Les anthocyanes constituent une composante importante de la qualité des fruits rouges, particulièrement pour le raisin noir, et pour la couleur des vins qui en dérivent. La biosynthèse des anthocyanes est déterminée par des facteurs génétiques et affectée par des facteurs environnementaux, notamment la lumière. Pour la plupart des cépages, la pellicule des baies est le tissu principal ou exclusif accumulant les anthocyanes. Notre travail analyse les effets de la lumière et du génotype sur la biosynthèse des anthocyanes. Le matériel végétal que nous avons utilisé était constitué de cépages teinturiers, qui accumulent des anthocyanes dans la pellicule et dans la pulpe, et de populations hybrides. Dix-neuf anthocyanes mono-glycosylées ont été identifiés dans sept tissus colorés du cépage teinturier Yan-73 (V. vinifera). La composition et la concentration en anthocyanes varient selon les organes et le stade de développement. Les anthocyanes de la pellicule incluent principalement les dérivés de la malvidine, alors que les dérivés de la péonidine sont les plus abondants dans la pulpe. Les dérivés de malvidine et de péonidine prédominent dans le rachis, les pédicelles des baies, les limbes foliaires, les nervures et les pétioles, et dans l‘écorce à la base du cep. Les concentrations des anthocyanes dans les pellicules, la pulpe, le rachis et les pédicelles augmentent rapidement à partir de la véraison, ou une semaine après la véraison. Elles sont élevées dans les limbes foliaires jeunes et sénescents, et faibles dans les feuilles en expansion et les feuilles adultes. Elles ne varient pas beaucoup au cours de la saison dans les nervures et les pétioles, ou dans l‘écorce. Les cépages ont pu être distingués selon leur réponse à des traitements d‘exclusion de la lumière imposés de la nouaison à la maturité en entourant les grappes par des boîtes opaques. Le cépage non teinturier ―Gamay‖ à peau rouge accumule très peu d‘anthocyanes dans la pellicule en absence de lumière. Au contraire, les cultivars teinturiers, ‗Yan-73‘ et ‗Gamay Fréaux‘ (mutant teinturier de ‘Gamay’) accumulent des anthocyanes aussi bien dans la pellicule que dans la pulpe et présentent une coloration sombre même en absence de lumière... / Anthocyanins are an important component of red fruit quality, especially for grape berries, and for the color of the wines made from these berries. Anthocyanin biosynthesis is determined by genetic factors and affected by environmental factors, especially sunlight. For most grape cultivars, the berry skin is the main or only tissue accumulating anthocyanins. The present work investigates the effects of light and grape genotype on anthocyanin biosynthesis. We used teinturier grape cultivars (also called dyers, which synthesize anthocyanins in both skin and pulp) and its hybrid population as plant materials. Nineteen monoglucoside anthocyanins were identified in seven colored tissues of the teinturier cultivar Yan-73 (V. vinifera). Anthocyanin composition and concentration varied among grape organs and with developmental stage. Skin anthocyanins were mainly composed of malvidin derivatives, while peonidin derivatives were the most abundant anthocyanins in the pulp. Both malvidin and peonidin derivatives were predominant in rachis, berry pedicels, leaf lamina, vein and petioles, and living bark at the base of the shoot. The concentration of anthocyanins in berry skin, pulp, rachis and pedicels rapidly increased starting from veraison on, or one week after veraison. Anthocyanin concentrations were high in young and senescing leaf lamina and low in expanding and mature lamina. They did not vary much throughout the growing season in the leaf veins and petiole tissues, or in the bark. Grape cultivars could be distinguished by their response to sunlight exclusion treatments imposed from fruit set to maturity by surrounding the clusters with opaque boxes. The red-skinned non-teinturier cultivar Gamay could barely accumulate anthocyanins in berry skin under sunlight exclusion. In contrast, teinturier cultivars, Yan-73 and Gamay Fréaux (teinturier mutant of Gamay) accumulated anthocyanins in both skin and pulp and showed dark color even under sunlight exclusion...

The concept of testamentary freedom has traditionally been associated with the law of succession in jurisdictions with legal regimes based on the common-law system. This concept became subject to abuse and dependents of deceased testators were sometimes left to the mercy of the community for their support. New Zealand was the first jurisdiction to counteract this abuse by introducing in its law, dependents' relief legislation which, essentially, acted as a flexible restraint on testamentary freedom. This concept retained the traditional testamentary freedom, yet, the courts were given the authority to remedy any abuses of such freedom. The Canadian common-law provinces through a period of sixty-four years have adopted legislation similar to that enacted in New Zealand. In Canada, the concept has worked, on the whole, well. Many Canadian jurisdications have, through the years, adjusted their original legislation to meet what appears to be contemporary norms. The province of Ontario has undertaken extensive reform, and to a certain extent, has attempted to reconcile the provisions of succession law with that of matrimonial property rights. The province of Ontario appears to have achieved some degree of harmony between the two legal concepts. The province of British Columbia on the other hand, although the issue has been the subject of a study and a Report of the Law Reform Commission of British Columbia, has retained the legislation as originally enacted in 1920. The jurisprudence has, however, interpreted the statute with such inconsistency that the statute has gone beyond its remedial purpose and has been interpreted as a form of forced heirship. This interpretation cannot be supported by the wording of the statute, nor by its historical intent. This thesis surveys the various enactments commencing with the one in New Zealand, the progenitor statute, and continuing with those of the Canadian provinces and finally, the U.K. statute. There is also a general comparison of contemporary legislations. The jurisprudence in British Columbia is analysed from the enactment of the legislation and the shifts that the courts have undertaken over the past sixty-eight years are considered. In addition to the philosophical defect of the B.C. legislation, certain technical deficiencies are also considered. The present law of Ontario, which has been the subject of extensive reform, is analysed and compared with that Province's previous legislation as well as that of the province of British Columbia. The effect of the present state of law interpreting the British Columbia legislation is such that it can be said that as it stands, it has outlived its social utility and requires review to meet contemporary social norms. The general recommendation is that dependency be a condition precedent to an application for relief, and that the spouse be entitled as of right, in any event, to half of the family assets. The investigation for this thesis consisted, primarily, of analysis of the legislative debates, appropriate statutes and the applicable jurisprudence interpreting such statutes. / Law, Peter A. Allard School of / Graduate

This paper aim to analyze the role that such a concepts like family, inheritance and property played for developing modern Argentine society. Especially how some principles were broken on, while others have been kept on, as the different legal criteria suggests. Rural Law of 1865, Civil Law of 1869 and juridical debates set the interaction rules among different notion of property rights and also different way for labor hiring, either into market rules or out of them. These kind of relations and their coexistent avoided to expand cattle business in a market way. / Este ensayo apunta a analizar el rol que conceptos como familia, herencia y propiedad jugaron para el desarrollo de la moderna sociedad argentina. Especialmente acerca de las rupturas y continuidades que sugieren los diferentes criterios. Los debates jurídicos y los Códigos Rurales de 1865 y Civil de 1869 buscaron resolver el problema de la convivencia en tierras pampeanas de formas diversas de propiedad, así como la existencia de una fuerza de trabajo que poseía formas de supervivencia extra mercado. Ambas situaciones dificultaban o entorpecían, las necesidades de un grupo social que apuntaba a la expansión ganadera.

As idéias cotidianas influenciam a aprendizagem de conceitos científicos e afetam a educação científica da população, de maneira que é imprescindível compreender sua origem e dinâmica de transmissão para o planejamento de políticas educacionais. As teorias de evolução cultural contribuem para o entendimento da origem, fixação e distorções das idéias cotidianas em um grupo social, esclarecendo a dinâmica de propagação das idéias cotidianas. Verificar e documentar a transmissão cultural de conhecimento cotidiano exige a identificação e comparação das idéias cotidianas empregadas pelas pessoas para explicar os fenômenos naturais com os quais entram em contato, de modo a permitir a descrição de padrões. Essa comparação é viabilizada pela codificação das idéias em modelos explicativos delimitados pela descrição de determinados atributos e características da explicação. Esse procedimento torna possível a quantificação e permite o teste de hipóteses de transmissão cultural. Sabendo-se obter e comparar as concepções de uma pessoa é possível investigar toda uma comunidade, rastreando a disseminação dessas idéias, possibilitando assim o estudo da transmissão do conhecimento cotidiano através das gerações. Essa dissertação propõe um protocolo de pesquisa a ser empregado no estudo de transmissão cultural de idéias cotidianas sobre os fenômenos patológicos hereditários a ser realizado em Serrinha dos Pintos e municípios vizinhos (RN), contribuindo para a descrição da diversidade de idéias cotidianas e investigação os processos de transmissão e fixação dessas idéias ao longo das gerações. / The learning of scientific concepts is largely influenced by everyday knowledge. It is therefore necessary to understand its origins and transmission dynamics for the proper planning of educational policies. The theories of cultural evolution contribute to understanding the origin, fixation and distortions of everyday ideas within a social group, explaining the spread dynamics of everyday knowledge. Checking and documenting the cultural transmission of everyday knowledge requires the identification and comparison of ideas used by people to explain natural phenomena with which they come in contact, in order to allow the description of patterns. This comparison is possible by the consolidation of the ideas in explanatory models defined by the description of certain explanation attributes and characteristics. This procedure makes it possible to quantify and allows testing of hypotheses of cultural transmission. The proper collection and comparison of a single person\'s ideas and thoughts enables us to form an idea of the community as a whole and to track the spread of these ideas. Consequently, enables us to study the transmission of everyday knowledge through the generations. This work proposes a research protocol to be used in the study of cultural transmission of ideas on the everyday phenomena of hereditary diseases to be held in Serrinha dos Pintos and neighboring counties (RN), thus contributing to the description of the diversity of everyday ideas and research processes related to the transmission and fixation of these ideas through the generations.

This diploma thesis focuses on the education of genetics to grammar schools and students' comprehension of genetics. This abstract scientific discipline is considered difficult to learn so I decided to prepare educational materials with the aim to improve students' understanding of the topic. The main aim of the thesis was to prepare and test a didactic game focused on Mendelian inheritance and compare the effectivity of this kind of interactive education compared with the classical explanatory style of education. Other aims included evaluating the influence of other variables; comparing the difficulty of individual terms in genetics and the connection within chosen triplet of terms; and identifying the most common misconceptions. The data was collected in four classes of upper graders at two grammar schools by newly prepared questionnaire focused on demographic and knowledge. The results showed that the didactic game was as efficient as the classical explanatory method at creating short term knowledge Students had a bigger problem with explaining the connection among the terms than defining the individual terms. The most complicated term reported by the students was chromosome. It was the only term in which there wasn't any improvement between pre-test and post-test. Part of this thesis is also...

Hereditary Titles - Legal Regulation in the Czech Republic and in France Aim of this thesis is to present legal regulation of hereditary titles in the Czech Republic and in France. Within five chapter, the thesis provides analysis of the current legal framework of the particular hereditary titles in the Czech and French jurisdiction. Each hereditary title, which is a legal reason for inheritance, is presented in a separate chapter. Each chapter is then - for clarity reasons - further divided into subsections: firstly stating the Czech legal framework, followed by the French one. For easier understanding of the topic, the first chapter is dedicated to introduction into inheritance law and is followed by presenting the particular requirements of inheritance, which are conditions for realization of inheritance law. Second chapter talks about the inheritance contract and shows its legal regulation in the Czech Republic. Besides the general provisions, it also discusses the specific regulation of inheritance contract concluded between spouses. In connection to that, the French regulation of inheritance contract is displayed, whose state is set into the historical context. Third chapter is focused on introducing into the problematic of testament, legal requirements for its obtaining as well as legal...

The goal of this work is to present attitudes of two contemporary authors who are in the center of the evolutionary-origin-of morality debate, that is theories of Richard Dawkins and Frans de Waal. The critical reflection of their works on this topic will center around the building blocks of morality and the supposed "moral sense", which according to the dutch primatologist humans to some extent share with some of their living evolutinary relatives. In case of Richard Dawkins we are about to review his meme theory and parasytical character of some elements of culture. Morevoer there will be presented accounts of the dual inheritance theorists, which in authors opinion can reunite both presented authors and thier attitudes, i.e. put the parasytic/independent character of memes in accordance with the building blocks of morality approach. This approach in turn can explain many phenomena of human contemporary morals and their limits. Keywords: Morality, evolution, dual inheritance theory, coevolution, memes

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L’identification de l’information génétique comme support de l’hérédité a accordé aux gènes une importance majeure dans l’étude de l’évolution et des mécanismes permettant la mise en place des caractères. Cependant, les processus permettant à une variation génétique de se traduire en variation phénotypique sont complexes et leur identification est centrale pour la compréhension de l’évolution.On parle de relation génotype-phénotype pour désigner la fonction qui relie l’espace des gènes à celui des caractères. Étudier les propriétés de cette relation permet d’identifier des mécanismes pouvant altérer les trajectoires évolutives et améliorer notre compréhension de l’évolution de systèmes vivants. Je défends notamment l’intérêt d’étudier mécanistiquement les processus par lesquels une variation génétique donne naissance à une variation phénotypique, et emploie, pour ce faire, un modèle de réseau de régulation transcriptionnelle.Ici, j’étudie les effets d’une information environnementale sur la relation génotype-phénotype et ses propriétés (notamment sa canalisation, sa robustesse à des perturbations génétiques ou environnementales). Pour ce faire, l’évolution de réseaux de régulation simulés est étudiée en présence d’un gène senseur de l’environnement ou d’une forme d’hérédité non génétique.Ce manuscrit débute par une discussion générale de l’intérêt des approches par modélisation, notamment pour l’étude de phénomènes complexes. Enfin, les résultats obtenus sont présentés en regard des discussions sur la nécessité d’une « synthèse évolutive étendue » pour décrire le processus évolutif d’une manière difficilement accessible par une approche gène-centrée. / The identification of genetic information as the as a physical basis for heredity put genes in the spotlight for the study of evolution and of the mechanisms shaping characters. However, the processes allowing genetic variation to translate into phenotypic variation are complex and their identification is crucial for the study of evolution.Genotype-phenotype relationship designates the function connecting the genotype and the phenotype spaces. Studying its properties will shed the light on mechanisms able to alter evolutionary trajectories and improve our understanding of the evolutionary process. I defend the importance of a mechanistic study of the processes translating genetic variation into a phenotypic one and use a model of transcriptional regulation networks to do so.This study tackles the topic of the effects of an environmental information on the genotype-phenotype relationship and its properties (especially canalization, the robustness of a phenotype to genetic or environmental disturbances). To do so, I studied the evolution of simulated regulatory networks in presence of a gene acting as an environmental sensor as well as in presence of non genetic inheritance.This document begins with a general discussion on the purpose of modelling approaches and the insights they bring on the study of complex phenomena. The results are discussed in the light of the debates on the necessity of an « evolutionary extended synthesis » to describe the evolutionary processes in a way hardly available with the gene-centered approach

This paper reports a study of the inheritance and of the correlated inheritance in certain observed and measured plant characters in a cross between a hybrid from Dicklow x sevier, (F22) and a pure line from Dicklow, (D#3), one of the original parents of F 22.