In this thesis I attempt to trace the origins of spectrality in Jacques Derrida’s philosophy. While it is true that the spectral is introduced properly in The Specters of Marx, published in 1993, Derrida indicates, in The Specters of Marx and elsewhere, an affinity between spectrality and deconstruction and explains that this affinity pertains to a form of disjointed temporality which is characteristic of haunting as well as the deconstructivistic understanding of a constitutive deferral and delay. The challenge is then, firstly, to show how concepts that are central to deconstruction such as difference, trace and the other, all of which arise in and through the deconstruction of Husserls concept of temporality, anticipate the appearance of the spectral in later texts by Derrida. The affinity between the spectral and deconstruction is rarely recognized, much less elaborated upon. Even less recognition is given to the fact that his understanding of concepts such as responsibility, legacy, inheritance and the ethics of mourning is heavily influenced by his interpretations of the work of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok, published around the same time as La voix et le phènomene, L’écriture et la difference and De la grammatologie, published in 1967, in which deconstruction is first introduced. The introduction of the spectral, in The Specters of Marx, is sometimes considered a turning point towards a more ethically oriented philosophy than in his earlier work. If deconstruction is haunted by the spectral from its moment of conception, then the notion of such a turn is jeopardized since the ethicality of mourning, responsibility, legacy and inheritance adhere to the spectral. In this thesis I argue that deconstruction has always been haunted by the concept of spectrality. The question then is not if deconstruction has an ethical aspect but how we should understand the implication that deconstruction has always been an ethical endeavor.

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Western studies have established that men from African descent are disproportionally affected by prostate cancer (PCa). Annual incidence rates in this population vary from 1.5 to 2 times when compared to their counterparts from other racial groups. They also record the worse outcomes in terms of prognosis. Additionally, with the rise of PCa in Subsaharan Africa, new cancer control policies and programs are increasingly demanded. Understanding therefore, factors that underpin racial inequality in distribution and especially why the disease preferentially niches in African males can help better address PCa in both Western and Subsaharan countries. There is also the potential to develop new therapeutic options. A genetic susceptibility was first hypothesized, however available data suggest that they only account for less than 20% of the cases. Current findings from epidemiological and molecular investigations suggest an important role of complex and dynamic environmental interactions involving the different levels of calcium regulation. Using a multi-method design, this research aims at developing an integrative mechanistic model of PCa. We argue that given the versatile and ubiquitous role calcium plays in nutrition, physical environment, and in key cellular processes, that mineral cation is central to prostate tumorigenesis and in shaping its populational distribution. Thus a tree-level investigation was conducted: (i) a critical analysis and synthesis of empirical evidence on calcium interactions with cancer mechanisms (ii) a population-wide prospective cohort study of calcium intake patterns in a group of Subsaharan males in Côte d’Ivoire, namely the African Prostate Cancer Study (APCS) (iii) a proteomics research investigating the responses of prostate cancer cell lines when exposed to a high affinity synthetic calcium binding peptide. This monograph describes the research methods, instruments design and validation and the preliminary findings of the ongoing research, portions of which have already been published, presented at two international cancer seminars or under review. Findings at this stage include: mechanistic models of prostate cancer differential distribution and outcomes, a novel calcium questionnaire specific to African diet, synthesis of a high affinity calcium-binding peptide (Peptide#1). New concepts and constructs related to prostatic carcinogenesis have been developed as well.

<p> This thesis presents a new modelling technique for the complex current system. It integrates object-oriented methodology into Petri Nets formalism.</p> <p> Petri Nets are used for modelling concurrent systems. They have natural graphical representation as well as formal specifications. They have been successfully used in various industrial applications. But with the development of distributed and network systems, their traditional weakness, namely their inadequate support for compositionality, is a big obstacle to their practical use for large, complex systems. To address this problem, we introduce the Object-Oriented Coloured Petri Nets (OO-CPN), which integrates the powerful modularity of an object-oriented paradigm into Petri Nets formalism. OO-CPN is based on Coloured Petri Nets and supports the concepts of object, class, inheritance and polymorphism.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Understanding how genetic variation is passed on from parent to offspring in a species isfundamental to understanding its evolution. Yet, little is known about the exact processescontrolling inheritance in fungi, for instance when the germ cell fate is defined, i.e., when thedistinction between somatic cells and the zygote forming cells happens. The assumption has longbeen that fungi have late rather than early on in development germline sequestration.Consequently, somatic mutations are assumed to be passed on to the offspring in fungi. However,there is a lack of molecular data confirming this assumption. In this project, I have traced thedistribution and frequencies of novel mutations within fruiting bodies of a fairy ring of aMarasmius oreades individual, with the ultimate goal to explore potential mechanisms forcontrolling inheritance of genetic variation in fungi. I called for putative mutations in high readdepth coverage Illumina sequencing data (aiming for 400X) from 36 different tissue samples,collected from seven different fruiting bodies, and was able to identify 40 novel mutations in thewhole dataset. Thirty-two of these 40 mutations were shared between several fruiting bodies,while the remaining eight were unique to a single fruiting body. In general, the number, as wellas the frequency, of mutations decreased from the stipe to the lamella and spores. However, fourof the identified mutations reached a frequency close to 0.5 in the spore samples they were found.These findings do not exclude the possibility of an early-sequestered germline in M. oreades, butalso could be indicative of intraorganismal selection. Although more studies are needed to drawany definite conclusions, the data presented here exemplifies the complexity of fungal geneticsand underscores the need of re-evaluation of old assumptions.

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