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Unaccountable Soldiers: Private Military Companies and the Law of Armed ConflictMcRae, Peter 18 January 2012 (has links)
The use of Private Military Companies (PMCs) has become an increasingly common feature of contemporary armed conflict. Because of their autonomous contractual status, PMCs have presented governments with problems of accountability on several levels, including violations of international human rights and humanitarian law (IHL) standards. This thesis argues that PMCs should be considered to be non-state actors (NSAs), subject to international law from both an International Relations Theory and a Legal Theory perspective. This conclusion is linked to the issue of whether individual PMC employees can be treated as legitimate combatants according to IHL. State practice has not led to a clear understanding of the definition of combatant, a problem which has been compounded by a lack of government policy on the use of PMCs. Using Canadian experience as a case study, the thesis concludes that IHL suggests two options for regularizing the status of PMCs which would both strengthen accountability and uphold the rule of law.
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In legal limbo? the status and rights of detainees from the 2001 war in Afghanistan /Vant, Megan. January 2007 (has links)
Thesis (L.L.M.)--University of Waikato, 2007. / Title from PDF cover (viewed March 14, 2008) Includes bibliographical references (p. 151-166)
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Bearing witness: should journalists testify at the International War Crimes Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia?Beattie, Sherri J. January 1900 (has links)
Thesis (M.J.) - Carleton University, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 209-218). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.
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Victims' access and compensation before international criminal courts /Ristic, Danijel. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Theses (School of Criminology) / Simon Fraser University.
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Victims' access and compensation before international criminal courts /Ristic, Danijel. January 2005 (has links)
Thesis (M.A.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Theses (School of Criminology) / Simon Fraser University.
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La justice cosmopolite : histoire des principes et enjeux contemporains / Cosmopolitan justice : history of principles and contemporary issuesNour Sckell, Soraya 13 December 2012 (has links)
La justice cosmopolite présuppose la justice dans l’ordre interne d’un État ainsi que la justice internationale, en se différenciant aussi bien de l’une que de l’autre pour s’interroger sur le juste et l’injuste qui porte sur l’être humain en tant que tel et en tant qu’individu singulier, au-delà de son statut en tant que habitant, ressortissant ou citoyen d’un État, prenant ainsi aussi en compte les générations futures et l’environnement. Être cosmopolite est une condition à dimension individuelle et collective, liée à la construction de soi (un soi cosmopolite), à la manière de penser et de vivre dans sa dimension quotidienne (l’action sous un angle cosmopolite), ainsi qu’à une réflexion sur ce qu’est le juste et l’injuste cosmopolite, sur l’émergence des groupes sociaux qui exigent le cosmopolitisme et sur la normativité des institutions nationales, internationales et supranationales qui veulent le réaliser. Ainsi, la notion de justice cosmopolite se révèle être un objet commun au champ de la philosophie, des sciences politiques, de la sociologie, des sciences de la culture, de la psychologie sociale ainsi que du droit. Nous analysons d’abord les enjeux de la justice cosmopolite tels qu’ils ont été formulés aux XVIII et XIX siècles chez Hobbes, Kant, Hegel et Alexander von Humboldt, en confrontant ses idées avec les débats contemporains; ensuite, les nouveaux problématiques de la justice cosmopolite qui se dessinent au XX siècle avec Freud, Kelsen, la Théorie Critique et Bourdieu; et enfin, quelques enjeux fondamentaux contemporains de la justice cosmopolite : les droits humains, le droit humanitaire, le droit des minorités et l’espace public mondial. / Cosmopolitan justice presupposes justice in the order of a State as well as international justice, but differs from these two forms in that it questions the just and unjust concerning human beings as such and as a unique individual, beyond one’s status as a resident, national or citizen of a State, and also takes into account future generations and the environment. Being cosmopolitan has an individual and collective dimension related to the construction of the self (a cosmopolitan self), to one’s way of thinking and living in its everyday dimension (action from a cosmopolitan standpoint) and a reflection on what is just and unjust cosmopolitanism, the emergence of social groups that require cosmopolitanism and the normativity of national, international and supranational institutions that want to achieve it. Thus, the notion of cosmopolitan justice proves to be a common object in the field of philosophy, political science, sociology, cultural studies, social psychology and law. This thesis first analyzes the challenges of cosmopolitan justice as they were formulated in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries by Hobbes, Kant, Hegel and Alexander von Humboldt, comparing their ideas with contemporary debates (Part I). It then analyzes new issues regarding cosmopolitan justice that emerged in the twentieth century with Freud, Kelsen, Critical Theory and Bourdieu (Part II). Finally, an analysis is offered on fundamental contemporary issues of cosmopolitan justice, such as human rights, humanitarian law, the rights of minorities and global public space (Part III).
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Dodržování ženevských úmluv a Dodatkových protokolů v ozbrojených konfliktech od roku 1990. / Compliance with the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols in armed conflict since 1990.ČERMÁKOVÁ, Irena January 2015 (has links)
The armed conflicts to humanity for centuries. Almost always the reason for armed conflict dominion over certain territories. If we focus on armed conflicts closest to us history, it is clear that these include first and second World War. These two wars have caused thousands of deaths on all sides and great hardship of the civilian population. After World War II it seemed that the end of armed conflicts. Nevertheless, followed by the war in Korea or Vietnam, where once again innocent civilians died. But this is more than fifty years of history. Unfortunately, the armed conflict is still repeated, and since 1990 there were more than a hundred and twenty. Although not a war of such magnitude, which is involved in the entire world, but they have also been responsible for hundreds of deaths. The trend of conflict after the Cold War is undoubtedly the killing of civilians. Unfortunately, the loss ratio for the armed forces and civilians dramatically changed. Particularly in Africa are relatively small losses on fighting units. But civilians are dying by the hundreds of thousands. Reasons for armed conflict after the Cold War are different. In most cases, however, it is the territory and related ethnic cleansing, or wealth, which are eg. in Africa diamonds. The purpose of my thesis was draw attention to the constant threats to fundamental human rights in armed conflicts are totally ignored. The theoretical part describes international humanitarian law, which should be the basis for armed conflict. And describes the basic principles of international humanitarian law and the types of armed conflict under international humanitarian law. The theoretical part also describes some of the articles of the Geneva Conventions and the Additional Protocols to the armed conflict since 1990 are the most commonly used and are very serious. Due to the number of armed conflicts since 1990, which was more than 120, is shown in the work of ten selected armed conflicts. In selected conflicts are described various war crimes that were committed against the civilian population. These crimes are similar in countries that are a common culture or mentality. In African countries is the same crimes. The difference is mostly in scale committing these war crimes. The same is true even in the conflicts in the former Yugoslavia. In this thesis were consumed interviews with some participants armed conflicts, which greatly helps us to better understand the war crimes that were committed during the armed conflict. Processing and evaluation of the results was done in MS Word and MS Excel.
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[en] HUMAN RIGHTS, MORAL INTERDEPENDENCE AND THE REDEFINITION OF THE USE OF FORCE BY UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL: THE CASE OF UNPROFOR / [pt] DIREITOS HUMANOS, INTERDEPENDÊNCIA MORAL E A REDEFINIÇÃO DO USO DA FORÇA PELO CONSELHO DE SEGURANÇA DAS NAÇÕES UNIDAS: O CASO DA UNPROFORMARCOS VINICIUS MESQUITA ANTUNES DE FIGUEIREDO 09 May 2007 (has links)
[pt] Este trabalho analisa as transformações normativas quanto
à utilização da
força pelo Conselho de Segurança (CS) das Nações Unidas e
a maneira como United
Nations Protection Force expressa essas mudanças. A
expansão do regime de direitos
humanos da ONU, combinada com o aumento
da interdependência moral entre os
Estados-membros dessa organização são a tônica das
mudanças que desafiam os
conceitos clássicos de segurança coletiva e soberania
nacional. O primeiro, em razão
da criação de instituições permanentes onde se debate o
cumprimento desse regime,
transformando, por isso, as expectativas dos Estados
quanto ao comportamento dos
demais. O segundo, por viabilizar o acesso às informações
sobre possíveis violações
aos direitos humanos. A forma como a ONU atuou no processo
de desintegração da
antiga Iugoslávia indica a ocorrência dessas
transformações. A operação nesse país
foi articulada de modo a garantir a integridade dos
habitantes dessa região. As
principais resoluções do CS relativas a esse conflito
sinalizaram para um vínculo
entre direitos humanos e o conceito de ameaça à paz
previsto no art. 39 da Carta da
ONU. Entretanto, os Estados membros não se demonstraram
dispostos a arcar com os
custos de uma operação de segurança que assegurasse o
respeito a esses direitos. Isso
indica que as normas favoráveis à intervenção humanitária
coexistem com limitações
baseadas nas políticas nacionais dos Estados. Porém, ao
autorizar o uso da força para
proteger grupos de seres humanos o CS adotou uma
interpretação pós-westfaliana do
sistema de segurança internacional da ONU, redefinindo o
conceito clássico de
soberania nacional. / [en] The paper analyzes normative transformations in the use of
force by the
Security Council of the United Nations and the way in
which the UNPROFOR
(United Nations Protection Force) expresses these changes.
The growing widespread
of the UN human rights regime combined with the increase
on levels of moral
interdependence among UN member states are at the center
of transformations that
challenge classical concepts of collective security and
sovereignty. First, because of
the creation of permanent institutions in which the
fulfillment of this regime is
debated, since they change State expectations regarding
the behavior of other States.
Second, for making the access of information concerning
human rights violations
possible. The way in which the UN acted in the process of
disintegration of the
former Yugoslavia indicates the occurrence of such
transformations. The operation
was planned to guarantee the integrity of the people in
the region. The main
resolutions of the SC regarding the conflict signaled a
connection between human
rights and the concept of threat to peace in accordance
to the art. 39 of the UN
Charter. Nevertheless, the member states did not seem
inclined to undertake the costs
of security operations that would guarantee the respect
for such rights. That indicates
that the rules favoring humanitarian intervention coexist
with limitations derived
from the domestic realm of politics. Nonetheless by
authorizing the use of force for
the protection of human beings, the SC adopted a post-
Westphalian interpretation of
the UN international security system, redefining the
classical concept of national
sovereignty.
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Droit humanitaire et droits de l'homme aujourd'hui / Humanitarian law and human rights todayYassine Oueini, Farah 30 October 2013 (has links)
Inspirés par des objectifs d'humanité, le droit humanitaire et les droits de l'homme tissent des liens très étroits. Ils convergent à plusieurs égards, et se complètent pour protéger la personne humaine. Une analyse comparative des deux systèmes révèle de nombreuses similarités. Toutefois certaines divergences persistent: il s'agit toujours de deux droits distincts mais très proches. Plusieurs critères sont employés pour les mettre en parallèle. La comparaison entre le droit humanitaire et le droit des droits de l'homme débouche sur l'étude de leurs rapports mutuels. Celle-Ci montre le mouvement actuel existant. C'est qu'ils se rapprochent toujours plus et passent d'une simple complémentarité vers une étape beaucoup plus avancée. S'agit-Il d'une réelle intégration entre les deux systèmes? / The objectives of Human Rights and Humanitarian Law are inspired by principles of humanity. They are tightly linked and share many common elements. The two bodies of laws complement each other to protect further human beings. A comparative analysis in this regard shows many similarities. However there are still some differences between them: they are two separate laws despite being too close. Many criteria are used to study them in parallel. This study reveals their mutual relations, and the existing legal movement. They are getting closer and shifting from a mere complementarity to a more advanced stage. Are they moving towards a real integration between their norms?
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After Syria: Potential and Prospects of Chemical WeaponsPeck, Caroline 01 January 2018 (has links)
This paper examines the possible future of chemical weapons through an exploration of the origins and history of legal proscriptions on their use and the practical utility of their procurement and use. Past public misunderstanding of the extent of the chemical weapons threat, exacerbated by propaganda, as well as fears of retaliatory use motivated efforts to ban the use of chemical weapons. These prohibitions have had and continue to have weaknesses and loopholes that prevent their intentions from being fully realized. While chemical agents have a wide variety of applications and have several unique advantages, including psychological effects on victims, their use is limited by several drawbacks. The accessibility of some agents is also limited for actors who are not major powers. Recent developments in chemical weapons use, especially their use in the Syrian civil war, inform present understanding of international resolve to prevent chemical weapons use and the continued advantages chemical weapons provide. These findings provide a framework to understand future opportunities for actors to produce chemical weapons and the likelihood that these actors will actually use chemical weapons.
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