Title: Analysis of percentage representation and success of various kinds of offensive hits in beach volleyball The aim of the work: The aim of the thesis is to find out the percentage success and representation of various offensive hits in the FIVB Beach volleyball World Tour series of men and women teams. Method: The research method was the observation of 24 videos during which I wrote down the necessary data in to a specially prepared chart. By observation and wrote down in to the chart has been gained necessary data for evaluation. Results: The results present the success and representaiton of various offensive hits in the men and women categories. They are summarized in text and charts. In addition, the results informed about the proportions of beach volleyball spike hits and beach volleyball technicals hits, or about representation of blocked offensive hits. The results also including comparison of individual performance levels in FIVB World Tour. Keywords: Beach volleyball, FIVB World Tour, offensive hit, hits analysis, gender comparsion

The diploma thesis deals with issues of teaching volleyball in high schools. It shows one of many possible methods how to include volleyball into the curriculum and into lessons of PE to the graduate teachers. This work strive for more systematic and concrete work of PE teachers in teaching volleyball, which should high school graduates encourage to an increase the requierements on the volleyball skills. In the theoretical part the reader is informed about volleyball as one of the sports games, with all gaming activities of the individual that brings volleyball and that students should be controlled using basic techniques at least. Main for the implementation of the volleyball match are basic options of hits, which are also described here. Some chapters also refer to the expected motion level of basic school and high school graduates. There is also mention of motion abilities. The end of theoretical part is about physical education classified to the educational programs. There is no specific request to involve volleyball in these educational programs. The empirical part is about the proposal of high schools education of volleyball. Volleyball teaching is divided into two grades, 10 lessons each. Activities were chosen based on the literature and my own experience. Keywords: Educational programs,...

Immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially serious complication of heparin therapy and is associated with antibodies directed against a complex of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. Early diagnosis of HIT is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. I developed an enzyme immunoassay that detects the binding of HIT IgG to PF4-heparin in the fluid phase. This required techniques to purify and biotinylate PF4. The fluid phase assay produces consistently low background and can detect low levels of anti-PF4-heparin. It is suited to testing alternative anticoagulants because, unlike in an ELISA, a clearly defined amount of antigen is available for antibody binding. I was able to detect anti-PF4-heparin IgG in 93% of HIT patients. I also investigated cross-reactivity of anti-PF4-heparin antibodies with PF4 complexed to alternative heparin-like anticoagulants. Low molecular weight heparins cross-reacted with 88% of the sera from HIT patients while half of the HIT sera weakly cross-reacted with PF4-danaparoid (Orgaran). The thrombocytopenia and thrombosis of most of these patients resolved during danaparoid therapy, indicating that detection of low affinity antibodies to PF4-danaparoid by immunoassay may not be an absolute contraindication for danaparoid administration. While HIT patients possess antibodies to PF4-heparin, I observed that HIT antibodies will also bind to PF4 alone adsorbed on polystyrene ELISA wells but not to soluble PF4 in the absence of heparin. Having developed a technique to affinity-purify anti-PF4-heparin HIT IgG, I provide the first estimates of the avidity of HIT IgG. HIT IgG displayed relatively high functional affinity for both PF4-heparin (Kd=7-30nM) and polystyrene adsorbed PF4 alone (Kd=20-70nM). Furthermore, agarose beads coated with PF4 alone were almost as effective as beads coated with PF4 plus heparin in depleting HIT plasmas of anti-PF4-heparin antibodies. I conclude that the HIT antibodies which bind to polystyrene adsorbed PF4 without heparin are largely the same IgG molecules that bind PF4-heparin and thus most HIT antibodies bind epitope(s) on PF4 and not epitope(s) formed by part of a PF4 molecule and part of a heparin molecule. Binding of PF4 to heparin (optimal) or polystyrene/agarose (sub-optimal) promotes recognition of this epitope. Under conditions that are more physiological and sensitive than previous studies, I observed that affinity-purified HIT IgG will cause platelet aggregation upon the addition of heparin. Platelets activated with HIT IgG increased their release and surface expression of PF4. I quantitated the binding of affinity-purified HIT 125I-IgG to platelets as they activate in a plasma milieu. Binding of the HIT IgG was dependent upon heparin and some degree of platelet activation. Blocking the platelet Fc??? receptor-II with the monoclonal antibody IV.3 did not prevent HIT IgG binding to activated platelets. I conclude that anti-PF4-heparin IgG is the only component specific to HIT plasma that is required to induce platelet aggregation. The Fab region of HIT IgG binds to PF4-heparin that is on the surface of activated platelets. I propose that only then does the Fc portion of the bound IgG activate other platelets via the Fc receptor. My data support a dynamic model of platelet activation where released PF4 enhances further antibody binding and more release.

Immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) is a potentially serious complication of heparin therapy and is associated with antibodies directed against a complex of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. Early diagnosis of HIT is important to reduce morbidity and mortality. I developed an enzyme immunoassay that detects the binding of HIT IgG to PF4-heparin in the fluid phase. This required techniques to purify and biotinylate PF4. The fluid phase assay produces consistently low background and can detect low levels of anti-PF4-heparin. It is suited to testing alternative anticoagulants because, unlike in an ELISA, a clearly defined amount of antigen is available for antibody binding. I was able to detect anti-PF4-heparin IgG in 93% of HIT patients. I also investigated cross-reactivity of anti-PF4-heparin antibodies with PF4 complexed to alternative heparin-like anticoagulants. Low molecular weight heparins cross-reacted with 88% of the sera from HIT patients while half of the HIT sera weakly cross-reacted with PF4-danaparoid (Orgaran). The thrombocytopenia and thrombosis of most of these patients resolved during danaparoid therapy, indicating that detection of low affinity antibodies to PF4-danaparoid by immunoassay may not be an absolute contraindication for danaparoid administration. While HIT patients possess antibodies to PF4-heparin, I observed that HIT antibodies will also bind to PF4 alone adsorbed on polystyrene ELISA wells but not to soluble PF4 in the absence of heparin. Having developed a technique to affinity-purify anti-PF4-heparin HIT IgG, I provide the first estimates of the avidity of HIT IgG. HIT IgG displayed relatively high functional affinity for both PF4-heparin (Kd=7-30nM) and polystyrene adsorbed PF4 alone (Kd=20-70nM). Furthermore, agarose beads coated with PF4 alone were almost as effective as beads coated with PF4 plus heparin in depleting HIT plasmas of anti-PF4-heparin antibodies. I conclude that the HIT antibodies which bind to polystyrene adsorbed PF4 without heparin are largely the same IgG molecules that bind PF4-heparin and thus most HIT antibodies bind epitope(s) on PF4 and not epitope(s) formed by part of a PF4 molecule and part of a heparin molecule. Binding of PF4 to heparin (optimal) or polystyrene/agarose (sub-optimal) promotes recognition of this epitope. Under conditions that are more physiological and sensitive than previous studies, I observed that affinity-purified HIT IgG will cause platelet aggregation upon the addition of heparin. Platelets activated with HIT IgG increased their release and surface expression of PF4. I quantitated the binding of affinity-purified HIT 125I-IgG to platelets as they activate in a plasma milieu. Binding of the HIT IgG was dependent upon heparin and some degree of platelet activation. Blocking the platelet Fc??? receptor-II with the monoclonal antibody IV.3 did not prevent HIT IgG binding to activated platelets. I conclude that anti-PF4-heparin IgG is the only component specific to HIT plasma that is required to induce platelet aggregation. The Fab region of HIT IgG binds to PF4-heparin that is on the surface of activated platelets. I propose that only then does the Fc portion of the bound IgG activate other platelets via the Fc receptor. My data support a dynamic model of platelet activation where released PF4 enhances further antibody binding and more release.

The assingment of tasks to resources of a workflow system is called task distribution. The task distribution is an important activity for workflow systems, because it is necessary to ensure that a task is performed by the appropriate resource in due time. There are several approaches to task distribution in workflow systems. This work innovates by using a Link Analysis technique applied to the task distribution. The Link Analysis is used to rank the result of a web query. The rank is performed by considering the relevance of the pages. This work presents the application of Link Analysis in the context of workflow task distribution. We have proposed a new task distribution algorithm (wf-hits) based on Link Analysis algorithm. We have compared wf-hits against other related ones. This comparison have considered quantitative and qualitative aspects. The experiments have shown that the use of wf-hits has improved workflow systems 25% in quantitative terms meanwhile the qualitative terms has maintained the same level of similar related works. / A entrega de tarefas para que sejam executadas pelos recursos de um sistema de work ow é chamada de distribuição de tarefas. A distribuição de tarefas é uma atividade importante para os sistemas de work ow, pois ´e necessário assegurar que uma determinada tarefa seja executada pelo recurso apropriado no tempo devido. Há várias abordagens para a distribuição de tarefas em sistemas de workflow. Este trabalho inova ao utilizar uma técnica oriunda da Análise de Ligações (Link Analysis) aplicada à distribuição de tarefas. A Link Analysis é utilizada para classificar o resultado de uma consulta na internet. A classificação é realizada considerando a relevância das páginas. O presente trabalho propõe a aplicação da Link Analysis no contexto da distribuição de tarefas em sistemas de work ow. É proposto um novo algoritmo para a distribuição de tarefas (wf-hits) que é baseado no algoritmo de Link Analysis. O algoritmo wf-hits é comparado com trabalhos correlatos em termos quantitativos e qualitativos. Os experimentos realizados mostraram que a utilização do wf-hits na distribuição de tarefas aos recursos em sistemas de workflow representa ganhos na ordem de 25% em termos quantitativos mantendo os mesmos patamares de qualidade dos trabalhos relacionados. / Mestre em Ciência da Computação

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Le graphe du Web, plus précisément le crawl qui permet de l'obtenir et les communautés qu'il contient est le sujet de cette thèse, qui est divisée en deux parties.<br />La première partie fait une analyse des grand réseaux d'interactions et introduit un nouveau modèle de crawls du Web. Elle commence par définir les propriétés communes des réseaux d'interactions, puis donne quelques modèles graphes aléatoires générant des graphes semblables aux réseaux d'interactions. Pour finir, elle propose un nouveau modèle de crawls aléatoires.<br />La second partie propose deux modèles de calcul de communautés par émergence dans le graphe du Web. Après un rappel sur les mesures d'importances, PageRank et HITS est présenté le modèle gravitationnel dans lequel les nœuds d'un réseau sont mobile et interagissent entre eux grâce aux liens entre eux. Les communautés émergent rapidement au bout de quelques itérations. Le second modèle est une amélioration du premier, les nœuds du réseau sont dotés d'un objectif qui consiste à atteindre sa communautés.

Maintenant que les effets délétères des commotions cérébrales sur l’intégrité cérébrale sont mieux compris, la question se pose quant à savoir si la pratique d'un sport de contact, par l’exposition répétée à des coups à la tête en l'absence de commotion cérébrale, pourrait être associée à des effets similaires. Grâce à l’examen neuropsychologique et aux méthodes d’imagerie par résonance magnétique, l’objectif principal de cette thèse était de déterminer les impacts cognitifs, métaboliques et microstructurels de l’exposition répétée à des coups à la tête chez des joueurs universitaires de soccer et de rugby, sans historique de commotion cérébrale. Un deuxième objectif était de déterminer si la réponse aux impacts dits « sous-cliniques » (de l'anglais subconcussive) pouvait être modulée par les effets plastiques de la pratique d'un sport aérobique sur le cerveau. Pour ce faire, trois groupes ont été comparés: des athlètes pratiquant un sport de contact (soccer, rugby, A-SC), des athlètes pratiquant un sport sans contact (nage, A-SSC) et des non-athlètes (NA). La présente thèse est constituée de trois articles. Le premier présente une revue de la littérature sur les effets des commotions cérébrales sur l'excitabilité corticospinale et intracorticale du cortex moteur primaire (M1), tels que mesuré par la stimulation magnétique transcrânienne. Cette description des études antérieures a permis de proposer l'existence de mécanismes neuronaux spécifiques, notamment au niveau neurochimique, et orienter les hypothèses de l'étude 2. Le deuxième article compare les trois groupes de participants sur des mesures neurométaboliques (spectroscopie par résonance magnétique; SRM), neurologiques (imagerie de susceptibilité; SWI) et cognitives. La SRM a révélé des niveaux significativement élevés de myo-inositol dans le M1 des A-SC comparativement aux A-SSC et aux NA. Toujours chez les A-SC, une diminution préfrontale de glutamate+glutamine (Glx) et de GABA a été observée comparativement aux A-SSC seulement. Aucune différence significative n’a été observée entre les groupes pour la présence de microhémorragies et pour les mesures de fonctionnement attentionnel, exécutif et mnésique. Cependant, une corrélation positive a été observée entre la concentration de Glx et la performance en mémoire incidentielle chez les A-SC. Le troisième article porte sur la microstructure de la matière blanche en imagerie de diffusion (ITD). Globalement, les A-SSC présentaient des valeurs d’anisotropie fractionnelle (FA) significativement plus élevées comparativement aux A-SC dans le corps calleux et la voie corticospinale, et comparativement aux deux groupes dans les régions antérieures du corps calleux. Aucune corrélation significative n’a été observée entre les mesures de FA et les tâches cognitives. Au chapitre 5, des données additionnelles, non incluses dans les articles expérimentaux, sont rapportées. Premièrement, des données d'épaisseur de matière grise montrent l'absence de différence significative entre les trois groupes. Deuxièmement, des comparaisons intersexes exploratoires en SRM ont montré des concentrations de NAA moins élevées chez les femmes A-SC comparativement aux femmes A-SSC. En ITD, des différences significatives intergroupes ont été observées seulement chez les hommes, dans divers segments du corps calleux. En somme, l’exposition répétée à des coups sous-cliniques, dans un contexte de sport de contact universitaire, est liée à des changements métaboliques et microstructurels de la matière blanche comparativement à des A-SSC. Cependant, l'absence globale de différence métabolique et structurelle entre les A-SC et les NA, ainsi que l'absence de différence dans le profil cognitif des groupes, suggère une signification clinique limitée à court terme de l'exposition répétée à des coups à la tête en l'absence d'un historique de commotion cérébrale. / Now that the deleterious effects of sport-related concussions on brain integrity are better understood, the question arises as to whether the practice of a contact sport, through repeated exposure to head blows, could be associated with similar effects even in the absence of a concussion. With neuropsychological assessment and magnetic resonance imaging methods, the main objective of this thesis was to assess the cognitive, metabolic and microstructural effects of repetitive head impact exposure in university-level soccer and rugby players without a history of concussion. A second objective was to determine whether the response to so-called subconcussive impacts could be modulated by the effects of physical fitness on the brain. To do so, three groups were compared: athletes practicing a contact sport (soccer and rugby, A-CS), athletes practicing a noncontact sport (swimming, A-NCS), and non-athletes (NA). Three papers are presented in this thesis. The first one is a systematic review of the literature reporting the effects of concussions on the corticospinal and intracortical excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1), measured with transcranial magnetic stimulation. The description of previous studies highlighted the existence of specific neuronal mechanisms at the neurochemical level, and helped guide hypotheses for study 2. The second paper compares the three groups of participants on neurometabolic (magnetic resonance spectroscopy; MRS), neurological (susceptibility-weighted imaging; SWI), and cognitive measures. MRS revealed significantly elevated levels of myo-inositol in the M1 of the A-CS group compared to A-NCS and NA. Furthermore, in the A-CS group, decreased levels of prefrontal glutamate+glutamine (Glx) and GABA were observed compared to A-NSC only. No significant differences were found between groups for microhemorrhages and for attentional, executive and memory function. However, a positive correlation was observed between Glx concentration and performance at a memory task in A-CS. The third paper focuses on white matter microstructure as measured by diffusion weighted imaging (DWI). Overall, the A-NCS group exhibited significantly higher fractional anisotropy (FA) values than the A-CS group in the corpus callosum and the corticospinal tract, and in the anterior section of the corpus callosum compared to the other two groups. No significant correlation was found between FA values and cognitive tasks. In chapter 5, additional data that was not included in the experimental papers are presented. First, cortical thickness data showed no significant differences between the three groups. Second, exploratory intersex analyses were performed. MRS data showed lower NAA concentrations in female A-CS compared to female A-NCS. DWI data showed significant intergroup differences in men only for various segments of the corpus callosum. In sum, exposure to repetitive subconcussive hits to the head in university-level contact sports is associated with metabolic and white matter microstructural alterations. However, the overall lack of metabolic and structural difference between the A-CS and NA groups, as well as the lack of differences in the cognitive profile of the three groups suggest limited short term clinical significance of repeated exposure to head blows in the absence of a history of concussion.