The aim of this masters thesis is to identify, in which phase of adoption of Internet of Things (IoT) application areas of concept Smart City are nowadays Czech regional cities, what is their outlook to 2025 and also identify in which dimensions of concept Smart city, supported by IoT technologies, perceive Czech regional cities the greatest potential. Based on information obtained from the studied materials, the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is described, along with a detailed description of one of its application area, namely Smart City. This area is further divided into specific dimensions, that cover specific application areas which can, through internet technology, support things in a special way. With these insights, the questionnaire (built on identified IoT application areas of smart city) was developed. Thesis should be beneficial for all towns in the Czech Republic, because it provides a comprehensive view of individual IoT application areas of concept Smart City including information on which of these IoT application areas are currently focusing regional cities, and on which they want to focus to the future. On the other hand, the survey results could also be beneficial for commercial entities, which focus on IoT implementation in cities. These entities will be able to recognise which IoT products are currently best for cities.

El presente trabajo de tesis es una propuesta de solución para una empresa enfocada en el proceso de planificación y distribución de producto terminado, quienes a diferencia de otras empresas donde se externaliza la operación logística de transporte, esta lo realiza con recursos propios. Además, las leyes nacionales actuales se vuelven cada vez más estrictas en cuanto al transporte. Es por esto que surge la necesidad de tener sistemas automatizados de planificación de distribución de despacho para hacer uso óptimo del transporte en función a la carga a entregar. Para esto, los algoritmos, las matemáticas y la implementación de hardware son importantes, pues son la base para plantear una solución que considere todas las variables posibles en el negocio. El documento está divido en ocho capítulos. El primero corresponde a los fundamentos teóricos, así como un análisis de la organización objetivo y la identificación de la situación problemática. El segundo capítulo establece los objetivos del proyecto, así como su fundamentación. También detalla los beneficios del proyecto y compara la solución con diferentes propuestas del mercado. El tercer capítulo modela el negocio bajo el proceso de desarrollo de software RUP. El cuarto capítulo define los requerimientos del sistema, bajo el mismo proceso de desarrollo de software que en el modelado de negocio. El quinto capítulo define la arquitectura del software, identifica las metas, restricciones y mecanismos arquitectónicos que van a restringir la construcción del producto. En el sexto capítulo se describen los patrones de sistema de la solución propuesta, el modelo de datos, y la construcción propiamente del sistema. En el séptimo capítulo se describe el plan de calidad y las pruebas del software. Finalmente, el octavo y último capítulo detalla la aplicación de gestión de proyectos bajo la metodología establecida por el PMI®. / This thesis work is a proposal for a solution for a company focused on the process of planning and distribution of finished product, who unlike other companies where the logistics operation of transportation is outsourced, this is done with own resources. In addition, current national laws are becoming stricter in terms of transport. That is why the need arises to have automated dispatch distribution planning systems to make optimal use of transport according to the load to be delivered. For this, the algorithms, the mathematics and the hardware implementation are important, because they are the basis to propose a solution that considers all the possible variables in the business. The document is divided into eight chapters. The first corresponds to the theoretical foundations, as well as an analysis of the objective organization and the identification of the problematic situation. The second chapter establishes the objectives of the project, as well as its foundation. It also details the benefits of the project and compares the solution with different market proposals. The third chapter models the business under the RUP software development process. The fourth chapter defines the requirements of the system, under the same software development process as in business modeling. The fifth chapter defines the architecture of the software, identifies the goals, restrictions and architectural mechanisms that will restrict the construction of the product. The sixth chapter describes the system patterns of the proposed solution, the data model, and the construction of the system itself. In the seventh chapter, the quality plan and the software tests are described. Finally, the eighth and last chapter details the application of project management under the methodology established by the PMI®. / Tesis

Security is a key challenge for any IIoT network and more so for constrained IWSN deployments. Novel methods are thus required to enhance security, taking into consideration the lossy and low power nature of the IWSN. The use of ICMP packets is proposed as a method to generate fingerprinting information for IWSN devices. The ICMP based method uses the round-trip time information in the ICMP header as a fingerprinting metric. The results showed that the effect of the physical layer can be averaged out of the measurement if enough samples are available. A linear relationship was found between hop count and round-trip time for a static network which can be used in the design phase of the IWSN network or alternatively as a method to fingerprint routing anomalies in real-time. The ICMP method was able to differentiate between devices from different vendors, but unable to fingerprint devices from the same vendor due to physical layer interference. The work shows that fingerprinting in an IWSN using the ICMP method is possible if the timing delta under investigation is an order of magnitude larger than the timing variation introduced by the physical layer while maintaining a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio. / Dissertation (MEng (Computer Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering / MEng (Computer Engineering) / Unrestricted

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Sowohl das Architekturmuster der Microservices als auch das „Internet of Things“ (IoT) folgen den Prinzipien verteilter Systeme. Eine Anwendung von Microservices im IoT ist daher naheliegend, allerdings stellt sich hierbei die Frage,welche Integrationsform dafürambesten geeignet ist. Aus diesem Grund besteht das Ziel dieser Arbeit darin, verschiedene Kommunikationskonzepte von Microservices auf ihre Eignung für den Bereich des IoTs zu überprüfen. In der Arbeit werden dafür verschiedene Kommunikationskonzepte vorgestellt und anhand von diversen Kriterien miteinander auf qualitative Weise verglichen. Die Kriterien setzen sich aus allgemeinen Herausforderungen im Umgang mit verteilten Systemen sowie aus kennzeichnenden Eigenschaften für IoT-Systeme, wie bspw. Skalierbarkeit, Erweiterbarkeit und Ressourcennutzung zusammen. Ergänzend dazu fließen weitere Aspekte der Softwareentwicklung in den Vergleich ein. Anhand der Vergleichsergebnisse wird schließlich eine Bewertung durchgeführt, welche als Grundlage für die Entwicklung von Microservices im Bereich IoT dienen kann. Zum Ende wird das Resultat durch die Konzeption einer eigenen Anwendung erprobt. Der Vergleich und die anschließende Bewertung zeigen, dass sich asynchrone Microservices aufgrund ihrer Eigenschaften am besten für den Einsatz im IoT eignen. Dabei wurde insbesondere auf die die Kommunikationsvariante des Messagings mittels des Protokolls MQTT eingegangen. Aufbauend auf den Ergebnissen dieser Arbeit könnten Forschungen im Bereich moderner IoT-Plattformen angestellt werden. Weiterhin würde sich die Erweiterung bestehender Microservice-Anwendungen durch zusätzliche Services für Datensammlung und intelligente Auswertung dieser als Forschungsthema anbieten.:1 Einleitung und Intention 1.1 MakroSolutions GmbH 1.2 Stand der Wissenschaft und Technik 1.3 Ziel der Arbeit 1.4 Aufbau der Arbeit 2 Definitionen und theoretische Grundlagen 2.1 Verteilte Systeme 2.1.1 Services 2.2 Internet of Things 2.2.1 Industrial Internet of Things 2.3 Microservices 2.3.1 Definition und Eigenschaften 2.3.2 Vorteile im Umgang mit Microservices 2.3.3 Herausforderungen im Umgang mit Microservices 2.3.4 Anwendungsgebiete 2.3.5 Abgrenzung zu monolithischer Architektur 2.3.6 Abgrenzung zu Service-Orientierter Architektur (SOA) 3 Kommunikation der Microservices 3.1 Mikro- und Makroarchitektur 3.2 Integrationsformen 3.3 Gemeinsame Datenbanknutzung und Datenreplikation 3.4 Synchrone Microservices 3.5 Asynchrone Microservices 4 Vergleich und Bewertung 4.1 Wahl der Vergleichskriterien 4.1.1 Fallacies of distributed computing 4.1.2 CAP-Theorem 4.1.3 Internet of Things 4.1.4 Weitere qualitative Kriterien 4.2 Vergleich der Kommunikationskonzepte 4.2.1 Fehlertoleranz und Resilienz 4.2.2 Performance und Ressourcennutzung 4.2.3 Datenkonsistenz und Verfügbarkeit 4.2.4 Skalierbarkeit und Erweiterbarkeit 4.2.5 Kopplung 4.2.6 Komplexität 4.2.7 Tests 4.2.8 Sicherheit 4.3 Bewertung in Bezug auf das Internet der Dinge (IoT) 5 Konzeption der Software 5.1 Ausgangspunkt 5.2 Anforderungen 5.3 Vorüberlegungen 5.4 Konzeption 6 Auswertung und Ausblick 6.1 Zusammenfassung und Interpretation der Ergebnisse 6.2 Beschränkungen und Ausblick für weitere Forschung

The objective of this thesis is the issue of the Internet of Things and its application as a Smart Home. The work describes the design and implementation of a native mobile application for Android to control the elements of a Smart Home. The application communicates with the Smart Home using the MQTT protocol. The resulting application demonstrates the control of devices in a Smart Home according to the MQTT2GO convention.

With the advent of the Internet of Things (IoT), its deployment and applications have grown exponentially in the past decade. This growth has had led scientists and stakeholders to the prediction that about 30 billion of things (IoT) will be connected by 2020 in diverse applications such as transport, healthcare, utility, education, and home automation. Large data streams generated by sensors; it can be data acquisition, storage, or processing, derived the development of cloud-based middleware (or otherwise known as IoT Platform) for IoT. To date, hundreds of IoT platforms fluxing the market (both open-source and commercial) with various complexities, pricing, and services. In this thesis, we proposed an IoT Platform Benchmarking Methodology comprised of four different evaluations namely; Technical, Usability, Sustainability, and Market Competency. We discussed in detail Technical Evaluation based on TPC-IoT benchmarking to evaluate the performance of any IoT platform. The main objective of this research is to provide insight into key parameters in each layer of the platform affecting the overall performance. A preliminary evaluation of data ingestion of open-source IoT platform will be presented based on benchmarking methodology (TPC-IoT).

With technology advancements and the prices of electronic components reducing over the last fifteen years, many devices and systems that would have been proprietary only for large companies or industry giants are becoming an everyday household item. Various areas of technology have been benefiting from this but one of the biggest is the Internet of Things (IoT).With the prevalence of IoT, it has been integrated into houses, small businesses, farms, agriculture, building automation, etc. and the user population is now a resource to the industry as they complete personal projects. Within any project there are always limitations, this might be a limited time, limited funds, limited distance, or limitations of the devices being used. This study proposes to evaluate two low-powered networks, Narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT)and Long-Range Wide-Area Network(LoRaWAN), in different environments with the goal of understanding where the signal propagation is better and what distances can be reached despite obstructions. Distances and signal propagations, when measured by the manufacturers are often evaluated in ideal conditions which is rarely the case when utilized in the field. This creates a gap in the deployment and the end-users are frequently faced with diminished performances. As IoT is predominantly employed in urban and rural areas this study will focus on those two settings by testing the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)at various distances. The evaluation testing of the two systems showed each system performing more consistently in rural areas but neither had 100% coverage at any locations.

The Internet of Things (IoT) has seen exceptional adoption in recent years, resulting in an unprecedented level of connectivity in personal and industrial domains. In parallel, software-defined radio (SDR) technology has become increasingly powerful, making it a compelling tool for wireless security research across multiple communication protocols. Specifically, SDRs are capable of manipulating the physical layer of protocols in software, which would otherwise be implemented statically in hardware. This flexibility enables research that goes beyond the boundaries of protocol specifications. This dissertation pursues four research directions that are either enabled by software-defined radio technology, or advance its utility for security research. First, we investigate the anti-tracking mechanisms defined by the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) wireless protocol. This protocol, present in virtually all wearable smart devices, implements address randomization in order to prevent unwanted tracking of its users. By analyzing raw advertising data from BLE devices using SDRs, we identify a vulnerability that allows an attacker to track a BLE device beyond the address randomization defined by the protocol. Second, we implement a compact, SDR-based testbed for physical layer benchmarking of wireless devices. The testbed is capable of emulating multiple data transmissions and produce intentional signal corruption in very precisely defined ways in order to investigate receiver robustness and undefined device behavior in the presence of malformed packets. We subject a range of Wi-Fi and Zigbee devices to specifically crafted packet collisions and "truncated packets" as a way to fingerprinting wireless device chipsets. Third, we introduce a middleware framework, coined "Snout", to improves accessibility and usability of SDRs. The architecture provides standardized data pipelines as well as an abstraction layer to GNU Radio flowgraphs which power SDR signal processing. This abstraction layer improves usability and maintainability by providing a declarative experiment configuration format instead of requiring constant manipulation of the signal processing code during experimentation. We show that Snout does not result in significant computational overhead, and maintains a predictable and modest memory footprint. Finally, we address the visibility problem arising from the growing number of IoT protocols across large bands of radio spectrum. We model an SDR-based IoT monitor which is capable of scanning multiple channels (including across multiple protocols), and employs channel switching policies to maximize freshness of information obtained by transmitting devices. We present multiple policies and compare their performance against an optimal Markov Decision Process (MDP) model, as well as through event-based simulation using real-world device traffic. The results of this work demonstrate the use of SDR technology in privacy and security research of IoT device communication, and open up opportunities for further low-layer protocol discoveries that require the use of software-defined radio as a research tool.

Sensors are light-weight, low powered devices that measure some aspect of a physical or virtual environment and transmit this information in some format. This thesis describes how to integrate a sensor onto devices to enable network connectivity. The phrase “internet of things” suggests that within a few years many devices will be connected to an internet. Devices, including common household appliances, will transmit and receive data over a network. The CEO of Ericsson has stated that there will be more than 50 billion connected devices by 2020[1]. These devices could be microwaves, fridges, lights, or temperature sensors. Devices that are usually not associated with internet connectivity will be integrated into networks and play a larger role in providing information and controlling other devices. Sensors will have a major role in “the internet of things”. These small computers could be integrated in any appliances and transmit data over the network. The sensors’ low power and low cost, as well as their light weight, makes them very attractive to integrate them into many devices. The goal of this thesis project is to build upon this trend toward “The internet of things” by integrating a sensor into a bathroom scale thus enabling the scale to have networking connectivity. The sensor will be low cost and simple. It should wirelessly or via USB transmit the current weight that it measures to a receiver (specifically a gateway). This gateway will forward the message over the network to a website or mobile phone for visual presentation of the data. This thesis describes different techniques and approaches toward developing this sensor. The thesis also evaluates these different choices in order to select one technique that will be implemented. This solution will be evaluated in terms of its cost and ease of integration into an existing commercially produced scale. / Sensorer är små, energieffektiva apparater som upptäcker variationer i förhållande till någon stimulans och skickar informationen i ett godtyckligt format. Den här uppsatsen beskriver hur man kan integrera en sensor med en apparat för att möjliggöra nätverksuppkoppling. Uttrycket ”The Internet of things”, översatt på svenska som ”Internet av saker”, konstaterar att inom några år så kommer den mesta av vardaglig elektronik vara uppkopplad mot Internet. Hemelektroniken kommer att skicka och ta emot data över ett nätverk. Ericsson tror att det kommer att vara över 50 miljarder uppkopplade apparater år 2020[1]. Sådana apparater kan vara mikrovågsugnar, frysar, lampor eller termometrar. Apparater som vanligtvis inte förväntas vara uppkopplade mot ett nätverk kommer att bli uppkopplade för att tillföra eller kontrollera information och andra apparater. Sensorer har en viktig roll i denna utveckling. De är små datorer som kan kopplas upp mot flertalet elektroniska apparater och förse dem med en nätverksuppkoppling för att skicka betydelsefull data över ett nätverk. Energieffektiviteten och de låga kostnaderna, så väl som deras små storlekar, gör dem dessutom väldigt attraktiva. Målet med den här uppsatsen är att påbygga ”The Internet of things” genom att tillförse en personvåg med en sensor för att möjliggöra nätverksuppkoppling. Sensor ska vara enkel och billig. Den kommer att trådlöst eller via USB skicka vikter till en mottagare som sedan skickar vidare informationen över nätverket till en hemsida eller mobiltelefon för en grafisk presentation av informationen. Den här rapporten beskriver dem olika teknikerna och approachen mot utvecklingen av sensorn.