M.Com. (Economics) / The objective of the thesis was to examine the creation of a generally acceptable international unit of account as a precondition for the establishment of a more orderly international monetary system. The payments problem over the national boundary has for centuries baffled the brains and wits of the world's foremost economists, bankers and politicians. The high level of abstraction of the international monetary phenomenon, and the dynamics and geo-politics involved, tend to conceal the essence of the variables at work. The evolution of the international monetary system would thus seem to have trailed the evolution of the national monetary systems by almost two centuries. As recently as the twenties of this century the essence of the international monetary system was still sought in gold, a commodity that could never accommodate the growing payments needs of the world economy, especially at times when events such as wars and technological innovation acted as powerful catalysts expediting the course of events between nations. The use of the key currencies, especially the British pound sterling and the US-dollar, as instruments for international payment could not work for any length of time ...

D.Phil. (Economics) / This thesis presents a discussion of the economic integration between South Africa and the economies of Brazil, Russia, India and China, the so called BRICs. The thesis analyses four channels of interdependence: trade, investment, business cycle and the increasing importance of shocks originating from China. It makes significant and original contributions to the empirical literature by employing several econometric techniques. In the first two cases, a global vector autoregressive (global VAR) model is used to analyse the trade and foreign direct investment (FDI) linkages between South Africa and the BRIC countries over the period 1995-2009. The results show trade linkages between these economies whose magnitude differs between countries. Shocks from each BRIC country are shown to have considerable impact on South African real imports and output. However, there is no evidence of FDI linkages between these economies. This shows that the notable performance of the BRIC economies are not transmitted to the South African economy by FDI flows, but rather through the exchange rates for some countries and trade for the others. In the third application, the nature of co-movement between South Africa and the BRIC countries is examined by applying the dynamic factor model to a set of 307 macroeconomic series over the 1995-2009 period. Particularly, the extent of co-movement between the cyclical component of real output across South Africa and the BRICs is assessed. The results show significant degree of co-movement between South Africa and the BRICs over the business cycle and the long-run, although the magnitude of the co-movement differs with each country. In terms of the lead and lag relationships across South Africa and the BRIC countries, the study ends that only India leads South Africa over the cyclical period. The findings suggest that the first two factors are BRICS (Brazil, Russia, India, China and South Africa) factorswhile the third factor can be considered a United States factor. The last application investigates, using a factor model estimated with quarterly data from 1995 to 2009, how China’s shocks are transmitted to BRIS (Brazil, Russia, India and South Africa). The results show that China’s supply shocks are more important than its demand shocks. Supply shocks produce positive and significant output responses in all BRIS countries. However, their extent is significant only for short horizon in India. Positive demand shocks from China have positive and significant extent on Brazil’s and South Africa’s output only. The intensity of economic relationship and channels of transmission of shocks are different between China and BRIS. The results based on the variance share of the common component suggest that South Africa and Russia are linked intensively to China, while Brazil and India have only moderate linkages with China. International trade is an important channel for the transmission of shocks across China and BRIS countries indicating that supply and demand shocks in China do not have similar extent on the BRIS countries and therefore they require different policy responses.

A research report submitted to the Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Commerce (specialising in Taxation) 13 April 2017 / ‘The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Action Plan on Base Erosion and Profit Shifting (BEPS), is designed to prevent multinational businesses achieving nontaxation on profits or artificially shifting profits across borders to exploit lower corporate income tax rates’ (KPMG, 2014, p 5). ‘The OECD’s BEPS Action Plan, launched in July of 2013 and endorsed by the G20, included 15 key areas for identifying and curbing aggressive tax planning and practices and modernizing the international tax system’ (KPMG, 2013). It can be argued that the aim of the ‘OECD Action Plan on BEPS’ is to make provision for G20 countries, OECD countries and all other interested stakeholders to come together on an equal footing to inter alia develop new international tax rules. One of the key focus areas of the ‘OECD Action Plan on BEPS’, is ‘Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status - Action 7'. ‘The aim of Action 7 is to develop changes to the definition of a permanent establishment (PE) to prevent abuses of that threshold, including through the use of commissionaire arrangements and the specific activity exemptions to avoid PE status where core activities are involved’ (KPMG, 2015, p 14). The technical arguments to be argued for the purposes of this research report will inter alia involve commenting on commissionaire arrangements and how such arrangements have been problematic for international tax rules in their current form. In addressing the problems inherent in the definition of a PE, ‘Preventing the Artificial Avoidance of Permanent Establishment Status - Action 7' specifically proposes changes to Articles 5(5) and 5(6) of the ‘OECD Model Tax Convention’ which seek to revamp the dependent agent rule. The specific activity exceptions in Article 5(4) have also been further clarified in the OECD commentary on the ‘OECD Model Tax Convention’ through the inclusion of an explanation of the activities that will be considered as being preparatory or auxiliary in nature, as well as supporting examples which help illustrate the meaning of the said terms. ii In addition, the PE rule for construction projects set out in Article 5(3) will now include a principal purposes test, as well the addition of an example illustrating the application of the principal purposes test in the OECD commentary on the ‘OECD Model Tax Convention’ dealing with Article 5(3). ‘On 5 October 2015, the OECD issued a final package of reports in connection with its Action Plan to address BEPS, as well as a plan for follow-up work and a timetable for implementation. Many countries have already adopted or are poised to adopt changes to their international tax systems based on the OECD recommendations. While implementation and timing will vary across borders, this final OECD release marks a crucial shift from the recommendation and consultation phase of BEPS to legislation and implementation’ (KPMG, 2015, p 2). Key Words: ‘Action 7’, Article 5, ‘BEPS Action Plan’, Commissionaire Arrangements, Dependent Agent, Multinational Enterprises, ‘OECD Model Tax Convention’, PE. / GR2018

Student Number : 0414488P - MA research report - School of Social Sciences - Faculty of Humanities / This study aims at highlighting the politics of international cooperation with respect to monetary integration in West Africa. Monetary integration was envisaged in the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) when the organization was formed in 1975. Two decades after its formation, it was realized by member states that limited success had been achieved as far as the objectives of the organization were concerned. As a result, the ECOWAS Treaty was revised and significant decisions were made in 1993, and the call for a monetary union was reiterated. Factors which could have worked against the formation of a monetary union prior to 1993 changed in favour of monetary cooperation. The adoption of the Euro in the European Union and more especially by France, weakened the symbolic link of the CFA Franc zone to France, and to an extent reduced the French stigma, which had hitherto discouraged Anglophone countries from participating in an expanded monetary union with their Francophone counterparts. The democratic transition of Nigeria and the accession to power of a new leader who has shown commitment to regional integration, improved cooperation arrangements among ECOWAS states in working towards the formalization of a monetary union. The transformation from the Organization of African Unity (OAU) to the African Union (AU) and its strategy of creating a common African currency as well as the emergence of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD) provided extra motivations for African states to show more commitment towards integration. Based on the above factors, several positive steps have been taken towards the formalization of a monetary union in the community. The West African Monetary Zone (WAMZ) was realized in 2000 and more importantly, the West African Monetary Institute (WAMI) was created and started operating in the same year. The Institute was created to prepare the groundwork for the creation of the West African Central Bank. The above mentioned factors increased the prospects of forming a monetary union in the community but several challenges still remain. First there is the problem of the asymmetric nature of the economies in the region. Secondly, political instability is a major factor that militates against the formation of such a union. Domestic political instability in Nigeria, which is heightened by ethnic and religious differences as well as the asymmetric nature of her economy in relation to those of other states in the region, makes it difficult for a monetary union to revolve around her. This research project is centered on Treaties, statistical analysis, theories and concepts and literature from economic and financial institutions. We conclude by stating that the analysis here reflects the situation on the ground and provide lessons to member states of the community, prospects for monetary integration would be further improved if member states work coherently to overcome such challenges.

O estudo das relações entre cooperação internacional universitária e a produção e compartilhamento de conhecimento entre universidades da América Latina nos possibilita compreender o contexto das discussões e teorias sobre ensino superior contemporâneo. Com isso, o objetivo desta tese é analisar os fatores que contribuem para a relevância do programa de Cátedras Unesco em universidades da América Latina, proposto pela Unesco como um agente de fomento à cooperação internacional universitária com vistas a promover o progresso e o intercâmbio do conhecimento em países em desenvolvimento. Esta pesquisa tem como base o referencial teórico dos Estudos sobre Ensino Superior e Cooperação Internacional na América Latina existente na literatura, para compreender a natureza, o objeto, a estrutura e a dinâmica que se aplica ao programa Unitwin de Cátedras Unesco. Quanto ao tratamento metodológico, combinaram-se a análise documental e a pesquisa qualitativa, com entrevistas a dirigentes de Cátedras. Em primeiro lugar buscamos o referencial teórico da origem da Unesco, e as teorias e os modelos de cooperação internacional em organismos acadêmicos na América Latina. Na pesquisa qualitativa, foram analisados os indicadores de geração e compartilhamento de conhecimento entre as universidades em onde existem Cátedras na América Latina. Aplicou-se um questionário e foram feitas entrevistas com gestores das Cátedras nas universidades e na Unesco. Algumas instituições que possuem Cátedras e a Unesco foram visitadas. Os relatos foram analisados a partir do referencial teórico e os resultados deste estudo foram de grande valia para compreensão da influência dos grupos de pesquisa na produção do conhecimento este o elemento central de cooperação, e a influência de um organismo externo exercida sobre uma instituição altamente auto-referenciada como é o caso da universidade. Também pudemos constatar que a Instituição de Ensino Superior é um espaço primordial na formação de redes de produção e difusão de conhecimento na América Latina, e, portanto, um agente no processo de inovação tecnológica e social no mundo contemporâneo. / The study of relationships between international university cooperation and the production and sharing of knowledge among Latin American universities allows us to understand the context of discussions and theories on the contemporary higher education system. Thus, the objective of this dissertation consists of analyzing the factors that contribute towards the importance of the UNESCO Chairs Program in Latin American universities, proposed by UNESCO as an agent for fostering international university cooperation aiming at promoting cultural development and exchange in emerging countries. This research is based on a theoretical referential of Studies on Higher Education and International Cooperation in Latin America found in literature, aimed at understanding the nature, object, structure and dynamics applied to the UNITWIN Program of UNESCO Chairs. As regards the methodological treatment, we combined our documentary analysis and qualitative research with our interviews conducted with chair holders. First we searched for the theoretical referential of UNESCOs origin and the theories and models of international cooperation in Latin American universities. As regards the qualitative research, we analyzed the indicators that create and share knowledge among the universities where there are Chairs in Latin America. We administered a questionnaire and interviewed chair holders both at universities and UNESCO. We visited UNESCO as well as some universities with Chairs. We analyzed the reports based on the theoretical referential, and the results of the study greatly contributed to understanding the influence of research groups in producing knowledge, which is the key element of cooperation and represents the influence wielded by an outside organization on a highly self-referenced institution like the university. We also observed another result, namely that higher education institutions have a crucial role in forming networks designed to produce and disseminate knowledge in Latin America, thus, taking on the role of agents in the process of social and technological innovation in our contemporary world.

O objetivo geral deste trabalho é investigar as possibilidades de integração entre o norte do Brasil e a Venezuela com base nos planos de desenvolvimento regional dos dois países, em suas políticas externas e nas iniciativas de integração da América do Sul. A hipótese central é a de que a formulação e a execução de um plano nesses moldes só são possíveis em um contexto em que as fronteiras sejam entendidas mais como oportunidade de integração e desenvolvimento conjunto do que como espaço de disputas e ameaças, em que o planejamento, as políticas públicas e a cooperação técnica extrapolem o âmbito nacional e tenham como objetivo maior a diminuição de assimetrias. Para tanto, apresenta-se o debate sobre a relação entre desenvolvimento e planejamento na construção teórica latino-americana e sua relação com o processo integracionista regional; em seguida, os planos de desenvolvimento dos dois países, enfatizando que historicamente foram pensados de forma exclusivamente nacional (interna), desconsiderando as potencialidades da integração com os vizinhos e de um projeto regional de desenvolvimento; pretende-se também discutir as mudanças no contexto regional que possibilitaram a articulação conjunta de políticas para o desenvolvimento regional, principalmente no período mais recente e avaliar as ações das instituições contemporâneas de desenvolvimento regional, notadamente a Sudam, Suframa, o Projeto Calha Norte e o Banco da Amazônia, no Brasil, e a CVG, o Mibam, o Projeto Socialista Orinoco (PSO) e o Plan Guayna Socialista, na Venezuela; por fim, discutem-se as especificidades das relações entre Brasil e Venezuela e a importância da nova cooperação entre os dois países para a diminuição das assimetrias, além do protagonismo de Brasil e Venezuela no processo de integração atual. / This thesis aims to investigate the possibilities of integration between the north of Brazil and Venezuela based on their regional development plans, their external politics and on the initiatives for integration of South America. The main hypothesis is that the formulation and execution of this kind of plan is only possible in a context where the borders are seen as opportunity for integration and joint development instead of seen as space of dispute and threat; in a context in which the planning, the public policies and the technical cooperation extrapolate the nations with the objective of decrease the asymmetries. Thus, the thesis starts with the discussion about the Latin-American theoretical debate of the relation between development and planning. After that, it discuss the Plans for development of both countries, emphasizing that historically these plans where planned to be exclusively internal (national), disregarding the prospective of integration with neighbors as well as the prospective of a regional development project. Then, the text discusses the regional context changes that made possible the joint articulation of policies for regional development, especially done today, and evaluate the contemporary institutional actions for regional development, markedly Sudam, Suframa, Projeto Calha Norte and Banco da Amazônia, in Brazil, and CVG, Mibam, Proyecto Socialista Orinoco (PSO) and Plan Guayna Socialista, in Venezuela. Finally, this thesis discuss the special relationship between Brazil and Venezuela and the importance of the new cooperation between them to decrease the asymmetries, besides their role on todays integration process.

Parte-se do princípio de que o Governo Brasileiro - diante das pesadas críticas à centralização do planejamento nas mãos de Técnicos Especialistas nas décadas de 1960/70 e, principalmente em função dos princípios da Administração Gerencial - tem procurado apoio do Banco Mundial para desenvolver programas que visam à instalação do Planejamento Estratégico nos órgãos dos mais diferentes níveis de Gestão Educacional. Frente ao fortalecimento da idéia e da prática do Planejamento na década de 1990, e sua ampliação para dentro das escolas, elegeu-se como objeto de estudo dois projetos desenvolvidos pelo Governo Brasileiro em convênio com o Banco Mundial: o Projeto de Ensino Básico para as Regiões Norte e Centro-Oeste - Monhangara (1984 - 1992) e o Programa Fundo de Desenvolvimento da Escola - Fundescola (1998 - 2010). Teve-se como objetivo identificar a trajetória percorrida pelo Banco Mundial na implantação da lógica de Planejamento nas Escolas Públicas Brasileiras, buscando verificar como se configura o Planejamento em ambos os Programas, analisar a concepção de Planejamento presente nos mesmos e como esta foi operacionalizada pelos atores locais e ainda, identificar as principais mudanças acarretadas nas Secretarias de Educação e na Escola pesquisada. O campo empírico de pesquisa foi o Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul e, neste, uma Escola da Rede Municipal de Ensino de Dourados. A análise foi baseada na metodologia de avaliação de impacto, a qual procura identificar os efeitos de determinado programa sobre a população alvo. Para tanto, utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica, documental e empírica. A pesquisa apontou que no decorrer desses vinte e dois anos de Cooperação Internacional houve mudanças no que se refere ao lócus do Planejamento, que passa das Secretarias Estaduais de Educação para as Secretarias Municipais, estendendo-se até a escola, permanecendo, todavia, o foco gerencialista, técnico e altamente objetivo, que não permite a apreensão da diversidade presente no cenário da escola e dos Sistemas Educacionais. A concepção de Planejamento explicitada por esses programas é a de Planejamento Estratégico, que consiste na transferência da lógica privada para os serviços públicos, visando instaurar uma nova lógica de gestão, baseada na participação dos atores escolares como executores de uma política de resultados, cujas decisões referem-se a aspectos periféricos de âmbito local. Percebe-se que, apesar do rigor dos instrumentos de planejamento propostos pelos Programas, os atores locais possuem uma leitura própria que permite a inserção de objetivos e necessidades locais nos projetos elaborados, o que depende, contudo, da clareza que o grupo possua a respeito da proposta pedagógica de sua escola. Verifica-se que a centralização do Planejamento na Secretaria de Educação não permitiu sua institucionalização como política de Estado, contudo, sua transferência para a esteira da escola tem proporcionado algumas mudanças no que se refere ao Planejamento e Gestão da Escola e das Secretarias de Educação, no entanto, ainda não se revela como uma prática sistemática desses órgãos, constituindo-se em ações executadas a parte, para atender às necessidades dos Programas. / This study begins with the fact that, confronted by heavy criticism of the centralization of Planning in the hands of Technical Specialists in the 1960\'s and 1970\'s, especially in the area of Management, the Brazilian Government sought the support of the World Bank to develop programs that hoped to install Planning Strategies at different levels of Educational Administration. With the strengthening of this idea and the practice of Strategic Planning in the 1990\'s, and the growth of Planning within Schools, the objects of this study became two projects developed by the Brazilian Government in conjunction with the World Bank: the Project for Elementary Education for the Northern and Central-Western Regions (Monhangara, 1984-1992) and the Fund for the Development of Schools Project (Fundescola, 1998-2010). The objective was to identify the trajectory traced by the World Bank in the implementation of the logic of Planning in Brazilian Public Schools, hoping to verify how Planning was configured in both programs, to analyze the concept of Planning present in the programs and how this was put into practice by the personnel, and further, to identify the principal changes that occurred in the Secretaries of Education and in the researched School. The field chosen for the research was the State of Mato Grosso do Sul, and within this State, a Municipal Public School in Dourados. The analysis was based on the methodology of evaluation of impact, which attempts to identify the effects of a certain program on the target population. Therefore, the tools used were a bibliographic, documentary and empirical investigation. The results of the investigation pointed out that during the twenty-two years of International Cooperation, there were changes in the \"locus\" of Planning, that passed from the State Secretary of Education to the Municipal Secretary of Education, and extended to the School. There remains, however, an administrative, technical and highly objective focus, which does not permit a comprehension of the diversity present in the School scene and the System of Education. The concept of Planning suggested for these Programs is that of Strategic Planning that consists of a transfer of logic from the private sector to the public, hoping to instal a new logic of management based on the participation of the personnel of the Schools as executors of a policy of results, which decisions refer to aspects of little importance to the local setting. It was perceived that, in spite of the strictness of the planning instruments proposed by the program, the local personnel possessed their own reading of the rules, that permitted the insertion of objectives and local necessities into the projects prepared, which depended, nevertheless, on the clarity the group possessed of the pedagogical proposal of the school. It was further verified that the centralization of Planning in the Secretary of Education did not permit its adoption as a state policy, however, its transfer to the level of the School has brought about some changes in Planning and Management of the School and the Secretary of Education. However, this does not reveal itself as a systematic practice of these organs, but rather in actions done on the side to attend to the Program necessities.

O Direito Antitruste experimenta hoje uma verdadeira era dourada na qual a cooperação internacional entre os órgãos de defesa da concorrência e a aplicação de suas leis alcançaram níveis jamais vistos. Como efeito colateral do fenômeno globalização, o qual marcou as últimas décadas pela expansão da economia de mercado, veio a internacionalização dos acordos entre concorrentes com vistas a limitar a concorrência. Os chamados cartéis, antes nacionais, passam a ter a dimensão dessa nova dinâmica da economia, a mundial. E os danos ao mercado, antes limitados a um território, passam a poder atingir dezenas de jurisdições. A partir desse introito, o objetivo dessa dissertação é oferecer ao leitor um quadro compreensivo da evolução da atuação das autoridades antitruste brasileiras na cooperação internacional de combate aos cartéis transnacionais, em termos normativos e na utilização na prática, considerando, sobretudo, o contexto do recente recrudescimento do instrumental persecutório das autoridades brasileiras de defesa da concorrência no combate às práticas anticompetitivas. Por meio de uma análise comparativa entre os acordos internacionais de cooperação mais sofisticados e os instrumentos cooperacionais existentes no Brasil à luz da sua florescente experiência, a dissertação procura identificar os elementos necessários para o aprofundamento da técnica cooperativa brasileira de combate aos cartéis transnacionais. Ou seja, intenta trazer elementos para a reflexão dos mecanismos cooperativos brasileiros para um combate mais efetivo à mais danosa infração à livre concorrência. Para tal análise comparativa, o centenário direito antitruste estadunidense é paradigma de direito estrangeiro, em especial porque alia a longa experiência jurídica nessa matéria a mecanismos bastante inovadores em relação ao sistema jurídico nacional. O presente trabalho tem também por escopo tratar dos principais temas que permeiam a discussão da cooperação internacional entre as agências de defesa da concorrência, passando pelo estudo dos conceitos de cooperação jurídica internacional; princípios do direito internacional público que regem a competência internacional dos Estados, incluindo a delimitação do escopo da cooperação em sede da aplicação extraterritorial do direito antitruste, noções de direito concorrencial, os instrumentos e mecanismos de cooperação internacional existentes, as melhores práticas, entre outros. Os desdobramentos das questões analisadas nesta reflexão se expressam em problemas jurídicos tanto de caráter geral quanto de ordem específica. De forma geral, impõe-se uma avaliação recapitulativa e analítica da natureza jurídica dos acordos de cooperação assinados pelo Brasil, de suas características e de sua utilização. Também se pretende avaliar o tratamento normativo dado aos cartéis e à questão da incidência extraterritorial da legislação antitruste brasileira e da legislação comparada, bem como do entendimento da jurisprudência (especialmente do CADE) sobre os principais temas que permeiam a pesquisa. No âmbito dos objetivos específicos, é necessário responder às seguintes perguntas: como a cooperação entre as agências de defesa da concorrência pode efetivamente auxiliar na aplicação de suas leis?; quais os limites e obstáculos dessa cooperação?; quais os tipos de cooperação disponíveis e quais deles fariam sentido para o Brasil na persecução de cartéis internacionais?; como o Brasil pode aperfeiçoar seu modelo jurídico-institucional de cooperação? / The Antitrust Law faces today a true golden age in which international cooperation among antitrust authorities and its enforcement have reached levels never seen before. As a side effect of the \"globalization\", the phenomenon that marked the past few decades by the world expansion of the economy, it came along the internationalization of agreements among competitors to restrain competition. Prior to that, the so-called cartels had then a national dimension, but along with the globalization, they now operate at a worldwide scale in this new dynamic of the world economy. And, the damages to the market, which was before limited to a single territory, now, reach dozens of jurisdictions. With that preamble into consideration, the goal of the present dissertation is offering the reader a comprehensive picture of the evolution of the Brazilian antitrust authorities on international cooperation in the fight of transnational cartels, both, in normative terms and in practice. That picture is especially important in light of the context of the recently enhanced Brazilian authorities instrumental competition in combating anti-competitive practices. Through a comparative assessment between the more sophisticated cooperation international agreements and the Brazilian cooperational instruments, the dissertation attempts to identify the essentials for the improvement of the Brazilian cooperative techniques in combating transnational cartels. That is, it brings elements to the reflection of the Brazilian cooperative mechanisms for a more effective combat of such damaging infringement to free competition. For the elaboration of said comparative assessment, the centennial USA antitrust law is the foreign law paradigm chosen, in particular because it combines the long legal experience in the matter and fairly innovative mechanisms in relation to the Brazilian legal system. The present work also deals with the most relevant themes that permeate the discussion of international cooperation among antitrust agencies, such as, the study of concepts of international legal cooperation; the public international law principles which govern the international jurisdiction of the States, including the extraterritorial application of antitrust law, relevant notions of competition law, international instruments and existing mechanisms for cooperation, best practices, among others. The unfolding of these relevant matters which are examined in the herewith reflection are expressed in legal problems of both general and specific orders. Generally, the work presents a summary and an analytical assessment of the legal nature of the cooperation agreements signed by Brazil, its characteristics, and its use. The work also aims at evaluating the regulatory treatment given to cartels and at addressing the question of the extraterritorial application of the Brazilian antitrust legislation and of comparative law, as well as at understanding the national case law (especially of CADE) on the main matters. With the specific objectives in mind, the present work deems necessary to respond to the following questions: How cooperation among the antitrust agencies can effectively enforce competition laws? What are the limits and obstacles of this cooperation? What types of cooperation are available and which ones make sense for Brazil in the prosecution of international cartels? How can Brazil enhance its legal and institutional model of cooperation?

La sécurité des technologies de l'information, de la communication (TIC) et la question de la cybercriminalité ont été préoccupantes pendant un certain temps. Ce n'est que dans le passé récent, que les gouvernements ont commencé à comprendre l'importance de la sécurité des TIC. La criminalité informatique, comme toute forme de criminalité, est difficile à chiffrer, la cybercriminalité pourrait constituer la forme de comportement criminel la moins déclarée puisque la victime ignore souvent qu’une infraction a même eu lieu. De plus l'insuffisance des solutions de cybersécurité ainsi que l'absence d'une compréhension commune font des difficultés juridiques à l'échelle nationale et internationale. Il est incertain que les normes du droit-commun, notamment celles du droit pénal, soient suffisantes, d’une part pour couvrir les besoins d’une politique pénale efficace et, d’autre part, la nécessité d’affronter la diversité des crimes et l’évolution continuelle de leurs moyens. L'Irak, comme certains pays, a subi des infractions des systèmes d'information. Mais comment l’Irak peut-il faire face aux questions de la cybercriminalité ? Les lois traditionnelles sont-elles suffisantes pour encadrer la cybersécurité? L’Irak a-t-il besoin de règles juridiques nouvelles ? À cet égard, l’apport du droit international s’avère important pour la lutte contre la cybercriminalité. Les conventions internationales en matière de cyber sécurité ainsi que la législation des pays pionniers dans ce domaine peuvent inspirer le législateur irakien. L’intérêt de ce sujet de recherche vise, à la lumière du droit international, à proposer une protection juridique efficace et de développer le cadre juridique irakien de la cybersécurité. / The security of information and communication technologies (ICT) and the issue of cybercrime has been a concern for some time. It is only in the recent past that governments have begun to understand the importance of ICT security. Computer crime, like any form of crime, is hard to quantify, and cybercrime may be the least reported form of criminal behavior since the victim often does not know that an offense has even occurred. In addition, the lack of cybersecurity solutions and the lack of common understanding make legal difficulties both nationally and internationally. It is doubtful that common law standards, including those of the criminal law, are sufficient, on the one hand to cover the needs of an effective criminal policy and, on the other hand, the need to deal with the diversity of crimes and the continual evolution of their means. Iraq, like some countries, has suffered information system breaches. But how can Iraq cope with the issues of cybercrime? Are traditional laws sufficient to frame cybersecurity? Does Iraq need new legal rules? In this respect, the contribution of international law is important for the fight against cybercrime. International cyber security conventions and pioneer legislation in this area can inspire the Iraqi legislator. The purpose of this research topic is, in the light of international law, to provide effective legal protection and to develop Iraq's legal framework for cybersecurity.

Orientadora: Karina Lilia Pasquariello Mariano / Banca: Suzeley Kalil Mathias / Banca: Regiane Nitsch Bressan / O Programa de Pós-Graduação em Relações Internacionais é instituído em parceria com a Unesp/Unicamp/PUC-SP, em projeto subsidiado pela CAPES, intitulado "Programa San Tiago Dantas" / Resumo: As relações entre Brasil e Colômbia focam-se em fortalecer os processos de integração regional, a partir de medidas voltadas para aumentar a cooperação entre os dois países e fortalecer os vínculos entre eles em razão de sua proximidade. Os temas relacionados com a cooperação em seguridade, incremento do comércio e da atração de investimento internacional, assuntos fronteiriços, indústrias aeronáuticas, cooperação policial, em pesquisa e educação, assistência técnica, bioenergia e biocombustíveis são partes fundamentais da agenda bilateral permitindo a consolidação de alianças entre os dois países. Com este estudo busca-se caracterizar os mecanismos e instrumentos de cooperação internacional em Ciência, Tecnologia e Inovação (CT+I) desenvolvidos entre as instituições de pesquisa e desenvolvimento do Brasil e da Colômbia durante os governos do presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006/2007-2010), com o fim de analisar as relações binacionais e estabelecer como a política exterior da Colômbia influenciou na cooperação internacional em CT+I com Brasil. / Abstract: Relationships between Brazil and Colombia have focused on strengthening the processes of regional integration through decisions aimed to increase the cooperation between the two countries and strengthen their links due to its vicinity. Issues related to security cooperation, increase in trade and investment, border issues, aeronautical industries, police cooperation in education and research, technical assistance, bioenergy and biofuels have been fundamental parts of the bilateral agenda allowing the consolidation of alliances between the two countries. The objective of this work is to characterize the mechanisms and instruments of the international cooperation in science, technology and innovation (CT+I) implemented between the Brazilian and Colombian research and development institutions during the government of president Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006/2007-2010) in order to analyze the bilateral relations and establish how Colombian external policies implemented on the study period influenced the international cooperation in CT+I with Brazil. / Resumen: Las relaciones entre Brasil y Colombia se han enfocado en fortalecer los procesos de integración regional, a partir de medidas encaminadas a aumentar la cooperación entre los dos países y fortalecer sus vínculos en razón a su vecindad. Temas relacionados con la cooperación en seguridad, incremento del comercio y la inversión, asuntos fronterizos, industrias aeronáuticas, cooperación policial, en investigación y en educación, asistencia técnica, bioenergía y biocombustibles han hecho parte fundamental de la agenda bilateral permitiendo la consolidación de alianzas entre los dos países. El objetivo de este trabajo es caracterizar los mecanismos e instrumentos de cooperación internacional en ciencia, tecnología e innovación (CT+I), implementados entre las instituciones de investigación y desarrollo de Brasil y Colombia durante los gobiernos del presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva (2003-2006/2007-2010), con el fin analizar las relaciones binacionales y establecer como la política exterior de Colombia implementada en el período de estudio influencio la cooperación internacional en CT+I con Brasil. / Mestre