Presently, there are concerns that buildings in the USA under-performs in terms of energy efficiency when compared with the original design specifications. A significant percentage of the energy loss in these buildings is associated with the building’s envelope. This study provides a qualitative and analytical understanding of the R-value, which indicates the thermal performance of the elements that make up a building envelope. Infrared thermography is used as a methodology to assess the thermal performance of envelopes of ten buildings on East Tennessee State University Campus. A Fluke Ti25 infrared hand-held camera and a DJI phantom-2 drone mounted with FLIR Vue Pro infrared camera were used for data collection. Data analyses were carried out using ‘Smartview’ and ‘FLIR Reporter Pro’ software. The data analyses revealed energy loss, insulation deficiencies, the associated energy costs of the inefficiencies and the potential savings that could result from correcting these deficiencies in the evaluated building’s envelopes.

The goal of this thesis is to develop an algorithm to process infrared images and achieve automatic identification of moving subjects with fever. The identification is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera, and the temperature of the radiating object. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. Applications include fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. Current accepted practice of screening requires people to stay in a line and temperature measurements are carried out for one person at a time. However in the case of mass screening of moving people the accuracy of the measurements is still under investigation. An algorithm constituting of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature, template matching and hypothesis testing is proposed to achieve automatic identification of fever subjects. The algorithm was first tested on training data to obtain a threshold value (used to discriminate between face and non face shapes) corresponding to a false detection rate of 5%, which in turn corresponds to 85% probability of detection using Neyman-Pearson criterion. By testing the algorithm on several simulated and experimental images (which reflect relevant scenarios characterizing crowded places) it is observed that it can be beneficially implemented to introduce automation in the process of detecting moving subjects with fever.

The goal of this thesis is to develop an algorithm to process infrared images and achieve automatic identification of moving subjects with fever. The identification is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera, and the temperature of the radiating object. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. Applications include fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. Current accepted practice of screening requires people to stay in a line and temperature measurements are carried out for one person at a time. However in the case of mass screening of moving people the accuracy of the measurements is still under investigation. An algorithm constituting of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature, template matching and hypothesis testing is proposed to achieve automatic identification of fever subjects. The algorithm was first tested on training data to obtain a threshold value (used to discriminate between face and non face shapes) corresponding to a false detection rate of 5%, which in turn corresponds to 85% probability of detection using Neyman-Pearson criterion. By testing the algorithm on several simulated and experimental images (which reflect relevant scenarios characterizing crowded places) it is observed that it can be beneficially implemented to introduce automation in the process of detecting moving subjects with fever.

One of the last remaining challenges preventing the laminarization of sweptwings is the control of unstable crossflow vortices. In low-disturbance environments the transition from laminar to turbulent flow on the swept-wing initially takes the path of receptivity, where surface roughness or disturbances in the environment introduce shortwavelength disturbances into the boundary layer. This is followed by development and linear growth of stationary crossflow vortices that modify the mean flow, changing the stability characteristics of the boundary layer. Finally, breakdown to turbulence occurs over a short length scale due to the high-frequency secondary instability. The receptivity mechanism is the least understood, yet holds the most promise for providing a laminar flow control strategy. Results of a 3-year flight test program focused on receptivity measurements and laminar flow control on a 30-degree swept-wing are presented. A swept-wing test article was mounted on the port wing of a Cessna O-2A aircraft and operated at a chord Reynolds number of 6.5 to 7.5 million. Spanwise-periodic, micronsized discrete roughness elements were applied at the leading edge of the swept-wing in order to excite the most unstable crossflow wavelength and promote early boundary layer transition. An infrared camera was used to detect boundary-layer transition due to changes in leading-edge roughness. Combined with the IR camera, a new technique of calibrating surface-mounted hotfilms was developed for making disturbance-amplitude measurements downstream of modulated roughness heights. This technique proved to be effective at measuring disturbance amplitudes and can be applied in future tests where instrumentation is limited. Furthermore, laminar flow control was performed with subcritically-spaced roughness. A 100% increase in the region of laminar flow was achieved for some of the conditions tested here.

The use of non-destructive testing (NDT) methods was needed for the conservation studies of historic timber structures. The aim of this study was to develop combined use of ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements and infrared (IR) thermography, together with visual analyses for soundness assessment of timber. An important timber structure in Ankara, Aslanhane Mosque and traditional timber dwellings, in AyaS and istiklal District were selected for in-situ analyses. Representative laboratory samples such as mud brick, fired brick, mud mortar, mud plaster, lime plaster, historic timbers of different species and some new timbers were used for analyses in the laboratory to develop reference data for in-situ analyses. This study has shown that direct and indirect UPV measurements taken parallel to fiber direction were good at estimating the soundness of timber elements. UPV measurements taken from timber samples were affected by atmospheric humidity, at which the timber was in equilibrium with or by its water content, cuts of timber and type of species. Quantitative Infrared thermography (QIRT) was good at soundness assessment and defect inspection of timber. The study showed that, the even or heterogeneous distribution of surface temperatures, different thermal inertia characteristics, reflected by the rates of heating and cooling of materials and their ratios to sound timber were good parameters to assess the state of deterioration of timber elements, dampness problems and the compatibility of neighbouring materials with timber. The joint use of QIRT and UPV methods combined with laboratory data has enhanced the accuracy and effectiveness of the survey.

No description available.

Pastaruoju metu Europos Sąjungoje ir kitose pasaulio valstybėse daug dėmesio skiriama gyvūnų sveikatos užtikrinimui ir naujų technologijų diegimui, susijusių su ligų prevencija. Siekiama tobulinti ir vykdyti ligų prevencijos ir kontrolės programas, ieškanti naujų modernių tyrimų metodų gyvūnų sveikatos būklei tirti.Daugelis patologinių pakitimų atsiranda dėl temperatūros pokyčių. Infraraudonųjų spindulių termografija (IRT) yra neinvazinis metodas matuojantis spinduliuojamos šilumos skleidimą iš odos, atspindintis medžiagų apykaitą (Jones, Plassmann, 2002). Šio metodo pagalba galima aptikti organizmo funkcinius sutrikimus, lūžių, sąnarių ir raiščių traumas, patempimus, uždegimo procesus, karščiavimą.Šiandien termografiniai tyrimai veterinarijos kryptyje Lietuvoje nevykdomi, jie vis plačiau naudojam medicinojoe įvairiose srityse ir net onkologijoje. Darbo tikslas- išanalizuoti, susisteminti ir ištirti infraraudonosios spinduliuotės (IFR) taikymo galimybes veterinarijoje bei atlikti karvių galūnių termografinius tyrimus. Darbo uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti ir susisteminti termografijos taikymo galimybes veterinarijoje. 2. Nustatyti FLIR sistemos. THERMA CAM P640 taikymą karvių bandoje kojų būklei vertinti kartu naudojant ir šlubavimo taškų vertinimo sistemą. 3. Atlikti karvių galūnių ortopedinį tyrimą. Darbo metodika: darbas atliktas 2012 kovo– birželio mėnesiais tirta Lietuvos juodmargių populiacijos aukšto pieningumo karvių banda (n=97).Karvių priekinių ir užpakalinių kojų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / Recently, the European Union and other countries of the world has paid much attention to animal health security and the introduction of new technologies related to the prevention of disease. The aim is to improve and promote programs of the prevention and control of disease by searching for new modern research methods to examine the animal health condition. Many pathological changes are caused by temperature changes. Infrared thermography (IRT) is a non-invasive method of measuring the intensity of heat dissemination from the skin, reflecting metabolism (Jones, Plassmann, 2002). This method helps to detect functional disorders of the body, fractures, joint and ligament injuries, sprains, inflammation processes, and fever. Currently, thermographic research is not carried out in the field of veterinary in Lithuania, although they are widely applied in various fields of medicine and even cancer treatment. The aim of the research- to analyse, systematize and investigate the possibility to apply infrared rays (IR) in the field of veterinary medicine as well as to perform the thermal analysis of cows limbs. The tasks of the research: 1. To analyse and systematize the possibility to apply thermography in the field of veterinary medicine. 2. To determine the possibility to apply FLIR system THERMA CAM P640 in the assessment of the cow leg condition in a herd also using the assessment system of limping points. 3. To perform the orthopedic examination of the cow limbs. The research was... [to full text]

The goal of this thesis is to develop an algorithm to process infrared images and achieve automatic identification of moving subjects with fever. The identification is based on two main features: the distinction between the geometry of a human face and other objects in the field of view of the camera, and the temperature of the radiating object. Infrared thermography is a remote sensing technique used to measure temperatures based on emitted infrared radiation. Applications include fever screening in major public places such as airports and hospitals. Current accepted practice of screening requires people to stay in a line and temperature measurements are carried out for one person at a time. However in the case of mass screening of moving people the accuracy of the measurements is still under investigation. An algorithm constituting of image processing to threshold objects based on the temperature, template matching and hypothesis testing is proposed to achieve automatic identification of fever subjects. The algorithm was first tested on training data to obtain a threshold value (used to discriminate between face and non face shapes) corresponding to a false detection rate of 5%, which in turn corresponds to 85% probability of detection using Neyman-Pearson criterion. By testing the algorithm on several simulated and experimental images (which reflect relevant scenarios characterizing crowded places) it is observed that it can be beneficially implemented to introduce automation in the process of detecting moving subjects with fever.

A produção agropecuária tem grande importância na economia do Brasil e a ovinocultura se destaca no Rio Grande do Sul (RS), estado que com pouco menos de quatro milhões de cabeças atualmente possui o maior rebanho ovino brasileiro. Dentre os problemas que prejudicam a ovinocultura, muitos estão diretamente relacionados com pobres condições de bem-estar animal (BEA) e estresse. A dor associada a processos inflamatórios é uma causa frequente de estresse e comprometimento do BEA. Essa situação é observada em rebanhos ovinos acometidos pela podridão dos cascos (PC, footrot) e descrita no primeiro artigo. Em dois rebanhos ovinos acometidos pela PC foram avaliados os escores de lesões podais e comparados com a temperatura da pele do espaço interdigital dos cascos. Foi observada diferença significativa (P<0,05) entre a temperatura de cascos sadios e acometidos pela doença nos dois rebanhos, no entanto não foi observada diferença de temperatura entre pés com lesões de diferentes graus de severidade. Nos animais de um dos rebanhos foram avaliadas a frequência respiratória (FR), frequência cardíaca (FC) e temperatura retal (TR) como indicadores de estresse causado pela doença. Não foi observada diferença estatística de FR, FC e TR entre ovinos sadios e acometidos pela PC. A termografia infravermelha se mostrou uma ferramenta capaz de auxiliar o diagnóstico de lesões de PC em ovinos, no entanto não foi útil para predizer a severidade da lesão. No segundo artigo são abordadas as condições de alojamento dos ovinos em um parque de exposições. Foram feitas 1097 observações em 60 ovinos de 11 raças no Parque Estadual de Exposições Assis Brasil no período de 30 de agosto a quatro de setembro de 2011. Foram medidas a temperatura (T°C) e a umidade relativa do ar (UR) bem como a temperatura do olho (TO) usando uma câmera infravermelha, além da frequência respiratória (FR) por inspeção do animal. As variáveis climáticas mudaram ao longo do dia e ao longo do período de observação. Houve diferença significativa entre as raças, especialmente nos períodos da tarde e noite quando a temperatura do ar foi mais alta e os animais estiveram fora da sua zona de conforto. Houve correlação alta positiva entre a temperatura do ar e parâmetros fisiológicos dos animais e intermediária negativa com a umidade relativa do ar. A raça Santa Inês foi a melhor adaptada às condições de estresse térmico, enquanto animais lanados foram menos adaptados. Cada raça respondeu de uma forma diferente, dado mostrado com limites de temperatura e umidade para cada raça. Sugerimos que condições ambientais controladas no galpão de alojamento possam garantir conforto climático aos animais, principalmente durante a tarde e à noite quando o estresse foi maior. / Livestock production is very important for Brazilian economy, and the sheep industry stands out in Rio Grande do Sul (RS). Despite the reduction of the flock of 14 million sheep in the 1970s to just under four million today, the state still has the largest sheep flock in Brazil. Among the problems that affect the sheep industry, many are directly related to poor conditions of animal welfare. Pain associated with inflammation is a frequent cause of stress and impairment of animal welfare in extensive farming systems. This situation is observed in sheep flocks affected by footrot and described in the first study. Footrot is a contagious disease of sheep that causes severe economic losses to producers and compromises the welfare of animals. In two sheep flocks affected by footrot, animals were evaluated and foot scores compared with the temperature of interdigital skin of the hooves. Significant difference (P <0.05) was found between the temperature of hooves healthy and affected by the disease in herds, but there was no difference in temperature of different foot scores. Animals were assessed for respiratory rate (RR), heart rate (HR) and rectal temperature (RT) as indicators of stress caused by the disease. There was no statistical difference in RR, HR and TR between healthy and affected sheep. It was shown that infrared thermography is a useful tool to aid in the diagnosis of lesions of footrot in sheep, but is not useful to predict the severity of the injury. In the second study, agricultural fairs environment and sheep welfare are discussed. Observations (1097) were made on 60 sheep from 11 breeds in the State Exhibition Park Assis Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, from August 30 to September 4, 2011. We measured the temperature and relative humidity of the air as well as eye temperature using an infrared camera, and respiratory rate by inspection of the animal. The climatic conditions changed throughout the day and during the observation period. There were significant differences between breeds, especially during the afternoon and evening when the air temperature was higher, and when sheep suffered more heat stress. High positive correlations were found between air temperature and physiological parameters of animals but negative and intermediate with relative humidity. The Santa Ines sheep were best adapted to stress, while wool animals were less well adapted. Each breed responded differently, as shown with ranges of temperature and humidity for each breed. We suggest that environmental conditions in the shed where the animals are housed should be controlled to ensure comfort.

Delamination and cracks within the multilayer structure are typical failure modes observed in microelectronic and micro electro mechanical system (MEMS) devices and packages. As destructive detection methods consume large numbers of devices during reliability tests, non-destructive techniques (NDT) are critical for measuring the size and position of internal defects throughout such tests. There are several established NDT methods; however, some of them have significant disadvantages for detecting defects within multilayer structures such as those found in MEMS devices. This thesis presents research into the application of transient infrared thermography as a non-destructive method for detecting and measuring internal defects, such as delamination and cracks, in the multilayer structure of MEMS devices. This technique works through the use of an infrared imaging system to map the changing temperature distribution over the surface of a target object following a sudden change in the boundary conditions, such as the application of a heat source to an external surface. It has previously been utilised in various applications, such as damage assessment in aerospace composites and verification of printed circuit board solder joint manufacture, but little research of its applicability to MEMS structures has previously been reported. In this work, the thermal behaviour of a multilayer structure containing defects was first numerically analysed. A multilayer structure was then successfully modelled using COMSOL finite element analysis (FEA) software with pulse heating on the bottom surface and observing the resulting time varying temperature distribution on the top. The optimum detecting conditions such as the pulse heating energy, pulse duration and heating method were determined and applied in the simulation. The influences of thermal properties of materials, physical dimensions of film, substrate and defect and other factors that will influence the surface temperature gradients were analytically evaluated. Furthermore, a functional relationship between the defect size and the resulting surface temperature was obtained to improve the accuracy of estimating the physical dimensions and location of the internal defect in detection. Corresponding experiments on specimens containing artificially created defects in macro-scale revealed the ability of the thermographic method to detect the internal defect. The precision of the established model was confirmed by contrasting the experimental results and numerical simulations.