This thesis examines the origins and development of signals intelligence in the Royal Australian Navy, during the period 1914 to 1945, within the context of an Australian contribution to Imperial defence. In doing so it demonstrates how the development of this capability was shaped by national, Imperial and international forces and events. The thesis thus fills a gap in the historiography of imperial defence and of early twentieth century signals intelligence. It also constitutes a case study of the development of a niche military capability by a small to medium power in the context of great power alliances and major historical events. The thesis is based principally upon the investigation of documents in the Australian, US and UK national archives, some of which have been newly declassified for this purpose. During the First World War the RAN undertook a minor cryptographic effort focused on intercepting and breaking coded messages from the German Pacific Squadron. After the War, and at the request of the RN, the RAN began to develop a signals intelligence capability aimed at the Imperial Japanese Navy. This capability was seen as part of the RAN contribution to Imperial defence. The commitment, made without Australian political approval, would see the RAN conduct two covert intelligence collection operations against the Japanese Mandated Territories. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and subsequent defeat of the Western Powers in Asia, the RAN signals intelligence organisation became, as a consequence of agreements between Britain and the USN, part of the USN organisation in the Pacific. At no stage however, was the RAN involved in the discussions which accompanied these arrangements nor did it have any subsequent say in the strategic direction of this capability. As a consequence, when the Pacific War was drawing to a close the future of the RAN's cryptographic organisation came in to question. By the time the Japanese surrendered this issue had still not been resolved. Beyond the history of the origins and development of signals intelligence in the RAN, and of its involvement in the signals intelligence war against Japan, the thesis highlights the importance of committed individuals in small military organisations and how they can greatly influence the success or otherwise of these organisations. The ability of personnel from different nations to work together in signals intelligence is reflective of the functioning of the alliance as a whole. The development of such a niche capability by a small to medium power can have an effect on that nation's standing, in the context of alliance relationships, as it did in this case. As the RAN found however, such capabilities do not provide for automatic access to strategic decision making within an alliance.

Orientador: Nora Rut Krawczyk / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-10T17:20:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kanai_Keiko_M.pdf: 821349 bytes, checksum: 4d10b00cba63f09721914dcdcdc5bfe4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Resumo: Esse trabalho tem por objetivo a análise de uma modalidade de cooperação técnica ¿ o ¿Curso de Treinamento de Terceiros Países (TCTP)¿. O TCTP é um curso oferecido em países em desenvolvimento e direcionado aos participantes de outros países, também em desenvolvimento. Isso é considerado uma iniciativa conjunta de cooperação técnica entre dois países: o Japão, que custeia as despesas dos participantes do curso; e um país em desenvolvimento, que ministra o curso e assume a responsabilidade pelos gastos institucionais. Neste trabalho são abordados três projetos de TCTP realizados por institutos brasileiros no Estado de São Paulo: a Universidade Estadual de Campinas (Unicamp), o Instituto Butantan e o Serviço Nacional de Aprendizagem Industrial (Senai). Uma das maiores preocupações na realização deste trabalho é ilustrar e analisar a eficiência desta TCTP como um método de transferência de tecnologia / Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to analyze one program of international technical cooperation ¿ which is called ¿Third Countries Training Program (TCTP)¿. The TCTP is a course offered in developing country with participations of other developing countries. It is considered as joint initiative of technical cooperation between two countries; Japan, which finance assistance for participants expense of courses. The other country, which organizes courses and takes responsibility for institutional expenses. In this paper, we discuss about three TCTP projects which organized by Brazilian institutions in Sao Paulo state: The State University of Campinas, The Butantan Institution and The National Service of Industrial Training. The principal focus in this paper is to analyze efficiency in TCTP projects as a method of technology transfer / Mestrado / Educação, Sociedade, Politica e Cultura / Mestre em Educação

Success in International Collaboration in Science and Technology (ICST) depends on various factors, different players have different perspectives. Governments participate in collaboration in order to meet their country's policy goals. Scientists and researchers establish their contacts through their personal channels or scientific networks in order to pursue their own academic interest. There are two significant approaches in ICST Policy making which are "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. Both approaches are important. One approach can not fit all. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages. A balance between these two approaches is necessary. The objective of this research is to develop a strategic policy model for international collaboration in science and technology to bridge the gap between "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches. A strategic policy model was developed in which the characteristics of ICST proposals and expert judgments are quantified to determine the relative importance the country's international S&T vision and objectives and specific sectors, and to evaluate the proposals accordingly. Four international evaluation criteria are proposed in this research: strategic importance (SI), potential impact (PI), human resource development (HRD), and matching fund from international partners (MF). Each proposal is evaluated with respect to each criterion and related sub-criteria. The value of each ICST proposal is then calculated by incorporating all of the elements at each level of the model. The output of this model is the ranking of the ICST proposals coming from the "bottom-up" approach that satisfy the national priorities and organizational requirements represented by the "top-down" approach. The model facilitates the national policymakers to make better decisions about participating in ICST research, and the researchers to have a better understanding of the entire international scientific collaboration system by identifying research opportunities to fit in.

Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In a world of increasing fiscal constraints, internationalisation strategies at higher education institutions should be evidence-based, impactful and measurable. Since the year 2011, the International Study Module has been a compulsory module in the MBA programme at the USB. However, the value added by this international component of the curriculum, has never before been measured. The objective of this study was to explore whether this module enhanced the experience of MBA students at the USB and contributed to the relevant needs of practicing managers, locally as well as globally. This report explored the learning outcomes of MBA student participants on USB International Study Modules to Brazil, Russia, India and China (the BRIC countries) in the years 2012 and 2013. Two forms of data were collected and analysed, namely: optional module abroad student evaluation forms and compulsory student reflective essays. The literature review provided a comprehensive benchmark concerning the best practices of business schools employing global modules in their MBA curricula. In addition, the data analysis process enabled the researcher to explore three key focus areas from the perspectives of the MBA students themselves, namely: i) The knowledge and insights gained about doing business in BRIC countries; ii) How students’ mental models, perspectives and worldviews have broadened and/or changed as a result of their experience abroad on the International Study Module; and iii) MBA students’ perceptions of the personal and educational value added by the compulsory International Study Module. The study confirmed the unique value proposition offered by the MBA International Study Module. Exploring the students’ reflections, it was clear that students had the expectation to have their global mind-sets developed, and they were open to new perspectives and worldviews. A key learning outcome was an appreciation for how different the worldviews of people in the target countries were from students’ own, which confirmed the increased levels of “world-mindedness” the International Study Module brings. The study showed how the international module enabled the USB to develop students’ mental models through a dynamic experiential learning process which disturbed current thinking and exposed students to diverse contexts. The findings provided evidence that the module abroad lead to better cultural understanding and students learnt how to leverage diversity to find better solutions to problems and challenges. A key outcome discovered, was the realisation by some students about the advantage South Africans have over many other countries given our familiarity in dealing with diversity issues. This provides a valuable platform for practicing better cultural sensitivity at home. The research also found that the module abroad enhanced students’ ability to think globally and act locally. Furthermore, the experience abroad challenged the mind-sets of participants to see opportunities. It showed how the theory-practice gap was bridged, and how students’ reflective competencies were further enhanced. Also, it was clear how hands-on assignments in the form of fieldwork among locals greatly enhanced the experiential learning of students on a module abroad. The study concluded with a perspective on the value proposition offered by the USB’s MBA International Study Module. The proposed recommendations relate to improving the value of the International Study Module through integration within a core MBA course. Improved assessment of student learning was recommended in order to ensure the continuous improvement of the module design. Finally, the importance of measuring primary objectives related to this module was highlighted, in order for the USB to partially fulfil its internationalisation strategy by offering a learning experience abroad as part of its MBA curriculum.

Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The role of health foreign assistance in explaining health outcomes remains an unending debate. The study assessed the relationship between foreign health aid and three selected health indicators of interest: infant mortality rate, under-five mortality rate and life expectancy, with control variables such as government expenditure on health and general medical clinics and public health services in Namibia. The data used was from 1990 to 2013 although there was some missing data. It was found that all health indicators improve with an increase in foreign health aid except that it is more impactful (statistically significant) in the case of infant mortality rate. The regression analysis shows that a one percent increase in heath aid will result in a 0.03 decrease in infant mortality rate but this is statistically insignificant. A one percent increase in health aid will result in a 0.01 decline in under-five mortality. A one percent increase in health aid will result in 0.53 increase in life expectancy. The Granger causality test revealed a uni-causal relationship among most variables. An increase in government expenditure to health is accompanied by a decline in all indicators. Overall, based on correlation coefficients, aid is linearly related to health outcomes in Namibia. The study gives a tentative conclusion that foreign health aid slightly improves health outcomes in Namibia.

Global environment is presenting new opportunities and challenges for international cooperation. The depletion of the ozone layer is one of the successful cases where the world community has demonstrated a rare consensus to address a global problem. This study: (1) examines the role of international law and institutions in shaping a regime for ozone layer depletion as formalized in the 1987 Montreal Protocol; (2) evaluates contributions of the ozone regime to the development of international environmental law, and (3) analyzes its implications for future international cooperation. Using regime theories as a methodological framework, the study integrates science, policy, law and institutions to show how they interact to create understandings, practices, and procedures in international relations. Traditionally, regime theorists have focused on power and interest to explain international cooperation. The existing theories were found to be inadequate for the analysis of ozone regime. I have offered an alternate explanation by incorporating the element of "law" into regime studies and linking regimes with "institutions"--the raison d'etre of the regimes. This modified explanation helps to provide a better understanding of the formation of the ozone regime. The study suggests that the ozone regime has produced a new generation of environmental norms. These norms, both procedural and substantive, put "flesh on the bone" of environmental law and keep ozone regime as a political process in motion, thus, adapting to the changing technological and scientific environment. Moreover, the ozone regime marks a turning point in the shift of emphasis from single-issue pollution laws to an encompassing law of the atmosphere. A new form of international cooperation also emerged from ozone negotiations. This cooperation was promoted by joint efforts of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the world scientific community. UNEP used scientific findings to persuade the parties to the ozone negotiations to re-evaluate their political stance in light of evolving scientific knowledge. At a time when traditional bases of power seem to be eroding, international institutions are viable structures to initiate efforts to address human concerns and facilitate decisions by the international community. Similarly, the world scientific community may prove influential in future global policymaking, in particular on the issues with high degrees of scientific uncertainty.

This study was an investigation of the relationship between political conditionality and self-determination using Zimbabwe as a case study. The Zimbabwean land issue illustrates the challenges posed by external influences on supposedly autonomous domestic policy decision-making processes.

The purpose of the thesis is to analyze the importance of sharing information when dealing with activities related to international terrorism in Latin America, especially in the aftermath of the terrorist events against the United States on September 11, 2001. The importance of information on international terrorism is critical in the war against terrorism, particularly in the region due to the potential for those activities associated with the already existent organized crime. The importance of information includes organizations. Therefore, the proposed organizational process makes it possible to facilitate the sharing of information considering the complexity involved. At the same time, the necessity of information about the threat of terrorism can be demonstrated through the use of game theory. This model can drive the states to use all means necessary to obtain relevant information. The requirement for information sharing must be solved based on the relevance of the threats and the need for increased security for the states in the region.

While domestic environmental agencies are still responsible for follow up the progress of environmental policy, the context of complex and large-scale environmental problems strongly influence the possibility to fulfill policy objectives. This thesis explores a case of bilateral environmental cooperation carried out by Swedish environmental authorities, to analyze how it contributes to governance and governability of environmental issue areas. Qualitative interviews with concerned actors revealed that bilateral cooperation was perceived to fill specific functions for the governability of environmental issues, complementary to other international cooperation. Key perceived qualities of bilateral cooperation were that it enabled trustful relations on working level and served as a door opener for dialogue. Joint policy development by environmental agency peers and demonstrating successful examples were seen as useful for promoting policy change. Applying a perspective of interactive governance, the thesis highlights that goals and activity selection of the studied bilateral cooperation were formed through interactions between the involved agencies and with partner countries. Bureaucratic structure and discourses on international cooperation constitute important limitations to the development and use of bilateral environmental cooperation. The study recommends governability assessment as a tool for improving design and follow-up of international environmental cooperation. Governability assessment analyzes the role that the interaction, and the interacting organization play in a governing system of an environmental issue area. The thesis adds to previous research on global environmental governance with empirical examples of the role bilateral interactions plays in the governing systems, as well as the specific qualities perceived by actors as crucial to the role. It also provides recommendations on how to further analyze initiatives by actors aiming to exercise environmental leadership in a diverse or fragmented institutional context of global environmental governance.

This research seeks to explore the behavior of international and regional organizations within conflict management. Previous research on conflict management primarily examines UN peacekeeping as the primary actor and lumps all non-UN actors into a single category. I disaggregate this category, examining how international and regional organizations interact when deciding to establish a peace mission, coordinate a peace mission with multiple organizations, and finally, how this interaction affects the success of peace missions. I propose a collective action theoretical framework in which organizations would rather another actor undertake the burden and costs of implementing a peace mission. I find the United Nations is motivated to overcome the collective action problem through an increase in the severity of the conflict. Regional organizations are motivated to establish a peace mission as the economic and political salience of the conflict increases, increasing the possibility of the regional organization acquiring club goods for its member states. The presence of a regional hegemon within a regional organization also significantly increases the likelihood of an organization both establishing a peace mission and taking on the primary role when coordinating a joint mission. I argue this is because a regional hegemon allows the organization to more easily overcome the collective action problem between its own member states due to the presence of a privileged actor.