O projeto do coletor de admissão é essencial para alcançar o melhor desempenho de um motor de combustão interna, e, portanto diversos parâmetros devem ser considerados durante o desenvolvimento do mesmo. Por exemplo, uma distribuição de ar não uniforme conduz a uma eficiência volumétrica não uniforme no cilindro, perda de potência e aumento do consumo de combustível. Por outro lado, as variações de pressão no coletor de admissão, devido aos efeitos pulsantes no escoamento do ar podem substancialmente aumentar ou reduzir o desempenho do motor. Atualmente, no Brasil, a maior parte dos coletores de admissão é fabricada a partir do nylon com fibra de vidro, pois proporciona redução de peso, redução de atrito nos dutos e geometrias internas complexas. Porém, novos fatores se tornam importante como redução de integridade estrutural e atender a requisitos de pressão de estouro. Este trabalho apresenta as principais etapas de desenvolvimento de um coletor de admissão plástico soldado por vibração. Primeiramente as principais dimensões do coletor são definidas a partir da simulação unidimensional. A partir disso, o modelo tridimensional é construído levando em consideração o espaço disponível no compartimento do motor e aspectos que permitam a injeção e solda das partes. Em seguida, a geometria interna do coletor é otimizada visando diminuir as perdas de carga aumentando a eficiência volumétrica. A integridade estrutural do coletor e solda deve ser analisada a fim de atender os requisitos do cliente. Ao confirmar o desenho do coletor de admissão através de testes com peças protótipos, se inicia a fabricação dos ferramentais de produção. / Intake manifold project is essential to achieve the best internal combustion engine performance, and, therefore, several parameters should be considered during it development. For instance, an uneven air distribution lead to uneven cylinder volumetric efficiency, power loss and increased fuel consumption. On the other hand, pressures variations within intake manifold due to air flow transient effects could substantially increase or decrease the engine performance. Nowadays, in Brazil, the majority of the intake manifolds are fabricated from nylon with glass fiber which provides weight reduction, wall friction reduction and complex internal geometries. However, new factors become important like structural integrity reduction and withstand to burst pressure. This work presents the mainly development stages of a plastic intake manifold vibration welded. First, the basic intake manifold dimensions are defined through one-dimensional simulation. From this, three-dimensional model is built considering the engine compartment space available and aspects which allows injection and welding process of manifold shells. Then, intake manifold internal geometry is optimized to minimize air flow losses, increasing the volumetric efficiency. Intake manifold structural integrity and welding quality should de evaluated to withstand customer requirements. Confirming the intake manifold drawing through tests with prototype parts, production tooling is started.

As legislações com restrições nos níveis de emissões de poluentes e a grande concorrência entre as montadoras fomentaram o desenvolvimento de sistemas mais eficientes de gerenciamento de motores a combustão interna. Entretanto, a falta de sensores que identifiquem as propriedades da combustão, e que sejam economicamente viáveis, dificulta o desenvolvimento de novos sistemas. Visando suprir parte dessas limitações, este trabalho propõe o uso do sensor de corrente iônica com duas finalidades: identificação dos fenômenos de combustão e detonação. Para identificação da combustão, atualmente é utilizado o sensor de fase instalado no motor, o que encarece o sistema de gerenciamento. Uma alternativa a este sensor seria utilizar a vela de ignição, já instalada dentro do cilindro do motor, como sensor de ionização da mistura ar/combustível durante a queima. Comparando a área sob a curva do sinal da corrente iônica durante a combustão com a área sob a curva durante a admissão, foi possível verificar que é viável a utilização do sinal da corrente iônica para substituição de uma funcionalidade do sensor de fase. Quanto à identificação do fenômeno da detonação, foi mostrado que o uso do sensor de corrente iônica possibilita a remoção do sensor de detonação. Para isso, foi realizada a correlação entre a energia de uma faixa de frequências dos harmônicos do sinal da corrente iônica com a energia do sinal proveniente do sensor de detonação. Dessa forma, este trabalho mostrou que é possível usar somente as velas de ignição, já presentes no veículo, como sensores. Além disso, os resultados positivos obtidos propiciam oportunidades para novas aplicações e novas pesquisas. / The laws that restrict pollutant emission levels and the competition among manufacturers fostered the development of more efficient internal combustion engine management systems. However, the lack of sensors to identify the properties of combustion, and which are economically viable, hinders the development of new systems. In order to address such limitations, this investigation proposes using the ionic current sensor with two purposes: identification of combustion and knock phenomena. The combustion identification is currently identified by the camshaft position sensor installed in the motor, which becomes more expensive for the management system. An alternative is using the spark plug, already installed inside the engine cylinder, such as ionization sensor of air/fuel mixture during combustion. Comparing the area under the curve of the ion current signal during combustion to the area under the curve during admission, it was found that it is feasible the use of ionic current signal to replace one feature of the camshaft position sensor. Concerning the identification of the knock phenomenon, it was shown that the use of the ionic current sensor allows the removal of the knock sensor. For this, the correlation between the energy signal in a frequency range of the ionic current harmonic with the energy of the signal from the knock sensor was performed Therefore, the use of spark plugs as sensors is very promising, in replacement to two existing sensors. Moreover, the positive results provide opportunities for new applications and researches.

In this study, an ignition unit was designed and constructed for a new design engine with eight cylinders and sixteen pistons. The ignition coils with two high voltage outputs were used to ignite sixteen spark plugs on the system. They were driven by PIC16F628A based igniter circuits triggered with digital signals. The igniter circuits receive ignition signals in a square wave form from a main control circuit / they open or close primary voltage of the induction coils to ignite spark plugs. This main control circuit is based on PIC16F877A / and there are two of them. The duty of main control circuit is to determine ignition advance according to engine speed and cooling water temperature, and send proper ignition signals to the igniter circuits. This main control circuit receives engine speed from the other main circuit (secondary control circuit) with serial communication and reads cooling water temperature and then it reads advance value from external eeprom memory according to engine speed and temperature. The main control circuit receives cylinder position signals from the secondary control circuit and adds advance value on them to form ignition timing signals which triggers igniter circuits. The secondary control circuit reads engine speed and determines cylinder positions with two magnetic pick-ups and LM2907 circuits on a gear wheel. This gear wheel was used to simulate disks on the crank shaft of the cars, and driven with an electric motor. The ignition unit was tested for different engine speeds, and its proper working was proved.

A detailed multi-zone thermodynamic simulation has been developed for the direct-injection (DI) diesel engine combustion process. For the purpose of predicting heterogeneous type combustion systems, the model explores the formation of pre-ignition radicals, start of combustion, and eventual heat release. These mechanisms are described based on the current understanding and knowledge of the diesel engine combustion acquired through advanced laser-based diagnostics. Six zones are developed to take into account the surrounding bulk gas, liquid- and vapor-phase fuel, pre-ignition mixing, fuel-rich combustion products as well as the diffusion flame combustion products. A three-step phenomenological soot model and a nitric oxide emission model are applied based on where and when each of these reactions mainly occurs within the diesel fuel jet evolution process. The simulation is completed for a 4.5 liter, inline four-cylinder diesel engine for a range of operating conditions. Specifically, the engine possesses a compression ratio of 16.6, and has a bore and stroke of 106 and 127 mm. The results suggest that the simulation is able to accurately reproduce the fuel jet evolution and heat release process for conventional diesel engine combustion conditions. The soot and nitric oxide models are able to qualitatively predict the effects of various engine parameters on the engine-out emissions. In particular, the detailed thermodynamics and characteristics with respect to the combustion and emission formation processes are investigated for different engine speed/loads, injection pressures and timings, and EGR levels. The local thermodynamic properties and energy, mass distributions obtained from the simulation offer some fundamental insights into heterogeneous type combustion systems. The current work provides opportunities to better study and understand the diesel engine combustion and emission formation mechanisms for conventional diesel engine combustion modes. The flexible, low computational cost features of this simulation result in a convenient tool for conducting parametric studies, and benefits for engine control and diagnostics.

A poly-generation system can be defined as the simultaneous and collocated generation of two or more energy supply types, aimed to maximize the utilization of the thermodynamic potential (efficiency) of the consumed energy resources. A Polygeneration system may involve co-generation (power and heat) or tri-generation (power, heat, and cold) processes and may also be connected to a district energy system. A poly-generation plant reclaims heat in a useful form that would be wasted otherwise in separate electricity and heat (and chilled water in some cases) generating systems. By this way a poly-generation plant provides a variety of benefits including improved efficiency and fuel savings, reduction of the primary energy demand total cost of utility service and unit fuel cost, independency for energy and protection of environment. With the overall efficiencies in the range of 70-90%, poly-generation systems are gaining popularity all around the world. including Turkey. In spite of all their potential benefits and increasing interest for poly-generation systems, there is not yet any rating, testing, metrication and classification guidelines and standards. It is indeed very important to rate the performance and energy savings potential, determine the heat and power outputs, estimate the system efficiency and the ratio of the split of the power produced between thermal and electric. These are the information which are hard to determine since there are not enough common test standards, rating standards and nor consensus-based terminology for combined heat and power systems in the world literature. Even the classification of the cogeneration systems is hardly globalized. Aim of this study is to develop a common procedure with respect to the above shortcomings for testing and rating poly-generation systems under realistic operating conditions with accurate formulae which will help to contribute energy and exergy economy by establishing a robust metrication standard based on new evaluation parameters. This study aims to find a procedure to evaluate a poly-generation system by establishing standard test methods and evaluation tools in terms of parameters like energy and exergy characteristics of thermal and electric loads, temperature demand and power split for determining operational characteristics of the system. This may be achieved by revising and expanding DIRECTIVE 2004/8/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL. A case study is expected to be based on a trigeneration power plant to be received within the framework of the EU FP6 HEGEL Poly-generation project, to be tested at METU, which has a capacity of 145 kW electric and 160 kW useful heat.

Bakalauro darbą „Brauno dujų panaudojimo vidaus degimo variklyje galimybių tyrimas. Ekologinis aspektas“ sudaro įvadas, trys skyriai, išvados, literatūros sąrašas ir priedai. Šio darbo apimtis 51 puslapis. Darbe yra 18 paveikslėliai ir 1 lentelė. Įvade iškeliama darbo problema, tikslai, uţdaviniai bei temos aktualumas. Pirmajame skyriuje pateikiama informacinių šaltinių analizė. Antrajame skyriuje detaliai aprašoma eksperimento metodika. Trečiajame skyriuje pateikti dvitakčio vidaus degimo variklio dirbusio prie skirtingų Brauno dujų kiekio eksperimentinių tyrimų rezultatai ir jų analizė. / The Bachelor„s thesis “The research of appliance of Brown gas in internal - combustion engine. The ecological aspect” consists of introduction, three chapters, conclusions, literature source and additions. The volume of this work is 51 pages. There are 18 pictures and 1 table in this work. The introduction sets the problem, the aims, the goals of the study and relevance of the topic. The first chapter provides an analysis of information sources. The second chapter describes in detail the experimental technique. The third chapter provides the results of the two-stroke internal combustion engine, which has been employed at different Brownian gas experimental research and their analysis.

Bakalauro baigiamąjį darbą „Brauno dujų panaudojimo vidaus degimo variklyje galimybių tyrimas. Energetinis aspektas“ sudaro 6 skyriai. Darbo apimtį sudaro 36 puslapiai, 19 paveikslėlių, 3 lentelės ir priedai. Įvade iškeliama darbo problema, tikslai ir uždaviniai. Pirmajame skyriuje pateiktas dvitakčio vidaus degimo variklio veikimas, aptariami naudojami degalai. Antrajame skyriuje analizuojamas elektrolizės procesas vykstantis Brauno dujų generatoriuje. Trečiajame skyriuje analizuojamas vandenilio panaudojimas vidaus degimo varikliuose ir vandenilio kaip kuro savybės. Ketvirtame skyriuje aptariamos kylančios problemos ir aktualijos. Penktame skyriuje aprašoma tyrimo metodika. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiame išvadas, kurias padarėme atlikę eksperimentą. / The final Bachelor's work " The research of appliance of Brown gas in internal - combustion engine. Power and energy aspect “ consists of six chapters. The work is made of 36 pages, 19 drawings, 3 tables and accessories. Problem of the research along with objectives and goals are provided in the introduction. The first chapter contains a two-stroke internal combustion engine operation and fuel it is using. The second chapter analyzes the electrolysis process at Brown gas generator. The third chapter examines the use of hydrogen in the internal combustion engines and hydrogen as the fuel properties. The fourth chapter deals with emerging issues and news. The fifth chapter describes the research methodology. At the end of work we made conclusions, which we notice doing the experiment.

Este trabalho aborda o desenvolvimento de um sistema de controle em malha fechada de torque e velocidade de rotação para testes de motores de combustão interna em uma bancada que possui um dinamômetro de correntes de Foucault. É apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica que abrange a fundamentação teórica básica sobre dinamômetro, alguns dos principais testes realizados em motores de combustão interna e técnicas de controle e instrumentação que estão sendo desenvolvidas por pesquisadores sobre o tema de controle de dinamômetro para testes de motores de combustão interna. O projeto surgiu com a necessidade do Laboratório de Motores da UFRGS realizar vários testes em motores a combustão tendo uma maior confiabilidade e rapidez para aquisição dos resultados. Este sistema está baseado num microcontrolador da família Atmega onde foram implementados os algoritmos de um controlador PID e um proporcional, que controlam respectivamente, os níveis de corrente contínua aplicadas no dinamômetro e o percentual de abertura da borboleta do motor combustão através de um motor de passo. A etapa de controle é executada no microcontrolador e uma interface gráfica foi implementada em Labview. Esta interface gráfica faz a leitura via porta serial dos dados do microcontrolador e traça suas curvas as salvando em arquivo, também se pode visualizar os sinais das temperaturas do motor e dinamômetro e nível de combustível do reservatório. A validação do controle desenvolvido foi comprovada através da verificação da convergência dos sinais para os valores de referência desejados. O controle propiciou também uma diminuição dos tempos para obtenção das respostas desejadas em comparação com o sistema anterior de controle manual. / This paper describes the development of a torque and rotation speed closed loop control system for internal combustion engine tests in a bench using a Foucault current dynamometer. A bibliographical review that encompasses basic dynamometer theoretical concepts, some of the most important tests applied to internal combustion engines, and control and instrumentation techniques currently under development on dynamometer testing for internal combustion engines is presented. This project needs to perform tests in combustion engines which would produce more dependable and faster results. The system herein developed is based on an Atmega-type microcontroller where algorithms of both a PID and a proportion controller, controlling respectively the levels of direct current applied through the dynamometer coils and the opening of an internal combustion engine throttle body by means of a step motor, were implemented. The control stage was done in the microcontroller and a graphic interface for a personal computer was created in Labview. This graphic interface facilitates the microcontroller data reading and traces its curves, saving them in a file; also, the engine and dynamometer temperature signals and the tank fuel level can be visualized. The validation of this control has been proved by the signal convergence check for desired reference values. Furthermore, the control has enabled a reduction in ideal answer time attainment as compared to the previous manual system.

[pt] Estudou-se a aplicação de nanofluidos no sistema de arrefecimento de motores a combustão interna. Nanofluidos são suspensões de partículas de diâmetro menor que 100 nm em fluidos convencionais de troca de calor, tais como água, óleo, etileno glicol, entre outros. Devido às suas características favoráveis de transferência de calor, em função da suspensão de partículas, metálicas ou não metálicas, com elevada condutividade térmica, nanofluidos têm sido considerados para atuar como fluidos térmicos em diferentes aplicações. Desenvolveram-se modelos matemáticos para operação em regime permanente, na avaliação do efeito das características térmicas e hidráulicas do escoamento do nanofluido nos componentes do sistema de arrefecimento; e em regime transiente, na avaliação do processo de aquecimento do motor. Fez-se uso do pacote EES para a simulação e consideraram-se os seguintes componentes do sistema de arrefecimento automotivo: radiador, camisas do bloco de cilindros, termostato e bomba do líquido de arrefecimento. Foram empregados o método dos parâmetros concentrados e o método (épsilon)-NTU para a modelagem global do sistema monofásico. Diferentes tipos de nanofluidos, com variações na concentração volumétrica de nanopartículas, foram considerados na avaliação desta alternativa em fluidos térmicos visando aplicações automotivas. / [en] The application of nanofluids in cooling systems of internal combustion engines was studied. Nanofluids consist of nanoparticles (with dimension below 100 (u)m) suspended in traditional heat transfer fluids, such as water or ethylene glycol. Given their favourable heat transfer characteristics, because of the suspension of high thermal conductivity particles, metallic or non-metallic, nanofluids have been considered as potential substitutes for conventional heat transfer fluids. Mathematical models were developed for steady-state operation, for the evaluation of thermal and hydraulic behavior of the cooling system, and for transient regime, for the assessment of the engine start-up process. The EES software was employed for the simulation. The following components of the cooling system were considered: radiator, engine cooling jackets, thermostat and coolant pump. Lumped parameter analysis and the effectiveness- NTU method were used for the single-phase system simulation. Different types of nanofluids, with variation on the volume fraction, were considered in this study.

O conceito de um motor rotativo de palhetas é apresentado e o modelo que opera similar aos motores recíprocos dois tempos é analisado. Este motor é formado por estator cilíndrico, rotor descentralizado, palhetas radiais e tampas laterais, similar aos compressores de palhetas radiais. Parâmetros geométricos estão definidos para que o motor possua características similares a dois motores recíprocos comerciais igualmente modelados. Suas geometrias estão detalhadas, assim como a modelagem termodinâmica e suas hipóteses, as quais devido ao caráter comparativo do trabalho não têm grande influência no alcance dos objetivos. Em relação aos motores recíprocos, o novo conceito prospecta algumas vantagens: maior compacidade; menor nível de vibrações; maior facilidade de alteração da razão de compressão; possibilidade de produção e montagem em módulos; e devido a todas estas, as maiores possibilidades para o projeto, fabricação, montagem e operação dos motores. Para melhor entendimento de algumas tendências relativas a estas vantagens, a sensibilidade dos parâmetros geométricos é estudada, com variações nos diâmetros do estator e do rotor, na espessura do rotor e das palhetas, na excentricidade entre rotor e estator, e no número de palhetas do conceito. Este estudo demonstra características únicas do motor rotativo de palhetas, dentre elas, a variação da espessura do rotor se destaca por proporcionar a alteração do tamanho do motor sem modificar os demais aspectos. A excentricidade entre o rotor e estator demonstra grande potencial na capacidade de alterar a razão de compressão do equipamento, inclusive podendo ser modificada após a construção do motor ou até mesmo durante sua operação. Também se destaca o número de palhetas, o qual tem influência direta sobre a curva de torque do ciclo e a efetividade do posicionamento das janelas de admissão e exaustão. Com isto, é concluída a caracterização da geometria e do funcionamento do motor rotativo de palhetas, obtendo uma boa base para as próximas etapas de seu desenvolvimento. / The concept of a rotary vane engine is presented and the model that operates similar to twostroke reciprocating engines is analyzed. This engine is formed by a cylindrical stator, decentralized rotor, radial vanes and side housing plates, similar to the radial vane compressors. Geometrical parameters are defined so that the motor has similar characteristics to two commercial reciprocating engines also modeled. Their geometries are detailed, as well as the thermodynamic model and its assumptions, which due to the comparative nature of the work do not have significant influence in achieving the objectives. With respect to reciprocating engines, the new concept is prospecting some advantages: higher compactness; lowest level of vibration; ease of adjustment of compression ratio; possibility of manufacture and assembly in modules; and due to all these, the numerous possibilities to the design, manufacture, assembly and operation of the engines. For a better understanding of some these advantages trends, the sensitivity of geometric parameters are studied, with variations in the diameters of the stator and rotor, in the thickness of the rotor and the vanes, in the eccentricity between rotor and stator, and in the number of vanes of the concept. This study demonstrates unique rotary vane engine characteristics, among them, the range of rotor thickness stands out for providing a change in engine size without changing other aspects. The eccentricity between the rotor and stator shows great potential for the ability to change the compression ratio of the equipment and can be modified even after the construction or even during operation of the engine. It also highlights the number of vanes, which has a direct influence on the torque curve of the cycle and the effectiveness of the positioning of inlet and exhaust ports. Therewith, the characterization of rotary vane engine geometry and operational design is complete, obtaining a good basis for its next development stages.