The ways in which individuals navigate the globe today complicates previous conceptualizations of migration and mobility. Once such mode of contemporary movement which challenges scholars is known as "birth tourism." This research considers birth tourism to be a form of "lifestyle migration," which I label aspirational migration. By analyzing the motivations which drive many parents to give birth abroad, I shed light on the complex and risky process, which involves a host of players, including family, friends, and a global birth tourism infrastructure. Through this drawn-out process, which begins well before the decision to give birth abroad and continues into the distant future, I argue that birth tourists and their foreign-born children become aspirational migrants and acquire cosmopolitan capital.

Immigration has become an increasingly salient issue across Europe in recent years. However, much of the existing economics literature focuses on the impact of immigration on labour markets. In order to gain a more complete understanding of the impact of immigration on a host country, it is important to take a broader perspective. In this thesis we investigate some of the wider effects of immigration on host countries and their native citizens. The thesis contains three self-contained chapters, each of which tries to establish the causal effects of immigration on a separate socio-economic aspect of the host country. Chapter 2 investigates the causal link between migration and trade flows. We exploit the large, exogenous increase in migrants to the UK as a result of the 2004 EU enlargement. In contrast to the standard gravity model approach, we use a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, which enables us to compare changes in UK trade flows with accession countries to changes in UK trade flows with other central and eastern European countries. At the product level, separating goods according to their informational content using the classification put forward by Rauch (1999), we find evidence that UK imports from accession countries increased, and that this was driven by differentiated goods. In Chapter 3 we investigate whether the proportion of migrants in a local area affects the success of an anti-immigration political party. Using Swedish municipality-level data, we focus on the impact of large inflows of migrants, many of whom were refugees, from non-OECD countries in the 1980s and 1990s. In order to address concerns over the endogeneity of migrant location, we exploit a refugee placement policy which aimed to disperse refugees across the country. Initial OLS estimates suggest that a one percentage point increase in the migrant share is associated with a 0.28 percentage point increase in the New Democracy vote share. However, we do not find evidence of a positive relationship between the arrival of refugees and the New Democracy vote share in our 2SLS estimation. Further analysis suggests that our OLS results are driven by municipalities surrounding the three major urban areas of Stockholm, Gothenburg and Malmo. In addition, we find no evidence that natives responded to an influx of migrants by relocating to another area. In Chapter 4 we examine the relationship between immigration and house prices. Focusing on the case of England and Wales, we exploit variation in migrant inflows across local authority districts to identify the effects of migration on changes in house prices. We build on existing papers by conducting the analysis at the local authority district level which enables us to better account for unobserved local level characteristics. In addition, we then exploit data on the postcode of each individual housing transaction in an attempt to better control for housing quality. In our OLS specifications we find no conclusive evidence of any relationship between migrant inflows and changes in house prices. We then address endogeneity concerns by using an instrument based on historical settlement patterns. Although our 2SLS estimates suggest that a 1% increase in the migrant share is associated with a 2.4% fall in house prices, we show that this effect is driven by local authorities in London, and that our instrument based on historical migrant settlement patterns is weak and fails to fulfil the relevance requirement for local authorities outside of London. These findings cast doubt over the suitability of the shift-share instrument for addressing endogeneity concerns in this setting.

abstract: The Arizona legislature has enacted a number of anti-immigrant policies which negatively impact Latino immigrant families. The purpose of this study was to explore the perceptions of Latino parents on how anti-immigration policies emotionally impact their children and how they believe they can protect their children from the harmful effects of such policies. Secondary data analysis was conducted based on in-depth semi structured interviews completed with a sample of 54 Latino immigrant parents residing in the state of Arizona. Grounded theory methods informed the analysis process. A constant comparative approach was used to complete initial and focused coding. Findings indicate that Latino immigrant parents observed a range of behavioral changes in their children following the passage of anti-immigrant legislature. Parents reported that the emotional impact they observed stemmed from children's social interactions in their home, school, and community environments as well as through their exposure to the media. Latino youth experienced emotional impact is summarized in the following themes, concern and sense of responsibility; fear and hypervigilance; sadness and crying; and depression. Findings further demonstrated that parents protected Latino youth from anti-immigration policies directly and indirect ways by focusing on children's safety and well-being (let children live their childhood, be prepared, send messages), building parents capacity (pursue education, obtain papers), and engaging in change efforts at the community level (be proactive). Parents indicated that by engaging in these efforts they could protect their children, and counter the negative effects of anti-immigrant policies. Implications for social work practice to better advocate and serve Latino youth at the individual, family, and community level are discussed. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Social Work 2015

abstract: In recent decades, the United States has experienced a wave of immigration, an economic recession, and several terroristic attacks. In response, the government has scapegoated and blamed undocumented immigrants of color for recent social ills. As a result, a large share of government resources has been allocated to the enforcement and processing of immigration violations. Consequently, the number of immigration cases processed in U.S. federal courts has spiraled to nearly 50% of bookings and 34% of federal sentencing cases. Yet, immigration offenses have received little empirical attention in the courts and sentencing literature due in part to differences in the way immigration offenses are processed compared to other federal offense types, and relatedly, the empirical difficulties immigration offenses pose for analysis. Nevertheless, the increased representation of immigration offenses in federal courts, along with the punitive rhetoric and heightened social control targeting undocumented immigrants of color, warrants a comprehensive assessment of how immigration cases are processed in U.S. federal courts. Accordingly, this dissertation seeks to identify inequality in the processing of immigration cases by examining: 1) cumulative disadvantage within immigration cases; 2) contextual disparity and how social context interacts with ethnicity to influence multiple federal court outcomes within immigration cases; and 3) ethnic disparity within immigration cases over time. Data come from the Federal Justice Statistics Program Data Series, the U.S. Census, the Uniform Crime Reports, Leip’s Atlas of U.S. Presidential Elections, the National Judicial Center, and the U.S. Department of Justice. The quantitative analysis addresses the first question by employing a cumulative disadvantage approach where multiple decision points are considered and the effects of prior stages on subsequent outcomes. The quantitative analysis proceeds to address the second question by using multilevel modeling for multiple court outcomes. The longitudinal analysis is separately conducted on sentence length for 18-year data, from 1994 through 2012, to assess racial and ethnic disparity over time. The results indicate that cumulative disadvantage is present within immigration cases, that social context influences certain decision points, and that ethnic disparity has diminished over time in some districts. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Criminology and Criminal Justice 2018

Although researchers have determined that immigrants are valuable to our society and produced several studies that seek to explain immigrant benefits, little has been done to study whether or not immigrant-founded firms outperform native firms. This report determines whether or not immigrant entrepreneurs are good investments from societal, financial and market perspectives. It analyzes the impact of immigrant founders on 2017 Fortune 500 company performance from a societal, investment and market perspectives. To compile the data set, it utilizes immigration classification from the Center for American Entrepreneurship’s report on 2017 Fortune 500 company founders as a means of categorizing firm immigration status. In order to be included in the sample, there were several requirements: firms had to have a publicly listed security with a Capital IQ identification ID. These criteria resulted in 463 firms. Financial performance and innovation data were gathered through Capital IQ. The analysis seeks to prove or disprove immigrant impact on performance in three categories. The first category, social impact, determined whether or not immigrant-founded firms are good societal investments. The second category, financial impact, determined whether or not immigrant-founded firms are good financial investments. The final category, market stability, determined whether or not immigrant-founded firms are good for overall market stability. There were no statistically significant results for the dependent variables that were regressed. The was a range of R Values, regressions we run with both robust precision adjustments, and Winsor control methods were tested to no avail. This leads to the conclusion that immigrant-founded firms are not better investments than native founded firms at the Fortune 500 level. This held true in all models for each of the 3 theses compiled.

Recently, the H-1B visa program has been a target of reform under the Trump administration. This study explores whether the employment of H-1B physicians in U.S. hospitals has any effect on the quality of healthcare provided. As indicators of quality, I use patient survey scores as well as mortality and readmission rates. This new econometric evidence suggests that patient perception of quality is not influenced by prejudice toward nonimmigrant physicians, but provides inconclusive results for the rate-based measures of healthcare quality.

Esta dissertação analisa o papel da comunidade brasileira na revitalização da região central da municipalidade de Framingham em Massachusetts. A reestruturação do capitalismo internacional transferiu grande parte do setor manufatureiro dos países de economia avançada para os países em desenvolvimento, esta circulação do capital provocou deslocamentos de mão de obra em todo o mundo. Durante a década de 1980, muitos brasileiros deixaram o país em busca das oportunidades de trabalho oferecidas pelo setor de serviços existente nos Estados Unidos. De Governador Valadares partiram muitos emigrantes para a municipalidade de Framingham, no estado de Massachusetts, para executar trabalhos de menor remuneração, como os de faxina doméstica e reformas. Ao chegarem a seu destino ocuparam espaços residenciais que se encontravam disponíveis devido ao declínio econômico da região central (Downtown) da municipalidade, e ao se instalarem na região criaram um pequeno circuito comercial que em muito contribuiu para a revitalização do lugar. Através dos conceitos de Espaço e Paisagem essa trajetória é reconstituída e analisada. / This dissertation examines the role of the Brazilian community in the revitalization of the downtown district in Framingham, Massachusetts . The restructuring of international capitalism transferred a large part of the manufacturing sector of the economy of advanced countries to developing countries , this movement of capital caused displacement of labor worldwide . During the 1980s , many Brazilians left the country in search of work opportunities offered by existing services sector in the United States . From Governador Valadares, many emigrants left Framingham , Massachusetts, to perform lower-paying jobs , such as domestic cleaning and renovations . When they reached their destination occupied residential spaces that were available due to the economic decline of the central region ( Downtown ) of the municipality , and settle in the region, creating a small commercial circuit that greatly contributed to the revitalization of the place . Through the concepts of space and landscape that trajectory is reconstructed and analyzed.

In this paper, we assess the role of policies aimed at regulating the number and age structure of elections on the size and age structure of five European Academies of Sciences. We show the recent pace of ageing and the degree of variation in policies across them and discuss the implications of different policies on the size and age structure of academies. We also illustrate the potential effect of different election regimes (regimens? types?) (fixed vs. linked) and age structures of elections (younger vs. older) by contrasting the steady-state dynamics of different projections of Full Members in each academy into 2070 and measuring the size and age-compositional effect of changing a given policy relative to a status quo policy scenario. Our findings suggest that academies with linked intake (i.e., where the size of the academy below a certain age is fixed and the number of elections is set to the number of members becoming that age) may be a more efficient approach to curb growth without suffering any aging trade-offs relative to the faster growth of academies electing a fixed number of members per year. We further discuss the implications of our results in the context of stable populations open to migration.

Globalization has expanded the travelling privileges of certain populations (namely for those in the West) while it has simultaneously resulted in restrictions on the movement of the more racialized and impoverished populations. The economically disadvantaged groups are subjected to strict border control policies such as stringent visa requirements (to stop them before they migrate), border infrastructure (to curb their mobility while they are travelling across international borders), and detention policies (after they arrive in the host country). The corresponding challenges are particularly taxing and traumatic for vulnerable populations, especially minors. Using qualitative methodology, this research explores the interview-based accounts of nine asylum-seeking children and young adults regarding their migration experiences with border control policies (during their migration) and administrative detention procedures in Canada. Drawing on Criminology of Mobility as a conceptual framework, the findings of this study demonstrate that border infrastructure endangers young asylum seekers’ lives as it compels them to pursue more precarious means, such as using the services of human smugglers or crossing international borders from isolated and dangerous crossing points. The findings of this research also suggest that juvenile asylum seekers may be experiencing border control policies and immigration detention more negatively because of their age-related vulnerabilities.

Ma recherche se situe à la croisée d'un ensemble de questions complexes que sont la genèse et les pratiques de la mémoire collective, les lieux en tant que chargés de significations sociales et les espaces en tant que cadres sociaux de la mémoire (M Halbwachs). Il s'agit des motivations individuelles partagées, à travers lesquelles la mémoire collective se maintient et trouve des traductions diverses, épousant chaque fois des situations nouvelles, là où les membres du collectif se trouvent réunis. Une dynamique dans laquelle l'espace, la religion et même la langue ne seront que des outils, mobilisés pour construire et puis maintenir cette mémoire. Ce faisant, je me rattache à une littérature en expansion qui cherche à montrer l'extrême importance, pour la compréhension de cette mémoire collective, de facteurs comme le lieu, le lien social et l'expérience narrative (Blokland, 2001 ). C'est avec des immigrés originaires de la même ville algérienne, située à 400 km au sud d'Alger, qui se sont regroupés en partie dans la banlieue sud de Lyon et d'autres dans la ville d'Alger que j'entreprendrai mon analyse. Depuis le début du XX ème siècle, plusieurs générations d' immigrés se sont succédé à Lyon comme à Alger, marquant le paysage urbain, social et même politique des lieux de leurs implantations. Sans apparente organisation, ni protocole laissé par des ancêtres dictant leurs conduites, les uns comme les autres ont montré une ubiquité socio-spatiale qui raisonne fortement avec la ville d'origine. Tout au long de la recherche, j'étais confronté à une trame de pratiques de mémoire qui consistait à faire la navette entre le présent et le passé, l' individuel et le collectif. / My research is at the cross of a set of complex issues that are the genesis and the practices of the collective memory, the places charged of social signification, and the spaces being social frames of the memory (M Halbwachs). It is a question of shared individual motivations, through which the collective memory is maintained and finds different translations,married up every time to a new situation, where the members of the collective are gathered. A dynamic where the space,the religion and even the language will be only tools, mobilized to build and keep the memory alive. Thus, I use an expanding literature seeking to show the extreme importance of understanding this collective memory, of factors such as the location, the social link and the narrative experience (Blokland, 2001; Mistral, 2003).The researchis based upon immigrants from the same algerian hometown, located about 400 km from the capital Algiers (south of Algiers), who gathered mainly in the suburbs south of Lyon and others in Algiers. Since the beginning of the20th century, several generations of immigrants have corne successively to Lyon and Algiers, leaving its mark on the urban, social and even political landscape of their location. Without any apparent organization, or any protocol bequeathed by their ancestors, all of them have shown a socio-spatial ubiquity that goes strongly with the original hometown. Through the research, I have been confronted to a number of memory practices that consisted in commuting between the present and the past, the individual and the collective.