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The thesis discusses if the hero’s journey in the fantasy genre could be seen as a journey through social classes. By comparing Paolin’s Eragon’s journey to that of Moberg’s Karl Oskar’s with a focus on the home, education and the chosen one trope via the concepts skogsgång (to go into the forest) and return the thesis concludes that many of the steps necessary for social mobility is also necessary in the hero’s journey, and that the change between social classes can be an answer to the heroes isolation in the end of their stories. The thesis also muses on how the hero’s journey can enlighten the hardships of social mobility.

<p> Object-oriented programs have many unique features that are not present in conventional programs, such as Inheritance, Polymorphism, Dynamic binding and Encapsulation, etc. Hence, testing object-oriented programs using only traditional techniques is unlikely to find the faults associated with these features. A study shows that approximately 40% of software errors can be traced to component interaction problems discovered during integration. Integration testing is an important part of the testing process. However, few integration testing techniques have been systematically studied or defined.</p> <p> The goal of this research is to develop an approach for automatic test case execution at the integration level. The approach is based on the concept of Coordination Contract, which was developed by J. Fiadeiro and L. Andrade. A coordination contract is a connection between a group of objects. Through contracts, rules and constraints are superposed on the behavior of the participants without interfering with their implementation. Due to the contract's character, integration test case execution and test result evaluation are suitably implemented by contracts. A tool has been developed to automatically generate the relevant contracts to implement integration test cases generated by some mechanism for test case generation.</p> <p> In recent years, more and more software developers use the Unified Modeling Language (UML) and corresponding visual modeling tools to design and develop their application software. So we are using UML sequence diagrams and class diagrams as integration testing specifications. Actually, there are few practical tools to generate test cases from UML, and even fewer tools to execute test cases. Therefore, the result of this research will play an important role in testing object-oriented programs at the integration level. Our accomplishment makes some progress in the integration testing for object-oriented programs.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

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MtDNA mutations in mammalian cells are implicated in cellular ageing and encephalomyopathies, although mechanisms involved are not completely understood. The mitochondrial genetic bottleneck has puzzled biologists for a long time. Approximate models of genetic bottleneck proposed in the literature do not accurately model underlying biology. Recent studies indicate mitochondrial morphology changes during cellular aging in culture. In particular, the rates of mitochondrial fission and fusion are shown to be in tight balance, though this rate decreases with age. Some proteins involved in mitochondrial morphology maintenance are implicated in apoptosis. Hence, mitochondrial genetic and morphologic dynamics are critical to the life and death of cells. By working closely with experimental collaborators and by utilizing data derived from literature, we have developed stochastic simulation models of mitochondrial genetic and morphologic dynamics. Hypotheses from the mitochondrial genetic dynamics model include: (1) the decay of mtDNA heteroplasmy in blood is exponential and not linear as reported in literature. (2) Blood heteroplasmy measurements are a good proxy for the blood stem cell heteroplasmy. (3) By analyzing our simulation results in tandem with published longitudinal clinical data, we propose for the first time, a way to correct for the patient's age in the analysis of heteroplasmy data. (4) We develop a direct model of the genetic bottleneck process during mouse embryogenesis. (5) Partitioning of mtDNA into daughter cells during blastocyst formation and relaxed replication of mtDNA during the exponential growth phase of primordial germ cells leads to the variation in heteroplasmy inherited by offspring from the same mother. (6) We develop a “simulation control” for experimental studies on mtDNA heteroplasmy variation in cell cultures. Hypothesis from the mitochondrial morphologic dynamics model: (7) A cell adjusts the mitochondrial fusion rate to compensate for the fluctuations in the fission rate, but not vice versa. A deterministic model for this control is proposed. Contributions: extensible simulation models of mitochondrial genetic and morphologic dynamics to aide in the powerful analysis of published and new experimental data. Our results have direct relevance to cell biology and clinical diagnosis. The work also illustrates scientific success by tight integration of theory with practice. / Ph. D.

摘要 「祭祀公業」乃基於傳統習慣所形成擁有特殊性之「共有」，係以祭祀祖先為目的所設立之獨立財產。本文研究乃以祭祀公業條例第五十條規範過去所設立祭祀公業法人與現行民法成立之財團法人（宗祠財團法人）其設立目的及宗旨是否相同，又本條例針對過去設立之祭祀公業法人格之取得及未取得法人格時土地權屬應如何處理，及其條例規定衍生派下現員權屬爭議、及男女平權繼承是否妥當，予以分析祭祀公業權屬爭議問題。試圖從慎終追遠及延續傳統宗族舊慣的角度，以分析祭祀公業之權屬結構，盼能指出台灣從過去到現在實施清理祭祀公業政策之盲點，俾利政府實施祭祀公業清理制度的處理原則及法令修訂時的參考。 本文第二章有關祭祀公業及其相關規定之探討：就祭祀公業緣起、意義、制度沿革、派下的權利與義務及權屬爭議之解釋、判決、判例、規定加以彙整，並以祭祀公業之法律性質、派下員申報及登記、廢止解散等權屬問題之予以論述；第三章祭祀公業主體性問題之探討，首先是應探究祭祀公業共有法人所有之差異性；其次過去設立之祭祀公業法人格土地權屬之分析，另規範過去所設立祭祀公業財團法人（宗祠財團法人）之爭議問題；第四章以派下現員之清理、派下權與房份配置及祭祀公業之解散，並深入分析祭祀公業權屬爭議問題。 第五章結論與建議：第一、祭祀公業取得派下全員證明書後，依據私法自治原則及法律本質決定其權屬關係為「祭祀公業法人」，以符合下列祭祀公業原設立之宗旨。第二、祭祀公業依過去法令所設立宗祠財團法人，應准其辦理更名登記為祭祀公業法人，以符合祭祀公業之法律本質、設立宗旨及其主體性。第三、派下員之繼受取得應依設立時章程（鬮書）之約定；未約定時，則依宗祧繼承男子繼承為原則，女子繼承為例外。現存之祭祀公業，既係日據時期所設立，自應適用設立當時之繼承習慣。若為解決男女平權繼承的問題，而恣意以現代民法所規定之男女平權繼承概念予以清理，將導致產權複雜化及違背台灣先民設立祭祀公業慎終追遠之宗旨。第四、祭祀公業解散清算分配賸餘財產時應依設立時章程（鬮書）之約定；未約定時，則依舊慣以房份為原則，均分（推定均等）為例外。最後提出後續研究建議，首先，祭祀公業清理被編定公共設施用地者之財產權保障問題；再者，祭祀公業之資產委由「公益信託」管理之可行性；暨派下權之繼受制度如何定位以符合我國舊慣等，這些議題都值得深入研究。而本文期盼祭祀公業清理制度之實施，能明確界定派下員之權屬關係，以落實財產權之保障。 關鍵字：祭祀公業、法人、宗祠財團法人、男女平權繼承、鬮書 / Abstract “Ancestral estate” is a special, independent property of “joint ownership” formed by tradition and custom, whose purpose is to worship clan ancestors. This study intends to research the similarity of the purpose and objective for establishing the ancestral estate juridical person, governed by Article 50 of the “Statue Governing the Ancestral Estate” and the foundation (Ancestral Shrine Foundation), governed by the Civil Code. By focusing on the following issues: (a) Land ownership before and after acquiring corporate personality of ancestral estate; (b) Authority controversy between clan members; and (c) The appropriateness of inheritance equality between men and women, this study tries to analyze the authority structure of ancestral estate from the perspectives of “due sacrifice for the ancestor” and continuation of traditional custom of clan ancestor worshiping. The purpose of this study is to pinpoint the blind spot existing in the past and current governmental policy concerning ancestral estate so that the government may find useful reference in future implementation of relevant systems and enactment of regulations. Chapter two discusses the nature of ancestral estate and its related regulations: the origin, meaning, historic system timeline, rights and obligation of clan members, and the compilation of controversial interpretations, judgments, precedents, and regulation. Further discussion will also be given on the legal nature, reporting of clan member, and the authorities regarding the revocation and dissolution of organization. Chapter three discusses the subject matters of ancestral estate. Firstly, the difference between the juridical persons of ancestral estate is discussed. Secondly, analyze the land ownership of ancestral estate and regulate the issues existing in the ancestral estate foundation (Ancestral Shrine Foundation). Chapter four deals with the sorting out of clan members, share allocation of property ownership, dissolution of ancestral estate, and an in-depth analysis will also be given on the authority controversies. Conclusion and suggestion will be provided in Chapter five: (1) After acquiring staff certificate of ancestral estate, the ancestral estate shall be deemed as a “ancestral estate juridical person” in accordance with the principle of autonomy and legal nature of private law, to meet the following establishing objectives; (2) The ancestral shrine foundation established in accordance with past regulations shall be allowed to change name and registered as ancestral estate juridical person to meet the legal nature, establishing objective and objectivity; and (3) The inheritance acquisition of clan members shall abide by the terms and conditions set forth in the articles (book of property inheritance); in the event of no agreement is made, the principle of male inheritance in accordance with clan pedigree shall govern, with female inheritance as exception. The existing ancestral estate was first established in the Japanese occupation period, which was applicable to the inheritance practices of the time. If, in order to solve the inheritance equality problem between both sexes, the competent authority tries to sort out in an arbitrary way the current issue with the concept of modern Civil Code, it is bound to cause complexity and in violation to the objective of due offerings set forth by Taiwanese ancestors; (4) The ancestral estate shall set up articles (book of property inheritance) governing its dissolution, liquidation, allocation of residual property; if no agreement is made, it shall be based on pedigree as principle, with even distribution (assumed even) as exception. Finally, suggestions will be provided for subsequent studies concerning: Property protection regarding public facilities designated for the sorting out of ancestral estate; The feasibility of “public trust” management of the assets of ancestral estate; and how to position the system of inheritance acquisition in order to meet the national custom and traditional practices. The main purpose of this study is to realize the protection of property by giving a clearly defined authority of clan members through the implementation of sorting out system of ancestral estate. Keywords：Ancestral estate；Juridical person； Ancestral Shrine Foundation ； Equal inheritance of both sexes； book of property inheritance

Les « dispositions successorales spéciales » de la lex situs apportent une exception particulière au système unitaire de la loi applicable à la succession. Leur reconnaissance dans le récent Règlement du Parlement européen et du Conseil relatif à la compétence, la loi applicable, la reconnaissance et l'exécution des décisions, et l'acceptation et l'exécution des actes authentiques en matière de successions et à la création d'un certificat successoral européen du 4 juillet 2012 témoigne de l’importance et de l’actualité de cette prévision normative. L’exception trouve sa source dans l’article 15 de la Convention du 1er août 1989 sur la loi applicable aux successions à cause de mort, formule qui fut suivi par l’article 3099 al. 2 du Code civil du Québec. La conception originaire de la règle se situe à l’article 28 de la Loi d’introduction au Code civil allemand de 1896. Ces législations reconnaissent la nécessité de respecter certaines dérogations aux règles successorales ordinaires dont le contenu matériel justifie une rupture exceptionnelle de l’unité de la succession internationale. Ainsi, l’opposition traditionnelle entre le système scissionniste qui divise la loi applicable à la succession en fonction de la nature mobilière ou immobilière des biens et celui qui postule l’unité législative trouve dans le respect des « dispositions spéciales » de la lex rei sitae régissant certains biens de la succession un facteur conciliateur. Il s’agit de respecter un minimum normatif de la loi de l’État où sont situés certains biens de la succession malgré la compétence générale d’une lex successionis étrangère. Ce bloc normatif irréductible se présente comme un pont qui relie les deux solutions extrêmes dans une position intermédiaire où il n’y a plus de scission au sens classique du terme mais où l’unité est néanmoins brisée en raison de certaines considérations substantielles tirées de la destination des biens. / The « special inheritance rules » of the lex situs introduce a particular exception to the unitary system of the law applicable to succession. Its recognition by the recent Regulation (EU) No 650/2012 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 4 July 2012 on jurisdiction, applicable law, recognition and enforcement of decisions and acceptance and enforcement of authentic instruments in matters of succession and on the creation of a European Certificate of Succession demonstrates the importance and the current relevance of this legal provision. We find the immediate precedent of the rule in Article 15 of the Convention of 1 August 1989 on the Law Applicable to Succession to the Estates of Deceased Persons, which also inspired Article 3099 par. 2 of the Civil Code of Quebec. The original conception of the rule comes from Article 28 of the Introductory Act of the German Civil Code of 1896. These legislations acknowledged the necessity of giving effect to some special provisions on succession whose material content legitimates an exceptional breach of the unity in international successions. Therefore, the traditional conflict between the scission and the unitary system of the law applicable to succession finds a conciliatory factor in the observation of the “special provisions” of the lex rei sitae over some particular assets of the estate notwithstanding the conflict rule. The intention is to preserve a minimal content of the State’s law where certain assets are located against the threat that a foreign lex successionis brings about. This uncompromising set of rules presents itself as a bridge to close the gap between these two extreme solutions. It does not contemplate the classic meaning of scission based on the movable or immovable nature of the property (territorial scission), but it breaks nonetheless the principle of unity, in favor of certain substantial considerations derived from the economic, family or social function of some specific assets, by means of a special connection to the lex situs.

Written in Swedish with an English abstract. Polygamy has recently received more and more attention in Sweden due to, among other things, the streams of refugees and globalization. The Swedish norm of marriage is monogamy thus family constellations that go against this sometimes have difficulties to adapt to the Swedish family law. Polygamy is a collective name for marriages where a person is married to several people at the same time. The sex basically does not play a role in the concept of polygamy, but the most common marriage constellation, and the constellation that this essay has delimited itself to, is the one where one man is married to several women. Today, polygamy is mainly practiced in the Muslim countries of Asia and Africa where the Qur'an is an important part of the construction of the countries' legal systems. In order for polygamy to be allowed in Sweden, it is required that the marriage can be recognized according to the law on certain international legal relationships concerning marriage and guardianship (lag om vissa internationella rättsförhållanden rörande äktenskap och förmynderskap). According to the Swedish Tax Agency's (Skatteverket) investigation, there are currently 679 persons registered with one or more spouses in the population register in Sweden; on the other hand, the figure is not considered to reflect reality. When a person dies, there are many things to be organized. Most of these issues in Sweden are regulated in the Inheritance Code (ärvdabalken). But since most of the family law in Sweden is based on the Swedish norm of marriage of monogamy, there are several application problems when the Inheritance Code is to be applied to polygamous marriages. But although the law is mainly designed for monogamy, it is possible to apply the law to polygamous family constellations. Even though it is not designed for this purpose, the law should be considered flexible enough that it can be applied. However, the application of the law creates problems among other things when it comes to the women in the relationship. It is clear that women in polygamous marriages have more uncertainties than women in monogamous marriages when it comes to the right to inherit and survivor`s protection. It is also difficult to presume that the proposal for legislative amendment that are on the table will contribute to strengthening the protection of the women. However, there are many indications that it in general looks good for the children in the marriages. There is really not much that suggests that children whose parents are in polygamous relationships are treated a lot differently when it comes to the right to inherit then children with parents in monogamous marriages. / Polygami har på senare tid uppmärksammats mer och mer i Sverige med anledning av bland annat flyktingströmmar och globalisering. Den svenska äktenskapsnormen är tvåsamhet, monogami vilket således har lett till att familjekonstellationer som går emot denna norm ibland har svårt att anpassas till den svenska familjerätten. Polygami är ett samlingsnamn för äktenskap där en person är gift med flera personer samtidigt.  I grunden spelar könet inte någon betydelse för begreppet polygami men den vanligaste äktenskapskonstellationen, och den konstellation som uppsatsen har avgränsat sig till, är den där en man är gift med flera kvinnor. Idag är polygami främst praktiserat i de muslimska länderna i Asien och Afrika där Koranen är en viktig del av uppbyggnaden av ländernas rättsordningar. För att polygami ska bli tillåtet i Sverige krävs det att äktenskapen kan erkännas enligt lagen om vissa internationella rättsförhållanden rörande äktenskap och förmynderskap. Enligt Skatteverkets utredning finns det idag 679 personer registrerade med en eller flera makar i folkbokföringsdatabasen i Sverige, däremot anses siffran inte spegla verkligheten. När en människa dör är det mycket saker som ska anordnas. De flesta av dessa angelägenheterna i Sverige regleras i ärvdabalken. Men eftersom den till största delen av familjerätten i Sverige utgår från den svenska äktenskapsnormen om tvåsamhet, föreligger det ett flertal tillämpningsproblem när ärvdabalken ska tillämpas på polygama äktenskap. Men trots att lagen i huvudsak är utformad för monogami finns det möjlighet att tillämpa lagen vid polygama familjekonstellationer. Trots att lagen i sig inte är konstruerad för polygama familjer torde den dock vara så flexibel att den går att tillämpa. Tillämpningen av lagen är dock behäftade med problem för bland annat kvinnorna i relationen. Det är tydligt att kvinnor i polygama äktenskap har det mer osäkert än kvinnor i monogama äktenskap när det kommer till arv och efterlevnadsskydd. Att de förslag till lagändring som ligger på bordet kommer bidra till en stärkelse av kvinnornas skydd är även det svårt att förmoda. Mycket tyder dock på att det överlag ser bra ut för barnen i äktenskapen. Det finns egentligen inte mycket som tyder på att barnen i hög utsträckning blir särbehandlade jämte barn i monogama äktenskap.

Eliza Chong-lai, Chan / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves [155]-[161]). / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Chapter Chapter One-- --- Introduction --- p.1 / Background of the Research and Research Problem --- p.1 / Reviewing Past Research --- p.6 / Methodology --- p.15 / The Field Site --- p.22 / Chapter Chapter Two-- --- Socio-cultural Milieu of the Movement --- p.27 / Changing Rural-Urban Relations --- p.27 / The Participants In The Female Inheritance Movement --- p.38 / The Movement --- p.47 / Black And White'： Understanding The Inheritance Movement In Terms Of Opposites --- p.50 / Chapter i. --- Modern v. Tradition --- p.53 / Chapter ii. --- Urban v. Rural --- p.54 / Chapter iii. --- Female v. Male --- p.56 / Chapter iv. --- Western v. Chinese --- p.57 / Chapter Chapter III-- --- Juefangnu： Female Inheritance And Affection --- p.59 / Codifying Chinese Customs： The Colonial Impact --- p.59 / The Meaning Of Juefang --- p.61 / Affection --- p.63 / Affection Denied --- p.67 / The Loyal Protector of Family Properties --- p.77 / Affection between Father and Daughter --- p.81 / Affection and Individuals --- p.90 / Conclusion --- p.96 / Chapter Chapter Four-- --- Negotiating Daughterhood in an Urban World --- p.98 / Indigenous Women As Victims Of Tradition： Interacting With The Reporters --- p.100 / Standardizing Victimization： Interacting With Social Workers --- p.113 / Alienated Victims ： The Legislative Council Experience --- p.122 / Seeking Legal Action --- p.133 / Chapter Chapter Five-- --- Conclusion： The Movement In Retrospect --- p.141 / A Moral Issue --- p.141 / Public Impact --- p.149 / References Cited