Objective: Public projects are used to delivery policy objectives. From a financial perspective, the Major Projects Authority (MPA) estimated a whole life investment of £488 billion for 199 major projects in 2014, only a small subset of the total number of public projects. Given the financial exposure, the impact of endemic public project failures could put the economic health of the nation at risk. This thesis studies the challenges facing public projects. It applies an organisational capabilities lens to investigate projectification, when organisations shift away from functional-based organising (FBO) toward project-based organising (PBO). Research Design: This study adopts an interpretivist research paradigm, with a constructionist epistemology and an idealist ontology, and employs an abductive research strategy. Structurally, it follows the Cranfield Executive Doctorate in Business Administration (DBA) methodology, with a linking document that summarises three complementary research projects: a systematic literature review (SLR) followed by two empirical studies that investigate the Department of Health (DoH) during the early phases of the Next Stage Review Implementation Programme (NSRIP). The findings are derived from over 250 academic literature sources, 100 government publications and 41 semi-structured interviews. ...[cont.]

Actuellement, le travail de protection du patrimoine culturel immatériel est en plein essor. Il est au cœur de l’attention des médias et de la société, et également des recherches académiques. Malgré sa très longue histoire, sa promotion, son admission et sa protection sont récentes. En ce sens, le patrimoine immatériel est encore « jeune ». En tant que nouveau domaine et nouvel objet de recherche, son étude implique de nombreuses disciplines, et les mesures de protection nécessitent des innovations et une recherche audacieuse. L'animation est l’une des industries culturelles les plus à la mode en Chine et la plupart des recherches sur l'animation se focalisent sur le développement de l'industrie de l'animation. Ces recherches considèrent le patrimoine culturel immatériel comme ressource culturelle pour l’animation, et explorent les possibles utilisations pour promouvoir l'animation chinoise. Nous croyons que, dans le contexte culturel contemporain, l'animation constitue tant une industrie culturelle qu’un divertissement artistique et un loisir, ainsi qu’un moyen de transmission culturelle ; il peut aussi, par extension, être considéré comme un outil d'imagerie visuelle employé dans la production et la vie des personnes. L’animation est vivante et riche en inspiration, naturellement attractive, en particulier pour les jeunes. D’une certaine façon, elle est le langage commun de l'humanité. L’animation doit être une partie intégrante de la protection du patrimoine culturel immatériel ; elle est à même de promouvoir l’héritage et la transmission du patrimoine culturel immatériel. Ainsi, la présente thèse propose que nous considérions l’animation comme moyen de promotion de l’héritage et de transmission du patrimoine culturel immatériel. La transmission en est le moyen, et l’héritage est le but ultime de la protection du patrimoine culturel immatériel. La thèse démontre que l'animation peut effectivement être chargée de cette mission. Après la présentation du sujet de recherche, nous discuterons systématiquement du sujet à travers la recherche historique, la recherche interdisciplinaire, l'analyse de document, l'analyse de cas, l’enquête sur le terrain, etc., remontant ainsi jusqu’aux fondements des recherches existantes sur l’animation et le patrimoine culturel immatériel. / Currently, the protection work of intangible cultural heritage is booming. It is at the heart of attention of the media and society, and also academic research. Despite its long history, its promotion, admission and protection are recent. In this sense, the intangible heritage is still "young". As a new field and new object of research, the study involves many disciplines and safeguards require innovation and a bold research. Animation is one of the cultural industries more fashionable in China and most of the research on the animation focus on the development of the animation industry. This research considers the intangible cultural heritage as a cultural resource for animation, and explore the possible uses to promote the Chinese animation. We believe that in the contemporary cultural context, the animation is as a cultural industry that artistic entertainment and leisure, and a means of cultural transmission; it can also, by extension, be considered an employee visual imaging tool in the production and life of people. The animation is vibrant and rich in inspiration, naturally attractive, especially for young people. In a way, it is the common language of humanity. Animation must be an integral part of the protection of intangible cultural heritage; she is able to promote the heritage and transmission of intangible cultural heritage. Thus, this thesis proposes that we consider animation as a means of promoting the heritage and transmission of intangible cultural heritage. The transmission is the means, and the inheritance is the ultimate goal of protecting intangible cultural heritage. The thesis shows that animation can actually be entrusted with this mission. After the presentation of the research topic, we systematically discuss the subject through historical research, interdisciplinary research, document analysis, case analysis, field survey, etc., and dating back to foundations of existing research on the animation and intangible cultural heritage.

C’est désormais un fait acquis : la population française a vieilli. Cette évolution démographique n’est pas sans incidence sur le droit des successions et libéralités. D’une part, la personne âgée est incitée à transmettre précocement aux générations plus jeunes et plus actives. D’autre part, elle est sommée de songer au coût de la prise en charge d’une éventuelle dépendance liée au grand âge. Ces injonctions contradictoires conduisent à adopter une approche différente de l'anticipation successorale. Bien entendu, l'acte d'anticipation sera toujours considéré comme efficace lorsqu’il permettra au de cujus d’imposer durablement sa volonté, au-delà même de la mort. Mais, désormais, l’acte doit en outre faire montre d’une certaine capacité d’adaptation. Face aux différents événements jalonnant une longue existence, les besoins de chacun évoluent, si bien que les arbitrages réalisés plusieurs décennies auparavant se révéleront parfois peu judicieux. C'est pourquoi la stabilité et l'adaptabilité sont désormais devenues les deux caractéristiques primordiales, bien qu’apparemment inconciliables, d’une stratégie de transmission pérenne. Pour triompher de l’épreuve du temps, le projet doit ainsi allier tout à la fois les qualités du chêne et du roseau, c’est-à-dire aussi bien la robustesse de l’arbre séculaire que la souplesse de la jeune plante. / It’s a fact : the French population is aging. This demographic trend has an impact on inheritance law and estate planning. On one hand, seniors are encouraged to hand down property to younger generations early on. On the other hand, they are asked to put aside money for their own care. Estate planning must adapt to this new context. As of now, stability and adaptability are the two primordial characteristics of good estate planning, although they’re apparently irreconcilable. First, you must be sure that wishes will be respected and not betrayed by the heirs after your death. Then, Estate planning will be more efficient if it can adapt. Life changes, needs change, so the elderly must be free to change their mind when a project made years ago becomes irrelevant. To be more efficient, estate planning must combine the qualities of the oak and the reed : the robustness of the old tree and the flexibility of the young plant.

Les partages des articles 1075 et suivants du Code civil permettent à un disposant de réaliser par anticipation le partage de sa succession entre ses héritiers présomptifs. Cette faculté, durant les deux siècles qui ont suivi la codification, était réservée aux seuls ascendants au profit de leurs descendants et ce n’est que par la loi du 23 juin 2006 qu’elle a été étendue en dehors de la ligne directe descendante. Cette ouverture résulte d’une évolution progressive de cet acte, réalisée tout au long du XXe siècle pour répondre aux blocages nés des interprétations divergentesdéveloppées au cours du XIXe siècle. Le caractère hybride des partages d’ascendants qui se trouvent au confluent des successions et des libéralités est une donnée établie. Tout comme une médaille est constituée d’un avers et d’un revers, les partages d’ascendants sont constitués d’un élément répartiteur et d’un élément attributif. La réunion indissociable de ces deux éléments confère aux partages des articles 1075 et suivants leur identité. Or, pour indissociables et constitutifs qu’ils soient, les deux côtés ne sont jamais perçus simultanément. Tout l’intérêt d’une approche historique des articles 1075 et suivants consiste à mettre en lumière la façon dont la médaille s’est retournée : comment l’élément attributif s’est développé jusqu’à devenir l’avers, la face principale. / The estate distribution established by the articles 1075 s. of the civil code enables a disposer to anticipate the distribution of his inheritance between the heirs apparent. During the next two centuries which followed the codification, this ability was reserved to the only ascendants in favor of their descendants. The law of the 23rd June 2006 had the effect that it was no longer limited to the direct descending line. This opening was the result of a progressive evolution of the act, which was established all along the twentieth century in order to respond to the blockings arising from the different interpretations developed during the nineteenth century. The hybridity of the ascendants’ estate distribution, situated at the confluence of inheritance and liberalities, is an established fact. As well as a medal has an obverse and reverse side, the ascendants’ estate distribution consists of a distributive element and an attributive element. The inseparable union of these two elements gives the estate distribution established by the article 1075 s. its identity. As inseparable and constituent the obverse and reverse side might be, they are yet never perceived simultaneously, even though the reverse side is generally described by its relation with the obverse: It is the opposite of the one presented as the principal, it is the supporting side of the second listing. All the interest in a historical approach to the articles 1075 s. consist of bringing to light the way the distributive element evolved into becoming the obverse of our institution leading to a notable change of the nature of these estate distributions which nevertheless remain dual acts.

Chez la majorité des espèces, les mitochondries et leur ADN sont hérités de manière uniparentale maternelle. Au moment de la fécondation, le spermatozoïde entre dans l'ovocyte avec ses mitochondries et leur ADN menant à se demander pourquoi et comment les mitochondries paternelles ne sont plus détectées chez le nouvel individu. Chez le ver C. elegans, les mitochondries d’origine spermatique sont activement dégradées par autophagie dans l’embryon une cellule. Les marqueurs de l’autophagie chez le ver, les protéines LGG-1 et LGG-2, sont observés autour des organites d’origine spermatique après la fécondation et l’interférence avec l’autophagie bloque l’élimination de ces organites. Néanmoins, il n’est toujours pas clair comment ce ciblage s’effectue ni le rôle des différentes protéines de l’autophagies impliquées dans le processus. La première partie des résultats montre que LGG-2 permet le transport des autophagosomes et de leur contenu vers la zone pericentrosomale afin de faciliter leur fusion avec les lysosomes qui se concentrent dans cette zone. En parallèle, j’ai testé plusieurs hypothèses afin d’identifier les mécanismes de ciblage des mitochondries d’origine spermatique. J’ai montré que l’ubiquitine joue un rôle dans le recrutement de la protéine LGG-1 autour des organites spermatiques. J’ai également décrit plusieurs propriétés des mitochondries spermatiques et ovocytaires qui semblent jouer un rôle dans le recrutement de la machinerie de l’autophagie. Ainsi, la dégradation des mitochondries d’origine spermatique représente une forme originale et physiologique de mitophagie. / In most animal species, mitochondria and their DNA are maternally inherited. Upon fertilization, the spermatozoid and its mitochondria enter into the oocyte leading to the questions why and how are those mitochondria not detected in the new born. The sperm derived mitochondria are selectively degraded by autophagy in C. elegans. The autophagy proteins, LGG-1 and LGG-2, are recruited around sperm-derived organelles upon fertilization in the early embryo of C. elegans and the interference with the autophagy blocks the degradation of those organelles. The mechanism permitting this specific targeting of the paternal mitochondria and the role of the different autophagy proteins are still unclear. First, we showed that LGG-2 plays an important role in the clearance of sperm-derived organelles by targeting them to the pericentrosomal area to facilitate their fusion with lysosomes. In parallel, I tested several hypotheses to identify the mechanism permitting the specific targeting of sperm-derived mitochondria. I showed that the ubiquitin plays a role in the recruitment of LGG-1 around sperm-derived organelles and described several properties of the sperm and oocyte-derived mitochondria that are likely to play an important role for the recruitment of the autophagy machinery. This led us to conclude that sperm derived mitochondria degradation represent an original physiologic mitophagy.

Organ donation is traditionally based on the notion of making a gift based on altruism. An important aspect of ‘altruistic gifting’ is commitment to a solidaristic approach to meeting transplant needs. In line with this, people are encouraged to donate their organs at death to a common pool for collective provision, or donate a live organ to another freely. Given a chronic organ shortage, proposals have been made to change this system to increase donation. Proposals include introducing some organ market or payment in the form of a reward to incentivise live or deceased donation. However, these proposals have been opposed because of the grip of ‘altruistic gift’ as the only ethically acceptable way to procure and distribute organs. To support the ethical acceptability of other systems, ‘altruistic gift’ has been subject to various criticisms. One criticism is the moral relevance of altruism: people may donate on other motives other than altruism; or, altruism is not the motive that underpins most deceased organ donations. Another criticism is the moral value of altruism: even if deceased organ donations are in general altruistic, altruism does not express communal virtues like generosity that support solidarity. A third criticism is the value of the concept of altruism when understood in the pure sense: ‘pure altruism’ fashions an unnecessary or false dichotomy – gift versus sale – in the way people can ethically relate and help each other. Consistent with or following this criticism, it has been argued that use of a financial reward to incentivise donation can be compatible with preserving donation as altruistic albeit in a ‘non-pure’ sense. ‘Altruism’ and reward can co-exist as motives for donation. This thesis concerns itself centrally with the third criticism. It argues that the concept of altruism delineates a distinctive moral ‘perspective’ of a common humanity that engenders a devotion to others’ interests. Accordingly, as I argue, ‘non-pure’ definitions of altruism are misleading as to how a financial reward can be compatible with altruism. From this, the thesis argues that introduction of a financial reward for organ donation would not preserve donation as altruistic. Based on an understanding of altruism as also a motive for ‘creative’ relationships, the thesis counters criticisms of its relevance and value to deceased organ donation under a gift model. As part of its legal analysis, the thesis considers the antithesis of ‘altruistic gift’: the idea of organs as property which places individual control on their disposition at its moral centre. It has been argued that organs should be owned as property so that individuals can sell them, or transmit them to relatives so that relatives can claim payment from donation. To provoke thought on whether organs should be owned as private property like any other, the thesis proposes an inheritance regime for organs with family as default successor.

In the introduced diploma work, Controversial and survivor affairs of the lineage Thurn-Taxis on the estate Dobrovice-Loučeň, namely from the end of 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century, engages in the controversial and survivor affairs of the lineage Thurn-Taxis in the frame of the named estate in the delimitated period. The main aim of the work is to clarified the origin of the lineage Thurn-Taxis, to clear up the disputes of Fürstenberg about the inheritance of the estate in the end of 18th century and briefly to describe the development of the estate Dobrovice-Loučeň with the holders from the second line of the lineage Thurn- Taxis. The main purpose of this work is the content analysis and the analysis of the controversial affairs, for example last will or the list about the distributing of the inheritance, a few representatives of the lineage from the Czech line and of the princess Marie Josefa of Fürstenberg. The princess bequeathed the estates Dobrovice, Loučeň and the manor Vlkava for the Czech line. The suppluments added to the work complete the all pieces of knowledge in its text part. Key words Inheritance, estate, lineage Thurn-Taxis, holders of the estate, disputes

Zimbabwean widows need to inherit property when their husbands die. Property, be it material or financial in nature, is a source of sustenance and wealth. Depriving women of property inheritance rights has untold consequences. This study focuses on the property inheritance rights of widows in Zimbabwe in the Sikalenge Ward of Binga District. The aim of the study is to understand how property grabbing affects widows and to find possible solutions and intervention strategies social workers may use. The literature reviewed in the study was drawn from both the legal field and social work to create a link between the fields. The study was shaped by radical feminism for conceptualising property grabbing while the formulated intervention strategies utilised the empowerment model. The study is qualitative in nature using interviews to collect data from ten widows and five social service providers who constitute the total of fifteen participants in the study. Data was analysed qualitatively using interpretive approaches and presentation is textual rather than statistical. The main finding of the study is that widows are still being denied their inheritance rights despite the provision of such rights by the Intestate Succession Laws promulgated in November 1997 by the government of Zimbabwe. Moreover, the widows are not aware of the inheritance laws of Zimbabwe and hence did not seek any professional intervention. The few who attempted the legal process for recourse were not successful. Even though it was minimally attempted, the study established that the main form of failed intervention tried by the women was legal in nature and suggests and emphasises an eminent need for Social Work intervention to supplement legal intervention.

The study looks at the main features of African indigenous law of succession and inheritance in Zimbabwe. It draws a distinction between the forms of inheritance practised between the two major ethnic groups, the Shona and the Ndebele. Whilst the research was mainly aimed at these two groups an investigation into inheritance practice by the South African Zulu and Xhosa counterparts was also made. An investigation into the impact of western influence on succession and inheritance was made taking a look at colonial legislation and case law, the general deduction being that it was a vehicle for attaching customary law to a western type law. After independence there was the issue of the impact of constitutionalism and international human rights law on succession in post colonial Zimbabwe. These were tools for change by bringing in notions of equality between men and women, issues that were highlighted in the cornerstone case of Magaya v Magaya, which was in turn discussed in the light of the Mthemu v Letsela and Bhe trilogy of cases in South Africa. In the final chapter there is a discussion of possibilities of reform and the future of customary law in Zimbabwe the highlight here being conducting proper legal research to ascertain the true purpose of custom.

No description available.