The goal of hydrologic models is to accurately predict a future event of a given magnitude. Historic data are often used to calibrate models to increase their ability to forecast accurately. The GSSHA model is a distributed model that uses physical parameters and physics based computations to compute water flow from cell to cell based on a 2 dimensional grid. The goal of calibration is to obtain good estimates for the actual parameters of the watershed. These parameters should then transfer to other storm events of different magnitudes more easily than an empirical model. In conducting this research three watersheds were selected in different parts of the United States and the required data were collected to develop and run single event hydrologic models. The WMS software was used to preprocess digital spatial data for model creation before calibrating them with the GSSHA model. A calibrated HEC-HMS model was also developed for each watershed for comparative purposes. Establishing GSSHA's usability in routine hydrologic modeling is the primary objective of this research. This has been accomplished by developing guidelines for GSSHA calibrations, assisted by WMS, testing model accuracy in the calibration and verification phases, and comparing results with HEC-HMS, a model widely accepted for routine hydrologic modeling. As a result of this research, the WMS interface has become well equipped to set up and run GSSHA model calibrations. The focus has been on single event, or routine hydrologic model simulations, but continuous simulation calibrations, an important strength of GSSHA, can also be developed. Each of the model simulations in the study calibrated well in terms of matching peak and volume. However, the verification for two out of the three watersheds used in the study was less than ideal. The results of this research indicate that the physical factors, which GSSHA should represent well, are particularly sensitive for single event storms. The use of calibration of single events is therefore difficult in some cases and may not be recommended. Further research could be done to establish guidelines for situations (e.g. watershed conditions, storm type, etc.) where single event calibration is plausible.

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The Wadi Dhuliel catchment/ North east Jordan, as any other arid area has distinctive hydrological features with limited water resources. The hydrological regime is characterized by high variability of temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, flash floods, absence of base flow, and high rates of evapotranspiration. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to apply lumped and distributed models to simulate stream flow in the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment. Intensive research was done to estimate the spatial and temporal rainfall distributions using remote sensing. Because most rainfall-runoff models were undertaken for other climatic zones, an attempt was made to study limitations and challenges and improve rainfall-runoff modeling in arid areas in general and for the Wadi Dhuliel in particular. The thesis is divided into three hierarchically ordered research topics. In the first part and research paper, the metric conceptual IHACRES model was applied to daily and storm events time scales, including data from 19 runoff events during the period 1986-1992. The IHACRES model was extended for snowfall in order to cope with such extreme events. The performance of the IHACRES model on daily data was rather poor while the performance on the storm events scale shows a good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. The modeled outputs were expected to be sensitive when the observed flood was relatively small. The optimum parameter values were influenced by the length of a time series used for calibration and event specific changes. In the second research paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+) dataset was used to evaluate the precipitation rates over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment for the period from January 2003 to March 2008. Due to the scarcity of the ground rain gauge network, the detailed structure of the rainfall distribution was inadequate, so an independent from interpolation techniques was used. Three meteorological stations and six rain gauges were used to adjust and compare with GSMaP_MVK+ estimates. Comparisons between GSMaP_MVK+ measurements and ground rain gauge records show distinct regions of correlation, as well as areas where GSMaP_MVK+ systematically over- and underestimated ground rain gauge records. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to derive the relationship between rainfall and GSMaP_MVK+ in conjunction with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The MLR equations were defined for the three meteorological stations. The ‘best’ fit of the MLR model for each station was chosen and used to interpolate a multiscale temporal and spatial distribution. Results show that the rainfall distribution over the Wadi Dhuliel is characterized by clear west-east and north-south gradients. Estimates from the monthly MLR model were more reliable than estimates obtained using daily data. The adjusted GSMaP_MVK+ dataset performed well in capturing the spatial patterns of the rainfall at monthly and annual time scales, while daily estimation showed some weakness for light and moderate storms. In the third research paper, the HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in the Wadi Dhuliel catchment that occurred in 30-31.01.2008. Both models are considered suitable for arid conditions. The HEC-HMS model application was done in conjunction with the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3. Streamflow estimation was performed on hourly data. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchment by integrating a re-adjusted satellite derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. Each model has its own input data sets. HEC-HMS input data include soil type, land use/land cover map, and slope map. IHACRES input data sets include hourly rainfall and temperature. The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow data collected from Al-Za’atari discharge station. IHACRES shows some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results agrees well with the observed streamflow data of the HEC-HMS model. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) for both models was 0.51, and 0.88 respectively. The application of HEC-HMS model in this study is considered to be satisfactory.

The Wadi Dhuliel catchment/ North east Jordan, as any other arid area has distinctive hydrological features with limited water resources. The hydrological regime is characterized by high variability of temporal and spatial rainfall distributions, flash floods, absence of base flow, and high rates of evapotranspiration. The aim of this Ph.D. thesis was to apply lumped and distributed models to simulate stream flow in the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment. Intensive research was done to estimate the spatial and temporal rainfall distributions using remote sensing. Because most rainfall-runoff models were undertaken for other climatic zones, an attempt was made to study limitations and challenges and improve rainfall-runoff modeling in arid areas in general and for the Wadi Dhuliel in particular. The thesis is divided into three hierarchically ordered research topics. In the first part and research paper, the metric conceptual IHACRES model was applied to daily and storm events time scales, including data from 19 runoff events during the period 1986-1992. The IHACRES model was extended for snowfall in order to cope with such extreme events. The performance of the IHACRES model on daily data was rather poor while the performance on the storm events scale shows a good agreement between observed and simulated streamflow. The modeled outputs were expected to be sensitive when the observed flood was relatively small. The optimum parameter values were influenced by the length of a time series used for calibration and event specific changes. In the second research paper, the Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP_MVK+) dataset was used to evaluate the precipitation rates over the Wadi Dhuliel arid catchment for the period from January 2003 to March 2008. Due to the scarcity of the ground rain gauge network, the detailed structure of the rainfall distribution was inadequate, so an independent from interpolation techniques was used. Three meteorological stations and six rain gauges were used to adjust and compare with GSMaP_MVK+ estimates. Comparisons between GSMaP_MVK+ measurements and ground rain gauge records show distinct regions of correlation, as well as areas where GSMaP_MVK+ systematically over- and underestimated ground rain gauge records. A multiple linear regression (MLR) model was used to derive the relationship between rainfall and GSMaP_MVK+ in conjunction with temperature, relative humidity, and wind speed. The MLR equations were defined for the three meteorological stations. The ‘best’ fit of the MLR model for each station was chosen and used to interpolate a multiscale temporal and spatial distribution. Results show that the rainfall distribution over the Wadi Dhuliel is characterized by clear west-east and north-south gradients. Estimates from the monthly MLR model were more reliable than estimates obtained using daily data. The adjusted GSMaP_MVK+ dataset performed well in capturing the spatial patterns of the rainfall at monthly and annual time scales, while daily estimation showed some weakness for light and moderate storms. In the third research paper, the HEC-HMS and IHACRES rainfall runoff models were applied to simulate a single streamflow event in the Wadi Dhuliel catchment that occurred in 30-31.01.2008. Both models are considered suitable for arid conditions. The HEC-HMS model application was done in conjunction with the HEC-GeoHMS extension in ArcView 3.3. Streamflow estimation was performed on hourly data. The aim of this study was to develop a new framework of rainfall-runoff model applications in arid catchment by integrating a re-adjusted satellite derived rainfall dataset (GSMaP_MVK+) to determine the location of the rainfall storm. Each model has its own input data sets. HEC-HMS input data include soil type, land use/land cover map, and slope map. IHACRES input data sets include hourly rainfall and temperature. The model was calibrated and validated using observed stream flow data collected from Al-Za’atari discharge station. IHACRES shows some weaknesses, while the flow comparison between the calibrated streamflow results agrees well with the observed streamflow data of the HEC-HMS model. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (Ef) for both models was 0.51, and 0.88 respectively. The application of HEC-HMS model in this study is considered to be satisfactory.

Projektet grundar sig i olyckan på fartyget HMS Carlskrona där en olycka inträffade när fästet till vapnet fallerade och vapnet föll av pelarlavetten. Nu har det framtagits en ny rekyldämpare (Rekyldämpare 18) vilket även har en infästning som är utformad efter just det nya fästet. Syftet med detta projekt är att ta fram en lösning för att integrera den nya infästningen till rekyldämpare 18 med Pelarlavett 90. Lösningen ska klara av en statisk kraft på 5000 N med en säkerhetsfaktor på ~1,5 mot sträckgränsen. Det koncept som togs fram modellerades och 3D-skrevs för att skapa en visuell uppfattning av hur modellen skulle se ut samt hur den monteras i systemet. När modellen var klar utfördes simuleringar för att se hur krafterna påverkar modellen. Utifrån dessa resultat skapades en kvalitativ riskanalys för att analysera hur stora riskerna var för att en olycka skulle inträffa. Utifrån resultaten från hållfasthetsberäkningarna och de identifierade riskerna anses konceptet uppnå de uppsatta kraven vilket resulterar i en hållbar och säker lösning. / This project is based on an accident that occurred on HMS Carlskrona were because of the bracket to the weapon failed during a test shooting and fell of the tripod gun carriage (Pelarlavett 90). Today a newer version of the MG mount (soft mount, Rekyldämpare 18) been constructed, which has an attachment that the new MG mount fits in. The purpose of this project is to bring forward a solution that integrate the attachment to the Rekyldämpare 18 with Pelarlavett 90. The solution had two requirements it needed to uphold, these were to hold a static force of 5000 N with the safety factor on ~1.5 towards its yield point. The concept that were produced was modelled and 3D- printed to create a visual understanding how the model looked like and how it mounts on the system. When the model was ready were simulations performed to see how the forces affected the model. From these results, a risk analysis was created to analyze how great the risks were for an accident to happen.The results from strength calculations and the identified risks, will the concept manage the requirements which results in a durable and safe solution.

<div>In this study, the performance of a flood control reservoir called Brookville Reservoir located in the East fork of the Whitewater River Basin, was analyzed using historic and futuristic data. For that purpose, USEPA HSPF software was used to develop the rainfall runoff modelling of the entire Whitewater River Basin up to Brookville, Indiana. Using uncontrolled flow data, the model was calibrated using 35 years of data and validated using 5 years by evaluating the goodness-offit with R2, RMSE, and NSE. Using historic data, the historic performances were accessed initially.</div><div>Using downscaled daily precipitation data obtained from. GCM for the considered region, flows were generated using the calibrated HSPF model. A reservoir operation model was built using the present operating policies. By appending the reservoir simulation model with HSPF model results, performance of the reservoir was assessed for the future conditions.</div>

The primary objective of this thesis is to develop hydrologic and hydraulic models for the Soap Creek Watershed, IA for the evaluation of alternative flood mitigation strategies and the analysis of the differences between hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. In 2008, the state of Iowa suffered a disastrous flood that caused extensive damage to homes, agricultural lands, commercial property, and public infrastructures. To reduce the flood damage across Iowa, the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) awarded funds to the Iowa Flood Center and IIHR-Hydroscience &Engineering at the University of Iowa to conduct the Iowa Watersheds Project. The Soap Creek Watershed was selected as one of the study areas because this region has suffered frequent severe floods over the past century and because local landowners have organized to construct over 130 flood detention ponds within it since 1985. As part of the Iowa Watersheds Project, we developed a hydrologic model using the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Center’s hydrologic Modeling System (HEC-HMS). We used the hydrologic model to evaluate the effectiveness of the existing flood mitigation structures with respect to discharge and to identify the high runoff potential areas. We also investigated the potential impact of two additional flood mitigation practices within the Soap Creek Watershed by utilizing the hydrologic model, which includes changing the land use and improving the soil quality. The HEC-HMS model simulated 24-hour design storms with different return periods, including 10, 25, 50, and 100 year. The results from modeling four design storms revealed that all three practices can reduce the peak discharge at different levels. The existing detention ponds were shown to reduce the peak discharge by 28% to 40% depending on the choice of observed locations and design storms. However, changing the land use can reduce the peak discharge by an average of only 1.0 %, whereas improving the soil quality can result in an average of 15 % reduction. Additionally, we designed a hydraulic model using the United States Army Corps of Engineers’ (USACE) Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River Analysis System (HEC- RAS) to perform a comparative evaluation of hydrologic and hydraulic routing methods. The hydrologic routing method employed in this study is the Muskingum Routing method. We compare the historical and design storms between HEC-HMS, HEC-RAS, and observed stage hydrographs and take the hydrograph timing, shape, and magnitude into account. Our results indicate that the hydraulic routing method simulates the hydrograph shape more effectively in this case.

For the process of social and economic development, hydropower energy has an important role such as being renewable, clean, and having less impact on the environment. In decision of the hydropower potential of a study area, the preliminary condition is the availability of the gages in the area. However, in Turkey, the gages in working order are limited and getting decreased in recent years. Therefore, the satellite based precipitation estimates has been gaining importance to predict runoff for ungauged basins. In this study, &Ccedil / oruh basin, which is located in the north-eastern part of Turkey, is selected to perform hydrologic modeling. The input precipitation data for the model are provided from the observations at meteorological stations and the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite products (3B42 and 3B43). TRMM satellite is used to monitor and study the rainfall distribution. The precipitation radar on the TRMM is the first radar to make precipitation estimation from the space. Using both precipitation data, HEC-HMS, being well known hydrological model, is applied to the &Ccedil / oruh Basin for 2005 and 2003 water years. To distinguish the differences in the runoff simulations and water budget, comparisons are done with respect to flow monitoring stations. Statistical criteria show that model simulation results obtained from TRMM 3B42 products are promising in estimating the water potential in ungauged basins.

This research paper examines the advantages of deployment of naval forces in peace support operations. The study has been undertaken because the research on this subject is fairly limited. The research tends to be normative and traditional strategists are often focusing on the effect of naval force in terms of war. None of the writers on the subject dispute the use of naval force moreover, they tend to highlight the advantages of a naval force.   The purpose is to analyse the usefulness of a naval force in peace support operations. This has been achieved by testing Till´s theory of the inherently advantage of a naval force in a study of two cases, Operation Sharp Guard in the Adriatic Sea during the conflict in former Yugoslavia and the Swedish contribution to UNIFIL MTF448 in Lebanon. These two cases were selected in order to ascertain to what extent Till´s theory can explain the effect of naval force. Results of this analyse demonstrate the existence of sound arguments for the use of naval force in peace support operations and the empirics of the two cases are valid evidence for that. Naval force can sometimes even work as an enabler for ground troops and air force. The analysis shows furthermore that flexibility and strategic mobility was the two most distinguishing features of a naval force in both cases.