Τα σύνθετα υλικά χρησιμοποιούνται σε μία ευρεία γκάμα της παγκόσμιας βιομηχανίας, στην αεροναυπηγική, στις μεταφορές, στα αθλητικά είδη και πιο πρόσφατα στις υποδομές. Αναλόγως των εφαρμογών αξιοποιούνται και αντίστοιχης ποιότητας σύνθετα υλικά διότι το κύριο μέλημα είναι η μείωση του συνολικού κόστους της κατασκευής. Η μείωση του κόστους, προφανώς, δεν έρχεται από τα ίδια τα υλικά, αφού είναι πιο ακριβά από τα αντίστοιχα που χρησιμοποιούνται τώρα, αλλά από την αξιοποίηση τους σε ένα μακροχρόνιο σχέδιο. Για τους λόγους αυτούς γίνεται όλο ένα και μεγαλύτερη χρήση των σύνθετων υλικών. Παρόλα τα πλεονεκτήματα που παρουσιάζουν τα σύνθετα υλικά εμφανίζουν πολύ σοβαρά προβλήματα. Ένα κύριο πρόβλημα το οποίο αφορά την χρήση τους είναι ο προσδιορισμός της αντοχής τους όταν υποβάλλονται σε διάφορες καταπονήσεις. Παρατηρείται λοιπόν η μεγάλη ανάγκη που υπάρχει για την μελέτη των σύνθετων υλικών και για το λόγο αυτό υπάρχουν εξειδικευμένα εργαστήρια στα οποία μελετώνται οι μηχανικές ιδιότητες των σύνθετων υλικών. Όμως, πέραν των ενδογενών μηχανικών ιδιοτήτων που εμφανίζουν τα σύνθετα υλικά υπάρχουν και άλλοι παράγοντες που χρίζουν μελέτης όπως για παράδειγμα η επίδραση της θερμοκρασίας, της υγρασίας κ.α. Τα σύνθετα υλικά που αξιοποιούνται είναι με ενίσχυση συνεχών ινών και με μήτρα από πολυμερές σε ψευδοϊσότροπη "quasi-isotropic" διαστρωμάτωση. Τα εκάστοτε δοκίμια υφίστανται εναλλασσόμενη φόρτιση μέχρις ότου εμφανίσουν αστοχία. Για την διαδικασία της κόπωσης ορίζονται πειραματικά οι τιμές της συχνότητας ταλάντωσης και της μέγιστης εφαρμοζόμενης τάσης. Όλα τα δοκίμια, κατά την διάρκεια της κόπωσης, υφίστανται μόνο τάσεις εφελκυσμού. Η μελέτη της θερμοκρασίας πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω παθητικής θερμογραφίας. Η παθητική θερμογραφία εξετάζει τα υλικά και τις δομές που σε φυσιολογικές συνθήκες παρουσιάζουν διαφορετική (συχνά υψηλότερη) θερμοκρασία από το περιβάλλον. Η παθητική θερμογραφία είναι ευρέως χρησιμοποιούμενη σε πλήθος εφαρμογών της βιομηχανίας, της προληπτικής συντήρησης, ιατρικής, δασικής πυρανίχνευσης, γεωργίας, βιολογίας, ανίχνευσης αερίων. Σε όλες αυτές τις εφαρμογές, εντοπίζονται ασυνήθιστες θερμοκρασίες σε σχέση με το περιβάλλον και υποδεικνύουν σημεία που πιθανόν χρήζουν προσοχής. Στην παρούσα εργασία έγινε χρήση μίας πειραματικής διάταξης που είναι σε θέση να προκαλεί καταπόνηση στα σύνθετα υλικά και με τη βοήθεια υπέρυθρης κάμερας κατέστη δυνατή η απόκτηση θερμικών εικόνων των σύνθετων υλικών κατά την διάρκεια της καταπόνησης τους. Οι εικόνες αυτές αναπαριστούν την χωρική κατανομή της θερμοκρασίας του δείγματος και όχι μόνο της επιφάνειας. Οι θερμικές εικόνες υπέστησαν ειδική επεξεργασία για την εξαγωγή χαρακτηριστικών με σκοπό να οδηγήσουν σε συμπεράσματα ικανά να ερμηνεύουν την συμπεριφορά της θερμοκρασίας. Τελικά, μέσω της μελέτης της συμπεριφοράς της θερμοκρασίας των σύνθετων υλικών υφιστάμενα κόπωση έγινε προσπάθεια για την πρόβλεψη και ανίχνευση αστοχιών σε αυτά τα υλικά. / Composite materials are used in a wide range of global industry, such as aeronautics, transportation, and more recently in infrastructure. Composites with different quality are utilized because the main concern is to reduce the total cost of construction. Cost reduction is obviously not coming from the raw materials, as they are more expensive than those used now, but by exploiting them in a long-standing plan. The technological evolution and market requirements have led to an increasing demand of composite materials. Despite the advantages of composite materials they exhibit very serious problems. A fundamental problem concerning the engineering uses of composite materials is the determination of their resistance to combined states of cyclic stress (fatigue loading). Therefore, composite materials are needed to be studied and for this reason there are specialized laboratories studying their mechanical properties. Beyond the intrinsic mechanical properties of composites materials there are also other factors that need to be studied, for example the effect of temperature, humidity etc. In this project the behavior of the temperature of composites in fatigue loading is studied. The composite materials that are utilized are fiber reinforced plastics (FPR) in "quasi-isotropic" lay-up. Each sample is going under tensile constant stress cycling until experiencing failure. For the process of fatigue loading, experimental values of the oscillation frequency and the maximum applied stress are defined. The study of the temperature of composite materials was held by passive thermography. Passive thermography tests materials and structures which are naturally at different (often higher) temperature than ambient temperature. Important applications of passive thermography are in production, predictive maintenance, medicine, fire forest detection, building thermal efficiency survey programs, road traffic monitoring, agriculture and biology, medicine, detection of gas (by mean of absorbing tracer gas) and in nondestructive testing (NDT). In all these applications, abnormal temperature profiles indicate a potential problem that needs to be taken care of. In this project an experimental setup was developed which is capable of a) causing specific fatigue loading to the samples and b) obtaining thermal images of them during their fatigue loading. These images represent the spatial distribution of the sample temperature, not just the temperature of their surface. Also, these thermal images were specially processed for feature extraction in order to lead to conclusions capable of interpreting the behavior of temperature. Eventually, an effort was made to anticipate and discover failures in composites through the study of the behavior of the temperature that they develop.

Therapeutic ultrasound has become a topic of growing interest in ophthalmology. High intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) for the treatment of glaucoma and ultrasound (US) drug delivery are the two main areas of research in this field. This work addresses these domains in two separate parts: transscleral ultrasound drug delivery (USDD), and infrared (IR) field characterization of an ophthalmic HIFU device for glaucoma treatment. The sclera is a promising pathway for ocular drug delivery, since transscleral administration can address both the anterior and posterior segments of the eye. Due to the low permeability however, efficient drug delivery is challenging. In this study, HIFU was investigated as a potential modality for an enhanced transscleral drug delivery (in vitro). Among US effects, cavitation was shown to be the major contributor to an enhanced USDD. A pulsed US protocol designed to maximum cavitation activity may therefore be a viable method for enhancing ocular drug delivery. In the second part, a new method of ultrasonic field characterization was developed for a multi-element HIFU device. This system is designed and produced for glaucoma treatment by Eyetechcare Company (Rillieux-la-Pape, France). The traditional hydrophone method for field characterization was prohibitively slow on an industrial scale. An alternative modality for rapid qualitative assessment of the intensity distribution based on infra-red (IR) thermography was developed specific to this high frequency (19-21 MHz) device with line-focus US radiators. The second part of the study was aimed to expand the application of a R&D technique for ultrasonic field characterization to an industrial scale

L’utilisation diversifiée des dispositifs de l’électronique de puissance est une conséquence des avancées fulgurantes dans la compréhension théorique de la physique des semi-conducteurs. L’approche applicative se traduit par la conception de modules de puissance au sein desquels sont implantées des puces semi-conductrices. Les densités de puissance injectées dans ces composants ne cessent d’accroitre et les seuils d’intégration sont également toujours repoussés dans le sillage de la conception de systèmes à encombrement réduit. Dès lors, la gestion des contraintes, notamment électrothermiques, est devenue un challenge majeur dans l’utilisation des systèmes de l’électronique de puissance. L’environnement sévère résultant des profils de température contraignants fait qu’une attention particulière est portée sur les aspects de fiabilité des dispositifs. Les stratégies de suivi de l’état de santé des modules et les méthodes de caractérisation des assemblages de puissance nécessitent l’estimation de la température des puces semi-conductrices.Diverses méthodes sont aujourd’hui mises en œuvre afin d‘estimer la température des composants semi-conducteurs ; cette dernière étant assimilée à une température de jonction virtuelle Tjv, caractéristique de la zone active des puces semi-conductrices. Les paramètres électriques thermosensibles (PETS) sont largement utilisés afin d’estimer la température de jonction de ces puces. La problématique de la représentativité de ces PETS n’est toutefois pas suffisamment adressée dans la littérature scientifique. Il est par conséquent nécessaire de mettre au point des moyens et méthodes complémentaires afin d’évaluer des paramètres thermosensibles, notamment dans les conditions de fonctionnement des composants au sein des convertisseurs de l’électronique de puissance.Dans le cadre de nos travaux de thèse, nous avons réalisé une puce semi-conductrice instrumentée qui offre la possibilité de mener de manière simultanée une mesure de température avec un PETS et un capteur résistif. Les procédés classiques de la microélectronique sont adaptés à l’électronique de puissance pour la réalisation de cet outil de validation des PETS. Les capteurs résistifs sont implémentés à la surface de composants de puissance du commerce (Diodes, IGBTs) ; ces composants instrumentés sont par la suite intégrés dans des modules de puissance. Une campagne expérimentale est menée en dernier lieu pour valider le bon fonctionnement des capteurs sur la base d’une comparaison de mesures de température par thermographie infrarouge et avec un PETS dédié. / The fast-paced advancements in the understanding of semiconductor theoretical basis lead to the conception of diversified power electronic devices. In the field of power electronics, the efficiency of those devices is strongly linked to high power rates and full integration trends that guide the design process of converters. Consequently, electrothermal constraints management is gaining importance when it comes to the reliability aspect of power systems. The key parameter that needs to be monitored during converter lifetime is the junction temperature of semi-conductor components.Many methods are used to estimate the junction temperature of semi-conductor chips embedded into power converters. That parameter is usually defined as a virtual junction temperature Tjv which reflects the temperature of the active parts of power chips. Among those approaches, ThermoSensitive Electrical Parameters (TSEPs) are widely employed. Nonetheless, the representativeness of TSEPs is not fully addressed in the scientific literature. It is therefore mandatory to investigate this aspect using new additional methods to validate the temperature measurements performed thanks to TSEPs, especially under the converter’s conditions of use.As part of our work, a new temperature measurement tool dedicated to TSEPs validation is designed. Microelectronic conventional processes are adapted in order to develop a power instrumented chips (Diodes, IGBTs) with integrated temperature sensor. It makes possible simultaneous junction temperature measurements using a TSEP and the on-chip resistive detector. The experimental validation results are performed using instrumented power modules and infrared thermography.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-15T20:31:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 VanessaRMO_DISSERT.pdf: 1127022 bytes, checksum: 07a116e7740f17e848fd3a76785ea47b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-02-28 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ABSTRACT - The objective of this study was to evaluate production and egg quality of laying hens Isa Label fed different levels of sunflower meal, the infrared thermography and productive characteristics of laying hens in semi-intensive production system in tropical conditions. One hundred and twenty-eight laying hens with early age of 28 weeks, during 16 weeks of evaluation, distributed in a completely randomized design in 16 boxes with 8 birds per experimental unit were used. The treatments consisted in a control diet (RCO) and three diets containing sunflower meal in substitution for soybean meal, based on the crude protein levels of 10, 20 and 30% (FG10, FG20, FG30) , being all diets based on the nutritional requirements of the laying hens. During the total period of review there was no difference (p> 0.05) between the levels of substitution of crude protein of soybean meal by sunflower meal on productive performance and egg quality of laying hens. The economic analysis of dietary treatments decreased the price per kilogram of feed (1.49, 1.46, 1.44, 1.41 reais, respectively) as replaced by 0, 10, 20 and 30% levels crude protein soybean meal by sunflower meal. The FG30 treatment compared with other treatments was better, it showed better Average Cost Index (ACI) and Economic Efficiency Index (EEI). The egg production was not influenced with the temperature increase over the weeks, obtaining higher production values between the 39th and 42nd weeks of age, which is due to genetic effects of Isa label. In the evaluation of the surface temperature by infrared thermography, laying hens showed higher average temperature in the neck region (39.35° C), followed by face (38.47° C), feet (37.15° C) and feathered area (31.56° C). Therefore, taking into consideration the viability was observed, the replacement of soybean meal by sunflower meal in balanced diets for broilers Isa label in laying phase can be used / Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar produção e qualidade dos ovos de poedeiras da linhagem Isa Label alimentadas com diferentes níveis de farelo de girassol, termografia infravermelha e características produtivas de aves em sistema de produção semi-intensivo em condições tropicais. Foram utilizadas 128 aves poedeiras com idade inicial de 28 semanas, durante 16 semanas de avaliação, distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 16 boxes, com 8 aves por unidade experimental. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em uma ração controle (RCO) e três rações contendo farelo de girassol em substituição ao farelo de soja, com base no teor de proteína bruta, nos níveis de 10, 20 e 30 % (FG10, FG20, FG30), sendo todas as rações formuladas com base nas exigências nutricionais das aves. Durante o período total de avaliação não observou-se diferença (p>0,05) entre os níveis de substituição da proteína bruta do farelo de soja pelo farelo de girassol para o desempenho produtivo e qualidade de ovos das aves. A análise econômica dos tratamentos dietéticos apresentou redução no preço por quilograma de ração (1,49, 1,46, 1,44, 1,41 reais, respectivamente) à medida que substituiu em 0, 10, 20 30% os níveis de proteína bruta do farelo de soja pelo farelo de girassol. O tratamento FG30 em comparação com os demais tratamentos foi melhor, pois apresentou melhor Índice de Custo Médio (ICM) e Índice de Eficiência Econômica (IEE). A produção de ovos não teve influencia do aumento da temperatura ao longo das semanas, obtendo maiores valores de produção entre a 39ª e 42ª semanas de idade o que se deve ao efeito genético da linhagem Isa label. Na avaliação da temperatura superficial das aves através da termografia infravermelha a maior média foi encontrada no pescoço (39,35 °C) seguida da face (38,47 °C) e patas (37,15 °C), onde a área com penas apresentou a menor média (31,56 °C) entre as regiões estudadas. Portanto, levando em consideração a viabilidade econômica das rações, a substituição do farelo de soja pelo farelo de girassol em rações balanceadas para aves Isa label em fase de postura podem ser utilizadas

HEINZEN, Eduardo Luiz. Variáveis nutricionais e fisiológicas de ovinos da raça Morada Nova de diferentes classes sexuais submetidos à restrição alimentar. 2016. 50 f. : Dissertação (Mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Ceará, Centro de Ciências, Departamento de Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia. Fortaleza-CE, 2016. / Submitted by Eric Santiago (erichhcl@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T13:37:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_elheinzen.pdf: 1285825 bytes, checksum: 32955795d549452fb81768336e0dfffc (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nádja Goes (nmoraissoares@gmail.com) on 2016-08-03T13:51:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_elheinzen.pdf: 1285825 bytes, checksum: 32955795d549452fb81768336e0dfffc (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T13:51:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_dis_elheinzen.pdf: 1285825 bytes, checksum: 32955795d549452fb81768336e0dfffc (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016 / This study was accomplished with the objective of determining the effects of sexual class and feed restriction on nutrient intake, digestibility, purine derivatives, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior and physiological parameters in hair sheep Morada Nova. Thirty-five animals (11 intact males, 12 castrated and 12 females) with an initial average weight of 14.5 ± 0,89kg were used in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial design with three sexual classes (intact males, castrated and females) and three levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30 and 60%). Sexual class and feed restriction influenced (P<0.05) the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolied energy (ME) and the balance of nitrogen compounds. The digestibility coefficient of DM, CP and EE were influenced (P<0.05) by feed restriction, however there was no effect (P>0.05) the sexual class on the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE and NFC. There was interaction between sexual class and feed restriction (P<0.05) in digestibility of OM, NDFap and CT. Eating times (ET) and rumination times (RUT) were affected by feed restriction (P<0.05), however they were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). The urinary volume, excretions of creatinine, allantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine, absorption of purine derivatives (absPD), total purine derivatives (PD) and microbial protein synthesis (micCP) were not influenced (P>0.05) by sexual class. Urine output, creatinine excretion, xanthine and hypoxanthine were not influenced by feed restriction (P>0.05), however, this factor influenced the excretion of allantoin, uric acid, absPD and PD. Physiological parameters, surficial temperature (ST) on the left of pectoral region and rectal temperature (RT), were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). Feed restriction and the period of collect of physiological variables influenced (P<0.05) ST the left side, chest and RT. There was interaction (P<0.05) between sexual class and feed restriction ST to the right side. Intake and digestibility of nutrients are influenced by more severe dietary restrictions. Sexual class does not influence the excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis. Feed restriction reduces heat losses by body surface of lambs. / Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da classe sexual e restrição alimentar sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, derivados de purina, balanço de nitrogênio, comportamento ingestivo e parâmetros fisiológicos de cordeiros da raça Morada Nova. Trinta e cinco animais (11 machos inteiros, 12 castrados e 12 fêmeas), com peso médio inicial de 14,5 ± 0,89kg, foram usados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo três classes sexuais (machos inteiros, castrados e fêmeas) e três níveis de restrição alimentar (ad libitum, 30 e 60%). A classe sexual e a restrição alimentar influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), extrato etéreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteína (FDNcp), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos não fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestíveis totais (NDT) e de energia metabolizável (EM) e o balanço dos compostos nitrogenados. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, PB e EE foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela restrição alimentar, no entanto, não houve efeito (P>0,05) da classe sexual sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Houve interação entre a classe sexual e a restrição alimentar (P<0,05) na digestibilidade da MO, FDNcp e CT. Os tempos de alimentação (TAL) e ruminação (TRU) foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar (P<0,05), no entanto, não foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). O volume urinário, excreções de creatinina, alantoína, xantina e hipoxantina, absorção de derivados de purina (absDP), derivados de purinas totais (DP) e síntese de proteína microbiana (PBmic) não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela classe sexual. Volume urinário, excreções de creatinina, xantina e hipoxantina não foram influenciados pela restrição alimentar (P>0,05), no entanto, este fator influenciou as excreções de alantoína, ácido úrico, absDP e DP. Os parâmetros fisiológicos temperatura superficial (TS) do lado esquerdo, região peitoral e temperatura retal (TR) não foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). A restrição alimentar e o período de coleta das variáveis fisiológicas influenciaram (P<0,05) a TS do lado esquerdo, peito e TR. Houve interação (P<0,05) entre classe sexual e restrição alimentar para TS do lado direito. Consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes são influenciados por restrições alimentares mais severas. Classe sexual não influencia a excreção de derivados de purina e síntese de proteína microbiana. A restrição alimentar diminui as perdas de calor pela superfície corporal de cordeiros.

L’allégement des véhicules est une préoccupation majeure de l’industrie automobile, puisque cela permet de réduire les émissions des gaz à effet de serre, ce qui entraînerait une réduction des impacts de ceux-ci sur l’environnement à l’échelle mondiale. Cette volonté d’allégement des véhicules tout en restant accessible en termes de coûts, a conduit au remplacement des matériaux métalliques par des composites à matrices thermoplastiques pour de nombreuses applications. Le compromis entre la tenue thermomécanique et le coût massique du matériau amène à sélectionner des matrices polyamides renforcées par des fibres de verre courtes, et mises en forme par injection. Cependant, les outils prédictifs du comportement et les critères robustes pour la caractérisation des propriétés en fatigue, manquent encore. Ils sont pourtant indispensables pour la conception de pièces structurelles dans l’industrie automobile. La caractérisation en fatigue des polyamides renforcés de fibres de verre courtes présente de nombreuses difficultés, liées au comportement fortement non linéaire de la matrice dans les conditions de service visées (température et humidité), à la nature composite de ces matériaux, à l’influence du procédé de fabrication (orientation des fibres) et au caractère fortement dissipatif de la matrice thermoplastique (augmentations de température non négligeables lors des chargements cycliques). Un enjeu majeur est de comprendre les liens entre la microstructure, le chargement thermo-(hygro)-mécanique et les propriétés de fatigue (sites d’initiation, scénarios d’évolution, critère de rupture). Le premier objectif de cette thèse est de proposer des protocoles d’analyse permettant de caractériser l’influence de chaque paramètre sur le comportement en fatigue. Par ailleurs, la complexité des pièces industrielles en termes de géométrie et d’orientation des fibres soulève la question de la pertinence des éprouvettes classiques. Le second objectif principal de cette thèse est donc de concevoir des éprouvettes représentatives en terme d’orientation des fibres et d’accidents géométriques des pièces industrielles (appelées éprouvettes de structure) et de valider pour ces cas complexes, les démarches et critères proposés. Pour répondre à ces objectifs, nous souhaitons proposer un protocole basé sur des mesures d’auto-échauffement, qui donnerait accès d’une part aux champs d’énergie dissipée pour les cas hétérogènes investigués et qui offrirait, d’autre part, une opportunité de caractérisation rapide des propriétés en fatigue au travers de critères énergétiques / Vehicle weight reduction is a major issue in the automotive industry, because this contributes to reducing global warming emissions, resulting in a reduction of negative environmental impacts at the worldwide scale. To replace heavy metallic materials conventionally used, short fiber reinforced thermoplastics (SFRT) provide today a major opportunity to obtain lightweight automotive parts at a reasonable cost for several applications. The cost and the thermomechanical properties motivate the choice of polyamide matrix reinforced with glass fibers manufactured by injection molding. However, predictive modeling behavior tools and robust fatigue criteria must be identified. Both are needed for the design of structural pieces in the automotive industry. The fatigue design of SFRT components for structural applications in the automotive industry requires an accurate knowledge of several factors because the material features are complex, these features are related to the strong nonlinear behavior of the matrix under the service conditions (temperature and humidity), the composite nature of the material, the influence of the injection molding (fiber orientation) and the dissipative characteristics of the thermoplastic matrix (significant temperature rise during the cyclic loadings). A major issue is to understand the relations between the microstructure, the thermo-hydro-mechanical loading and the fatigue properties (fatigue initiation sites, evolution scenarios, and failure criterion). The first objective of this thesis is to suggest methods that allow for the characterization of the influence of each parameter on the fatigue behavior. Furthermore, the complexity of the industrial pieces in terms of geometry and fiber orientation challenges the relevancy of the classical samples. The second objective of this thesis is consequently to design more complex samples that intend to be representative in terms of fiber orientation and geometric details found in the industrial pieces (called structural samples) and to validate the methods and the fatigue criteria suggested for these complex cases. To achieve these objectives, a method based on thermal measurements giving access to the dissipation fields for the heterogeneous cases considered is proposed, this method also offers a very high reduction of the characterization duration of the fatigue properties through energetic criteria

Durant ces dernières décennies les matériaux composites organiques ont subi un très grand essor dans le domaine des structures aéronautiques. Leur principal avantage est d’alléger les structures tout en gardant de bonnes propriétés mécaniques. De plus, leur microstructure leur permet d’avoir un caractère multi-fonctionnel, ce qui facilite leur intégration pour remplacer les technologies existantes. Dans l’industrie aéronautique, il existe un besoin croissant de grande quantité de petite et moyenne pièces (clips, éléments de jonctions). Cependant, il est aujourd’hui difficile de fabriquer en série des pièces ayant des formes tridimensionnelles complexes par des procédés conventionnels (autoclave). Ainsi, l’orientation envisagée est d’utiliser les procédés de la « famille » automobile pour des applications aéronautiques « semi-structurales », comme le moulage par injection de composites thermoplastiques renforcés de fibres courtes. Cette application nécessite une maîtrise et une fiabilisation du procédé ainsi que des propriétés induites. Ceci a été réalisé par l’identification et la quantification des effets des paramètres qui influent significativement sur la microstructure et les propriétés macroscopiques, par un plan d’expériences. De plus, le dimensionnement de telles pièces requiert une modélisation robuste du comportement mécanique pour prédire au mieux leur capacité d’utilisation. Les données sur la microstructure ont permis d’alimenter un modèle micromécanique comportant un critère d’endommagement de l’interface fibre/matrice. Développé sur un code éléments finis industriel, il a permis de prédire les résultats expérimentaux d’une pièce industrielle. / During the last decades, organic composite materials have undergone great development in the field of aeronautical structures. Their main avantage is to reduce the structures weight while maintaining good mechanical properties. In addition, their microstructure allows them to have a multi-fuctional nature, which facilitates their integration to replace existing technologies. In the aviation industry, there is a growing need for large amount of small and medium parts (clips, connecting elements). However, nowadays it is difficult to produce parts with complex by conventional methods dimensional shapes (autoclave). Thus, the considered path is tu use methods of the automotive “family” for “semi-structual” aerospace applications such as injection-moulding of thermoplastic composites reinforced by short fibres. This application requires a mastery and reliability of the process and the induced properties. This was achieved by the identification and quantification of the parameters effects that significantly influence the microstructure and macroscopic properties, by a design of experiments. Moreover, the dimensioning of such parts requires a robust mechanical behabior modelling to predict the best use of their capacity. The data on the microstructure enable to feed a micromechanical model featuring damage criteria of the fiber/matrics interface. Developed on a industrial finite element code, it was used to predict the experimental results of an industrial part.

Ce travail porte sur l'identification de modèles de zones cohésives. Ces modèles, proposés initialement dans les années 60 sont maintenant de intensivement utilisés dans les simulations numériques pour rendre compte de l'initiation et de la propagation de fissures pour différents matériaux et structures.L'identification de ces modèles reste encore aujourd'hui une problématique délicate. Les développements récents de techniques d'imagerie permettent d'accéder à des champs de mesures locales (e.g. déformation et température, …). On se propose dans ce travail d'utiliser la richesse des informations issues de ces techniques d'imagerie pour mettre en place une procédure d'identification qui prenne en compte à la fois le développement de la localisation (effet de structure) mais aussi la nature des différentes irréversibilités mises en jeu (comportement thermo-mécanique). On s'intéresse à des comportements élasto-plastiques endommageables de matériaux ductiles. L'endommagement est associé à un comportement cohésif de l'interface entre les éléments volumiques supposés purement élasto-plastiques.La procédure d'identification comporte deux étapes. La première consiste à caractériser la forme et les paramètres de la loi cohésive sur des essais de traction standard à partir d'une analyse des champs mécaniques localement développés. La seconde étape consiste à vérifier la cohérence thermo-mécanique du modèle identifié en confrontant les mesures calorimétriques déduites des champs de température avec les prévisions du modèle identifié.Cette méthode est appliquée avec succès sur différents matériaux (acier Dual Phase et cuivre). Une attention particulière est portée sur la caractérisation de la longueur caractéristique qui est nécessairement introduite dans l'identification. On montre que cette longueur peut être estimée au regard des différents paramètres introduits dans les traitements d'images.Cette méthode est appliquée sur différents matériaux (acier et cuivre). Une attention particulière est portée sur la caractérisation de la longueur caractéristique qui est nécessairement introduite dans l'identification. On montre que cette longueur peut-être corrélée à l'échelle d'identification des processus d'endommagement sous-jacents. Ainsi les modèles cohésifs identifiés sont fournis au modélisateur avec l'échelle physique à laquelle ils résument l'endommagement volumique du matériau. / This work deals with the identification of cohesive zone models. These models were intially proposed in the 1960s. They are now more and more frequently used in numerical simulations to account for crack initiation and propagation in different materials and structures.The identification of these models still remains a delicate issue. The recent developments in imaging techniques now allow reaching local measurement fields (e.g. strain, temperature,…). We propose here to use the large amount of information given by these techniques to set up an identification procedure accounting for either the localization development (structural effect) and also the character of the different irreversibility sources encountered (thermo-mechanical behavior). We study damageable elasto-plastic ductile materials. Damage is associated to a cohesive behavior of the interface between volumic elements supposed to remain purely elasto-plastic.The identification procedure involves two steps. The first one consists in characterizing the shape and the parameters of the cohesive zone on tensile tests by analyzing the mechanical fields locally developed. The second one consists in checking the thermo-mechanical consistency of the identified model by confronting the calorimetric measurements deduced from temperature fields with the previsions of the identified model.This method is applied on different materials (Dual Phase steel and copper). A specific caution is conferred to the characterization of the characteristic length necessarily introduced by the identification. It is shown that this length can be estimated regarding the different parameters introduced in the image processing.

Cette thèse porte sur le diagnostic de peintures murales masquées par une couche de chaux ou de peintures avec des repeints.Trois méthodes originales sont présentées et le principe validé expérimentalement.D’abord une nouvelle méthode d’excitation de couches profondes par le rayonnement infrarouge lointain λ>20 μm, qui présente une meilleure efficacité par rapport à la méthode classique d’excitation par conduction thermique. Le fait de filtrer les courtes longueurs d’onde élimine l’échauffement en surface du matériau. La semi-transparence de la couche de chaux dans l’infrarouge lointain permet d’éclairer directement les couches de peintures et d’obtenir des thermogrammes révélant les motifs masqués.Nous avons aussi étudié la transmission des couches de peintures dans l’infrarouge lointain par spectrométrie à transformée de Fourier. Les peintures présentent vers 30 μm dans l’infrarouge lointain des zones d’absorption caractéristiques des groupements fonctionnels. Aussi la mesure directe de l’emission totale dans l’infrarouge lointain à température ambiante de peintures permet leur identification. Nous avons conçu un système qui pourrait être déplacé sur le terrain.Nous avons enfin introduit une nouvelle approche pour le diagnostic des peintures murales masquées par une couche de chaux basée sur la mesure du temps de vol des photons balistiques rétrodiffusés collectés par une caméra à balayage de fente d’une résolution de 2 ps. / This study deals with the diagnosis of hidden paintings by a layer of lime or another paintings.Three original methods are presented and experimentally validated the principle. First, a new excitation method of the deeper layers based on far infrared radiation λ>20 μm, which has a higher efficiency compared to the conventional method of thermal conduction excitement. The fact that the filter removes short wavelength in the heating surface of the material. The semi-transparent layer of lime in the far infrared can illuminate layers of paint directly and get thermograms revealing hidden patterns.We also studied the transmission of the layers of paint in the far infrared by Fourier transform spectroscopy. The painting present in the far infrared 30> μm areas obsorption witch caracteristic of functional groups. Also the measurement of total emission in the far infrared at room temperature allows their identification.Finally, we introduced a new approach for diagnosing murals hidden by a layer of lime based on measuring the time of flight of photons backscattered ballistic collected by a streak camera with a resolution of 2 ps.

nÃo hà / Este estudo foi realizado com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos da classe sexual e restriÃÃo alimentar sobre o consumo de nutrientes, digestibilidade, derivados de purina, balanÃo de nitrogÃnio, comportamento ingestivo e parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos de cordeiros da raÃa Morada Nova. Trinta e cinco animais (11 machos inteiros, 12 castrados e 12 fÃmeas), com peso mÃdio inicial de 14,5  0,89kg, foram usados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, sendo trÃs classes sexuais (machos inteiros, castrados e fÃmeas) e trÃs nÃveis de restriÃÃo alimentar (ad libitum, 30 e 60%). A classe sexual e a restriÃÃo alimentar influenciaram (P<0,05) o consumo de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria orgÃnica (MO), proteÃna bruta (PB), extrato etÃreo (EE), fibra em detergente neutro corrigida para cinzas e proteÃna (FDNcp), carboidratos totais (CT), carboidratos nÃo fibrosos (CNF), nutrientes digestÃveis totais (NDT) e de energia metabolizÃvel (EM) e o balanÃo dos compostos nitrogenados. O coeficiente de digestibilidade da MS, PB e EE foram influenciados (P<0,05) pela restriÃÃo alimentar, no entanto, nÃo houve efeito (P>0,05) da classe sexual sobre os coeficientes de digestibilidade da PB, EE e CNF. Houve interaÃÃo entre a classe sexual e a restriÃÃo alimentar (P<0,05) na digestibilidade da MO, FDNcp e CT. Os tempos de alimentaÃÃo (TAL) e ruminaÃÃo (TRU) foram influenciados pela restriÃÃo alimentar (P<0,05), no entanto, nÃo foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). O volume urinÃrio, excreÃÃes de creatinina, alantoÃna, xantina e hipoxantina, absorÃÃo de derivados de purina (absDP), derivados de purinas totais (DP) e sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana (PBmic) nÃo foram influenciados (P>0,05) pela classe sexual. Volume urinÃrio, excreÃÃes de creatinina, xantina e hipoxantina nÃo foram influenciados pela restriÃÃo alimentar (P>0,05), no entanto, este fator influenciou as excreÃÃes de alantoÃna, Ãcido Ãrico, absDP e DP. Os parÃmetros fisiolÃgicos temperatura superficial (TS) do lado esquerdo, regiÃo peitoral e temperatura retal (TR) nÃo foram influenciados pela classe sexual (P>0,05). A restriÃÃo alimentar e o perÃodo de coleta das variÃveis fisiolÃgicas influenciaram (P<0,05) a TS do lado esquerdo, peito e TR. Houve interaÃÃo (P<0,05) entre classe sexual e restriÃÃo alimentar para TS do lado direito. Consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes sÃo influenciados por restriÃÃes alimentares mais severas. Classe sexual nÃo influencia a excreÃÃo de derivados de purina e sÃntese de proteÃna microbiana. A restriÃÃo alimentar diminui as perdas de calor pela superfÃcie corporal de cordeiros. / This study was accomplished with the objective of determining the effects of sexual class and feed restriction on nutrient intake, digestibility, purine derivatives, nitrogen balance, feeding behavior and physiological parameters in hair sheep Morada Nova. Thirty-five animals (11 intact males, 12 castrated and 12 females) with an initial average weight of 14.5  0,89kg were used in a completely randomized design in a 3x3 factorial design with three sexual classes (intact males, castrated and females) and three levels of feed restriction (ad libitum, 30 and 60%). Sexual class and feed restriction influenced (P<0.05) the intake of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber corrected for ash and protein (NDFap), total carbohydrates (TC), non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC), total digestible nutrients (TDN) and metabolied energy (ME) and the balance of nitrogen compounds. The digestibility coefficient of DM, CP and EE were influenced (P<0.05) by feed restriction, however there was no effect (P>0.05) the sexual class on the digestibility coefficients of CP, EE and NFC. There was interaction between sexual class and feed restriction (P<0.05) in digestibility of OM, NDFap and CT. Eating times (ET) and rumination times (RUT) were affected by feed restriction (P<0.05), however they were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). The urinary volume, excretions of creatinine, allantoin, xanthine and hypoxanthine, absorption of purine derivatives (absPD), total purine derivatives (PD) and microbial protein synthesis (micCP) were not influenced (P>0.05) by sexual class. Urine output, creatinine excretion, xanthine and hypoxanthine were not influenced by feed restriction (P>0.05), however, this factor influenced the excretion of allantoin, uric acid, absPD and PD. Physiological parameters, surficial temperature (ST) on the left of pectoral region and rectal temperature (RT), were not affected by sexual class (P>0.05). Feed restriction and the period of collect of physiological variables influenced (P<0.05) ST the left side, chest and RT. There was interaction (P<0.05) between sexual class and feed restriction ST to the right side. Intake and digestibility of nutrients are influenced by more severe dietary restrictions. Sexual class does not influence the excretion of purine derivatives and microbial protein synthesis. Feed restriction reduces heat losses by body surface of lambs.