Over the last 30 or more years evidence has accumulated in favour of the view that memory is not a unitary faculty; rather, it can be subdivided into a num- ber of functionally independent subsystems. Whilst dividing memory phenomena into these distinct subsystems has undoubtedly advanced our understanding of memory as a whole, the approach of studying subsystems in isolation fails to address potential interactions between them. Over the last few decades there has been a gradual increase in the number of studies attempting to move be- yond dissociation by characterising functional interactions between subsystems of memory. The main aim of this thesis was to contribute to this endeavour, by examining interactions between two specific subsystems that are positioned on opposite sides of the declarative and non-declarative divide in long-term mem- ory: priming and episodic recognition. Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) were employed to monitor neural markers of repetition priming and episodic memory during recognition tests with masked priming of test cues. In the standard pro- cedure, half of the studied and unstudied test trials began with a brief (48ms) masked repetition of the to-be-recognized word prior to the onset of test items; the remaining unprimed trials were preceded by the word “blank”. The pattern of priming effects across experiments was reasonably consistent, with differences between experiments directly related to the intended manipulations. In contrast to priming effects, the pattern of memory effects was variable across experiments, demonstrating that the engagement of explicit recognition signals is influenced by the outcome of implicit processing, and suggesting that interactions between priming and explicit retrieval processes do occur. Taken together, results from experiments reported in this thesis indicate (1) that under certain circumstances, priming is sufficient to support accurate recognition and does not necessitate changes in memory performance, (2) that mid-frontal old/new effects indexing familiarity are not merely driven by repeated access to semantic information, and (3) that priming influences neural correlates of recollection by speeding their onset. Overall, the data clearly demonstrate that there are multiple potentially interacting routes to recognition.

Die vorliegende Dissertation untersucht Dissoziationen zwischen Vergessensverläufen für implizites und explizites Wissen. Aus diesem Ansatz können sich wesentliche Einschränkungen ergeben in Bezug auf die Annahme, sowohl impliziten als auch expliziten Prozessen liege ein einziges Gedächtnissystem oder ein einziger Mechanismus zugrunde. Im theoretischen Teil der Arbeit wird implizites Wissen als Information definiert, die ohne Intention gelernt und abgerufen wird, und die generelle Bedeutung einfacher Dissoziationen für Theorien impliziten Wissens erklärt. Ich gebe einen Überblick über die wesentlichen Forschungsprogramme in Hinblick auf Funktionen, Prozesse, Entwicklung, neuronale Korrelate und Vergessensverläufe impliziten Wissens und lege dar, daß der Vergleich der Vergessensverläufe impliziten und expliziten Wissens eine graduelle Perspektive ermöglicht, die die mit an einem einzelnen isolierten Zeitpunkt beobachteten einfachen Dissoziationen verbundenen Probleme überwindet, und auch dazu beitragen kann, die Lücke zwischen der Forschung zum impliziten Lernen und zum impliziten Gedächtnis zu schließen. In einer Reihe von vier Experimenten wurden studentische Versuchsteilnehmer Regelhaftigkeiten in der Umwelt ausgesetzt, die in eine künstliche Grammatikaufgabe (AG) oder Wahlreaktionsaufgabe (SRT) eingebettet waren. Für den Vergleich der Vergessensverläufe wurde das implizite (aus motorischen Reaktionszeiten erschlossene) und explizite (auf Wiedererkennung basierte) Wissen der Versuchspersonen jeweils vor und nach einem Behaltensintervall erfaßt. Die Befunde zeigen, daß sowohl in der AG als auch der SRT explizites Wissen schneller zerfällt als implizites. Darüber hinaus lieferte eine Interferenz-Aufgabe, die anstelle des Behaltensintervalls eingesetzt wurde, das gleiche Dissoziationsmuster. Schließlich wurde anhand einer Reihe von Simulationen geprüft, ob ein komputationales Ein-Speicher-Modell (Shanks, Wilkinson, & Channon, 2003) die experimentellen Befunde erklären kann. Die Simulationen zeigen, daß das Modell nur dann in Übereinstimmung mit den Daten gebracht werden kann, wenn zwischen den verschiedenen Meßzeitpunkten Veränderungen in den Parametern (a) der gemeinsamen Repräsentationsstärke für implizites und explizites Wissen, und (b) der Reliabilität des expliziten Maßes eingeführt werden. Meine Dissertation schlägt also (1) einen konzeptuellen Rahmen für explizites und implizites Wissen vor, erbringt (2) neue empirische Belege für Dissoziationen zwischen den Vergessensverläufen dieser Wissensformen, und identifiziert (3) die spezifischen Randbedingungen für ein Ein-Speicher- bzw. Ein-Prozess-Modell. / In this dissertation I investigate dissociations in the forgetting patterns of implicit and explicit knowledge. I claim that this approach may provide significant constraints for the assumption that a single system or mechanism determines both implicit and explicit processes. In the theoretical part, I construe a definition of implicit knowledge as information learned and retrieved without intention. I also explain the general role of single dissociations in theories of implicit knowledge. And I present an overview of the main lines of research concerned with the functions, operation, development, neural substrates, and forgetting patterns of implicit knowledge. In general, I argue that comparing the forgetting patterns of implicit and explicit knowledge may be best regarded from a graded perspective and may usefully bridge the gap between research on implicit learning and implicit memory. In a series of 4 Experiments university students were exposed to environmental regularities embedded in artificial grammar (AG) and serial reaction time (SRT) tasks. To compare the forgetting patterns, participants’ implicit (motor-performance based) and explicit (recognition based) knowledge was assessed before and after a retention interval. Taken together, the results indicate that explicit knowledge decays faster than implicit knowledge in both AG and SRT tasks. Furthermore, an interference task introduced instead of a retention interval produced the same pattern of dissociations. Finally, I conducted a set of simulations to asses the ability of a single-system model (Shanks, Wilkinson, & Channon, 2003) to account for my experimental results. The simulations showed that the model best fits the empirical data by introducing changes in the parameters related to (a) the common knowledge strength (for implicit and implicit knowledge), and (b) the reliability for the explicit test. In sum, my dissertation (1) suggests a conceptual framework for implicit and explicit knowledge, (2) provides new empirical evidence of dissociations in their forgetting patterns, and (3) identifies specific boundary conditions for a single-system model.

<p>The artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm has been intensively researched since the 60-s. In general, these investigations attempt to study the implicit acquisition of structural regularities. Among other things, it has been suggested that the AGL paradigm can serve as a model for the process of acquiring a natural language. Thus it can serve as a well-controlled laboratory task that might be used to understand certain aspects of the process of language acquisition. For example the AGL paradigm has been used in an attempt to isolate the acquisition of syntactic aspects of language. Several experimental studies show that the participants acquire knowledge of the underlying rule system since they are able to differentiate grammatical strings from non-grammatical ones. It has been argued that the traditionally conducted AGL paradigm with grammaticality instructions might make the task explicit, at least during the test phase. In order to imitate the language learning process as close as possible, to rule out the possibility of an explicit component during the testing phase (i.e., keeping the retrieval process implicit) and to rule out explicit rule conformity or rule following, we modified the classical AGL paradigm. In a behavioural study we combined the AGL paradigm with an altered mere exposure paradigm in an attempt to better model aspects of language acquisition. We were able to show that subjects, classifying under mere exposure instructions, categorize grammatical and non-grammatical strings just as well as those solving the classification task with the grammaticality instructions. This indicates that the mere exposure version might serve as a more appropriate model for language acquisition.</p>

<p>Researchers have recently combined clinical and cognitive areas of research in order to investigate the role of cognitive factors in explaining how emotional disorders are developed and maintained. It is believed that biased cognitive processing of emotionally relevant information can greatly affect emotional responses and behaviour where insights into such cognitive processes can have invaluable clinical implications.</p><p>The present thesis investigates the role of cognitive biases for information related to food and body appearance in individuals with eating disorders (ED) and those with non-clinically eating disorder-related concerns (NED). Are ED characterised by cognitive biases toward such information related to their specific concerns? Are such cognitive biases specific to clinical ED or present also in NED samples? Are cognitive biases operating at both conscious and unconscious levels of cognitive processing?</p><p>The tasks used to pursue these questions were: the emotional Stroop task, an Internet version of the emotional Stroop, Jacoby’s white noise paradigm and a recognition task. The influence of priming on the emotional Stroop task was also investigated in order to test whether the use of this task could be extended to more complex investigations than selective attention.</p><p>Results provide support for that cognitive processing of information related to eating and body appearance is biased in individuals with ED. It is, however, unclear whether such biased processing is specific to clinical ED. Findings further suggest that cognitive biases occur primarily at unconscious levels of cognitive processing. Support was also obtained for that the emotional Stroop task is sensitive to priming where initial body perception may be one factor influencing cognitive responses toward negative self referent words following exposure to thin ideal images. Results further suggest that the emotional Stroop task successfully can be administered via the Internet where manipulating task delivery and response mode may increase the sensitivity of this task. Some of the advantages of administering the emotional Stroop task via Internet over traditional methods are access to more heterogeneous samples, more ecologically valid situations, reduced costs and minimisation of demand characteristics.</p>

Researchers have recently combined clinical and cognitive areas of research in order to investigate the role of cognitive factors in explaining how emotional disorders are developed and maintained. It is believed that biased cognitive processing of emotionally relevant information can greatly affect emotional responses and behaviour where insights into such cognitive processes can have invaluable clinical implications. The present thesis investigates the role of cognitive biases for information related to food and body appearance in individuals with eating disorders (ED) and those with non-clinically eating disorder-related concerns (NED). Are ED characterised by cognitive biases toward such information related to their specific concerns? Are such cognitive biases specific to clinical ED or present also in NED samples? Are cognitive biases operating at both conscious and unconscious levels of cognitive processing? The tasks used to pursue these questions were: the emotional Stroop task, an Internet version of the emotional Stroop, Jacoby’s white noise paradigm and a recognition task. The influence of priming on the emotional Stroop task was also investigated in order to test whether the use of this task could be extended to more complex investigations than selective attention. Results provide support for that cognitive processing of information related to eating and body appearance is biased in individuals with ED. It is, however, unclear whether such biased processing is specific to clinical ED. Findings further suggest that cognitive biases occur primarily at unconscious levels of cognitive processing. Support was also obtained for that the emotional Stroop task is sensitive to priming where initial body perception may be one factor influencing cognitive responses toward negative self referent words following exposure to thin ideal images. Results further suggest that the emotional Stroop task successfully can be administered via the Internet where manipulating task delivery and response mode may increase the sensitivity of this task. Some of the advantages of administering the emotional Stroop task via Internet over traditional methods are access to more heterogeneous samples, more ecologically valid situations, reduced costs and minimisation of demand characteristics.

The general aim of the thesis was to investigate potential differences in memory performance between participants across the adult life span with and without self-reported musculoskeletal pain. Chronic musculoskeletal pain is a major health related problem in our society. A common complaint related to chronic pain is about cognitive difficulties in attention, memory, and decision making. A number of studies have demonstrated that people with pain also perform wors on tasks measuring, for example episodic memory, semantic memory, and working memory. The present thesis aimed at replying these findings, by using a non-clinical population based sample. the potential differences in memory performance between people with and without pain were examined across the adult life span, in order to disentangle potential pain by age interactions. This was made by using both cross-sectional and longitudinal data. Study I aimed at studying differences in episodic memory performance, semantic memory performance, and implicit memory performance, between people with and without musculoskeletal pain. Differences were found for all three memory systems, but disappeared after controlling for years of formal education. In Study II an extension of the first study was made, in which performance on a range of cognitive tests were analysed. General differences were demonstrated , but yet again, years of education together with depression ruled out the effects. The most robust effects were found for word comprehension and construction ability. Finally, Study III used 5- and 10 year follow up studies to examine change over time in cognitive performance as a function of pain. The main finding from this study was that semantic memory for the oldest is impaired over time as a function of pain. An additional analysis showed similar patterns, regardless of age, for construction ability.

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Mississippi State University. Department of Psychology. / Title from title screen. Includes bibliographical references.

Esta dissertação buscou analisar o efeito de priming semântico em uma tarefa de decisão lexical. No estudo 1, comparou-se o efeito de priming semântico entre crianças e universitários em dois SOAs (250ms e 500ms). Os resultados mostraram que no SOA de 250ms, apenas as crianças tiveram efeito de priming semântico. Quando o SOA foi de 500ms, ambos grupos apresentaram efeito de priming semântico, no entanto, este foi maior nas crianças. No estudo 2 foi investigada a relação entre o efeito de priming semântico nas crianças do estudo 1 e as variáveis força de associação e freqüência do alvo. Foram encontradas algumas fracas correlações entre estas variáveis. Conclui-se que variáveis como idade/escolaridade, SOA e força de associação são determinantes no efeito de priming semântico. / The aim of this study was to analyze the semantic priming effect in a lexical decision task. In study 1, the semantic priming effect in third graders and college students was compared. It was used two SOAs, 250ms and 500ms. The results showed that when SOA was 250ms, only third graders had semantic priming effects. When SOA was 500ms, both groups had semantic priming effects; however, the magnitude of it was bigger in children. In study 2, it was investigated the relation between semantic priming effects of third graders and the variables associative strength and frequency. Data demonstrated some weak correlations between these variables. We concluded that variables such age/educational group, SOA and associative strength are related to the semantic priming effect.

Esta dissertação buscou analisar o efeito de priming semântico em uma tarefa de decisão lexical. No estudo 1, comparou-se o efeito de priming semântico entre crianças e universitários em dois SOAs (250ms e 500ms). Os resultados mostraram que no SOA de 250ms, apenas as crianças tiveram efeito de priming semântico. Quando o SOA foi de 500ms, ambos grupos apresentaram efeito de priming semântico, no entanto, este foi maior nas crianças. No estudo 2 foi investigada a relação entre o efeito de priming semântico nas crianças do estudo 1 e as variáveis força de associação e freqüência do alvo. Foram encontradas algumas fracas correlações entre estas variáveis. Conclui-se que variáveis como idade/escolaridade, SOA e força de associação são determinantes no efeito de priming semântico. / The aim of this study was to analyze the semantic priming effect in a lexical decision task. In study 1, the semantic priming effect in third graders and college students was compared. It was used two SOAs, 250ms and 500ms. The results showed that when SOA was 250ms, only third graders had semantic priming effects. When SOA was 500ms, both groups had semantic priming effects; however, the magnitude of it was bigger in children. In study 2, it was investigated the relation between semantic priming effects of third graders and the variables associative strength and frequency. Data demonstrated some weak correlations between these variables. We concluded that variables such age/educational group, SOA and associative strength are related to the semantic priming effect.

The artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm has been intensively researched since the 60-s. In general, these investigations attempt to study the implicit acquisition of structural regularities. Among other things, it has been suggested that the AGL paradigm can serve as a model for the process of acquiring a natural language. Thus it can serve as a well-controlled laboratory task that might be used to understand certain aspects of the process of language acquisition. For example the AGL paradigm has been used in an attempt to isolate the acquisition of syntactic aspects of language. Several experimental studies show that the participants acquire knowledge of the underlying rule system since they are able to differentiate grammatical strings from non-grammatical ones. It has been argued that the traditionally conducted AGL paradigm with grammaticality instructions might make the task explicit, at least during the test phase. In order to imitate the language learning process as close as possible, to rule out the possibility of an explicit component during the testing phase (i.e., keeping the retrieval process implicit) and to rule out explicit rule conformity or rule following, we modified the classical AGL paradigm. In a behavioural study we combined the AGL paradigm with an altered mere exposure paradigm in an attempt to better model aspects of language acquisition. We were able to show that subjects, classifying under mere exposure instructions, categorize grammatical and non-grammatical strings just as well as those solving the classification task with the grammaticality instructions. This indicates that the mere exposure version might serve as a more appropriate model for language acquisition.