinear effect is introduced by attaching the lumped mass to a thin steel wire that is positioned transversely to the beam\'s longitudinal axis. By varying the traction force on this wire different levels of nonlinearity can be observed on the beam\'s bending motion when it undergoes free vibrations. The system analytical model is obtained by employing standard modeling techniques and this model is used in numerical simulations. An experimental survey is carried out on an actual prototype in order to provide a comparison basis for the numerically simulated results. The output vibration signals resulting from either the numerical simulations and experimental tests are then used with the transform methods studied and the results are compared. A good correlation is observed between numerical and experimental data, what is a clear indication of the robustness of the Hilbert and Hilbert-Huang transforms.
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All-optical Microwave Signal ProcessingHan, Yichen January 2011 (has links)
Microwave signal processing in the optical domain is investigated in this thesis. Two signal processors including an all-optical fractional Hilbert transformer and an all-optical microwave differentiator are investigated and experimentally demonstrated.
Specifically, the photonic-assisted fractional Hilbert transformer with tunable fractional order is implemented based on a temporal pulse shaping system incorporating a phase modulator. By applying a step function to the phase modulator to introduce a phase jump, a real-time fractional Hilbert transformer with a tunable fractional order is achieved.
The microwave bandpass differentiator is implemented based on a finite impulse response (FIR) photonic microwave delay-line filter with nonuniformly-spaced taps. A microwave bandpass differentiator based on a six-tap nonuniformly-spaced photonic microwave delay-line filter with all- positive coefficients is designed, simulated, and experimentally demonstrated. The reconfigurability of the microwave bandpass differentiator is experimentally investigated. The employment of the differentiator to perform differentiation of a bandpass microwave signal is also experimentally demonstrated.
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Tidally Generated Internal Waves from Dual-Ridge TopographySanderson, Ian Derik 01 November 2022 (has links)
Internal waves are generated in stratified fluids, like the ocean, where density increases with depth. Tides are one of the major generation mechanisms of internal waves. As the tides move water back and forth over underwater topography, internal waves can be generated. Topography slope and amplitude are major factors in the behavior of the generated internal wave field. In order to further understand the effects topographic shape plays, the effect of asymmetry on internal waves is investigated. This research investigates internal waves generated by dual-ridge topographies. Four cases of symmetric topographies, T, M, W, and W2, with three different peak spacings are compared to their singular ridge counter parts at three oscillation frequencies, ω = 0.6N, ω = 0.75N, and ω = 0.9N. Both subcritical and supercritical symmetric ridges were investigated. Experiments were also performed for subcritical, asymmetric dual ridges at the middle oscillation frequency. The internal wave fields were captured with synthetic schlieren and analyzed with the Hilbert transform and sum of kinetic energy in wavenumber space. It is found that for wave fields from substantially separated ridges, mixing and wave interference occurs that decreases total kinetic energy of the system.
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Processing and analysis of sounds signals by Huang transform (Empirical Mode Decomposition: EMD)Khaldi, Kais 20 January 2012 (has links) (PDF)
This dissertation explores the potential of EMD as analyzing tool for audio and speech processing. This signal expansion into IMFs is adaptive and without any prior assumptions (stationarity and linearity) on the signal to be analyzed. Salient properties of EMD such as dyadic filter bank structure, quasi-symmetry of IMF and fully description of IMF by its extrema, are exploited for denoising, coding and watermarking purposes. In speech signals denoising, we initially proposed a technique based on IMFs thresholding. A comparative analysis of performance of this technique compared to the denoising technique based on the wavelet. Then, to remedy the problem of the MMSE filters which requires an estimation of the spectral properties of noise, we introduced the ACWA filter in the denoising procedure. The proposed approach is consisted to filter all IMFs of the noisy signal by ACWA filter. This filtering approach is implemented in the time domain, and also applicable in the context of colored noise. Finally, to handle the case of hybrid speech frames, that is composed of voiced and unvoiced speech, we introduced a stationarity index in the denoising approach to detect the transition between the mixture of voiced and unvoiced sounds. In audio signals coding, we proposed four compression approaches. The first two approaches are based on the EMD, and the other two approaches exploit the EMD in association with Hilbert transform. In particular, we proposed to use a predictive coding of the instantaneous amplitude and frequency of the IMFs Finally, we studied the problem of audio signals watermarking in context of copyright protection. The number of IMFs can be variable depending on the attack type. The proposed approach involves inserting the mark in the extrema of last IMFs. In addition, we introduced a synchronization code in the procedure in order to facility the extraction of the mark. These contributions are illustrated on synthetic and real data and results compared to well established methods such as MMSE filter, wavelets approach, MP3 and AAC coders showing the good performances of EMD based signal processes. These findings demonstrate the real potential of EMD as analyzing tool (in adaptive way) in speech and audio processing.
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