Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία πραγματεύεται τη μελέτη και την κατασκευή ενός μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα Η5, ο οποίος χρησιμοποιείται ευρέως σε τοπολογίες αντιστροφέων χωρίς μετασχηματιστή για τη διασύνδεση φωτοβολταϊκών πλαισίων με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης. Η εργασία αυτή εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών. Σκοπός της διπλωματικής αυτής εργασίας είναι να καταστεί σαφής η λειτουργία του αντιστροφέα Η5 μέσω της θεωρητικής ανάλυσής του. Ακόμη, σκοπός της εργασίας αυτής είναι να γίνει κατανοητός ο λόγος για τον οποίο ο αντιστροφέας Η5 βρίσκει μεγάλη εφαρμογή και προτιμάται έναντι άλλων τοπολογιών αντιστροφέων στα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα ισχύος της τάξης των 5-20 kW. Αρχικά, παρουσιάζεται η ανάγκη εκμετάλλευσης της ηλιακής ενέργειας και περιγράφονται εν συντομία τα φωτοβολταϊκά στοιχεία που αποτελούν καθοριστικό ρόλο στον τομέα αυτό. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφονται τα φωτοβολταϊκά συστήματα, οι τρόποι διασύνδεσής τους με το δίκτυο χαμηλής τάσης καθώς και οι τοπολογίες αντιστροφέων χωρίς μετασχηματιστή. Ακολούθως, παρατίθεται η θεωρητική ανάλυση και η προσομοίωση του αντιστροφέα Η5 καθώς και η σύγκρισή του με την τοπολογία πλήρους γέφυρας. Τέλος, αναλύεται η διαδικασία υλοποίησης κάθε σταδίου του μονοφασικού αντιστροφέα τύπου Η5 και παρατίθενται παλμογραφήματα και μετρήσεις που προέκυψαν από τα πειράματα που διενεργήθηκαν μετά την ολοκλήρωση της κατασκευής σε εργαστηριακό περιβάλλον. / This thesis deals with the design and construction of a single-phase H5 inverter, which is widely used in transformerless inverter topologies to interconnect PV modules to the low voltage grid. The study was prepared in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Patras. The aim of this thesis is to clarify the operation of the H5 inverter through theoretical analysis. Moreover, the aim of this work is to illustrate the reason why the H5 inverter finds wide application and is preferred over other transformerless inverter topologies in photovoltaic power systems in the range of 5-20 kW. Initially, is presented the need to exploit solar energy and are described shortly PV modules which form a key role in this area. Then, takes place a description of photovoltaic systems, the interconnection ways to the low voltage grid as well different transformerless topologies. Thereafter,is presented the theoretical analysis and simulation of H5 inverter and its comparison with the full-bridge topology. Finally, is analyzed the implementation process of every step of the single-phase H5 inverter,while some graphs and measurements obtained from the experiments carried out after the copletion of H5 inverter's construction in a lab environment are cited.

Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis covers the development of a multilevel cascaded inverter for the purpose of costeffective transformerless series dip compensation. Of all known power quality problems, voltage dips are the greatest reason for concern. Dips/sags occur more frequently than outages and therefore tend to be more costly for industry as modem technical equipment becomes all the more sensitive to the quality and reliability of supply. A number of devices already exist to compensate for this problem, but the cost of most of these systems does not always justify the financial losses they compensate for. All of these systems are using transformers and/or large filter components that contribute to the size, price and losses to quite a large extent. Series injection dip compensators offer the advantage of only having to compensate for the decrease in supply voltage during a dip. This results in a significant reduction in the converter ratings and energy storage requirements compared to conventional uninterruptible power supplies or shunt injection power quality devices. Existing inverter topologies, including multilevel inverters, were therefore studied and compared as possible solutions for cost-effective transformerless series dip compensation. On the basis of these considerations the multilevel cascaded inverter seems to be the most cost-effective option. The relatively low harmonic content of its unfiltered output also eliminates the need for a large output filter. A single-phase dip compensator, with this topology, was designed and built according to specifications stated by Eskom, the main utility in South Africa. Batteries as energy storage and automotive MOSFETs as switching components, proved to be most cost-effective options for the specified power ratings. Control algorithms for dip compensation with the multilevel inverter were also developed. Some of these algorithms are based on existing techniques, but two new algorithms were also developed to implement force commutation of the thyristors and to share the power dissipation in the dip compensator. Simulations indicated that these algorithms could be suitable and sufficient for their application. This dip compensator with its control algorithms was tested with a dip generator, developed at the University of Stellenbosch, for different types of loads. The experimental results confirmed the simulations and showed a very good performance for the specified conditions. An optimised design of this dip compensator will make it a cost-effective solution for dip compensation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis dek die ontwikkeling van 'n multivlakwisselrigter, in kaskade, met koste-effektiewe transformatorlose duik kompensasie as mikpunt. Van al die bekende toevoerkwaliteit probleme wek duike in die spanning die meeste kommer. Duike kom meer gereeld voor as kragonderbrekings en neig daarom om 'n groter onkoste te wees vir die industrie soos wat moderne tegnologiese toerusting al hoe meer sensitief raak vir die kwaliteit en betroubaarheid van die toevoer. 'n Aantal toestelle wat vir hierdie probleem kompenseer bestaan reeds, maar die koste van hierdie stelsels regverdig nie altyd die finansiële verliese wat hulle moet elimineer nie. Al hierdie stelsels gebruik transformators en/of groot filter komponente wat grootliks bydra tot die grootte, prys en verliese van hierdie stelsels. Serie-injeksie kompenseerders het die voordeel dat hulle net kompenseer vir die verlies in die toevoerspanning tydens die duik. Dit het 'n beduidende vermindering in die omsetterkenwaardes en energiestoorvereistes tot gevolg in vergelyking met ononderbroke kragbronne (UPS) of newe-injeksie toevoerkwaliteit toestelle. Daarom IS bestaande wisselrigtertopologië, insluitende multivlakwisselrigters, bestudeer en vergelyk as moontlike oplossings vir koste-effektiewe serie duik-kompensasie. Van al hierdie moontlikhede lyk die multivlakwisselrigter, in kaskade, na die mees koste-effektiewe opsie. Die relatiewe lae harmoniese inhoud van sy ongefilterde uittree elimineer die behoefte aan 'n groot uittreefilter. 'n Enkelfase duik kompenseerder, met hierdie topologie, is ontwerp en gebou volgens die spesifikasies wat vasgestel is deur Eskom, die hoof elektriese kragvoorsiener in Suid-Afrika. Dit het geblyk dat batterye, en MOSFETte uit die motorbedryf, die mees koste-effektiewe opsies bied vir onderskeidelik die energiestoor en skakelkomponente. Beheeralgoritmes VIr duik kompensasie met die multivlakwisselrigter is ook ontwikkel. Sommige van hierdie algoritmes is gebaseer op bestaande tegnieke, maar twee nuwe algoritmes is ook ontwikkel vir die kommutering van die tiristors en die deling van die drywingsverkwisting in die duik kompenseerder. Simulasies dui aan dat hierdie algoritmes geskik en voldoende kan wees vir hulle toepassing. Hierdie duik kompenseerder met sy beheeralgoritmes is getoets vir verskillende tipes laste met 'n duikgenerator wat ontwikkel is by die Universiteit van Stellenbosch. Die eksperimentele resultate bevestig dit wat verkry is uit die simulasies en wys 'n goeie werkverrigting vir die gespesifiseerde kondisies. 'n Geoptimeerde ontwerp van hierdie duik kompenseerder sal dit 'n koste-effektiewe oplossing maak vir duik kompensasie.

This Master's Dissertation aims to compare two topologies of AC Module converters, applied in photovoltaic systems. The principles of operation, the characteristic equations, the parameters found are detailed for both topologies, while their transfer functions are analyzed in order to present optimized controllers. Commercial components are determined for the real system simulation, based on the same criteria for both AC Modules. The analysis of the energy injected in the grid by each topology and their respective cost with active components provides a quality index that allows a fair comparison between them and determining which topology provides superior performance on the conditions of this study. Through this index is observed that the efficiency of the converter Full-Bridge ZVS Phase Shift AC Module is superior. Experimental results of the converter are presented validating the theoretical analysis and the operation of the topology. The application of this topology is on photovoltaic systems and enables the use of these systems at small scales and with great potential for expansion. The use of photovoltaic energy is of utmost importance in the global scenario, where the search for renewable energy grows exponentially. / Esta Dissertação de Mestrado tem como objetivo a comparação entre duas topologias de conversores Módulo CA, aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos. Os princípios de funcionamento, as equações características e os parâmetros encontrados são detalhados para as duas topologias. São especificados componentes comerciais para a simulação do sistema, baseando-se no critério apresentado para ambos os Módulos CA. A análise da energia injetada na rede para cada topologia e o levantamento do custo com componentes ativos proporciona a criação de um índice de qualidade. Este índice permite a comparação entre elas e a determinação de qual topologia apresenta maior injeção de energia na rede com o menor investimento em componentes ativos. Através desse índice se observa que em simulação o rendimento do conversor Full-Bridge ZVS Phase Shift Módulo CA é superior. Resultados experimentais do conversor são apresentados para validar as análises teóricas e o funcionamento da topologia. A aplicação da topologia é voltada para sistemas fotovoltaicos de baixa potência e possibilita a utilização destes sistemas em pequena escala e com grande possibilidade de expansão.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:30:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-03-01Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T21:01:25Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 godoy_rb_dr_ilha.pdf: 3494392 bytes, checksum: 572327823a0ebf4a37a2c4352c009edc (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Uma das importantes aplicações dos sistemas inversores está associada ao fornecimento de energia elétrica. Com este foco destacam-se o fornecimento para cargas críticas, o fornecimento em áreas desprovidas dos usuais sistemas de transmissão e distribuição e aplicações com multi-fontes primárias de energia, incluindo-se neste caso, as aplicações para geração distribuída, com possibilidade de conectividade com a rede elétrica de distribuição ou, com o paralelismo entre estruturas isoladas. Atualmente, topologias e filosofias de controle que atendam as características das aplicações supracitadas são de interesse técnico e científico. Neste sentido, a possibilidade de paralelismo entre inversores sem interconexão do controle tem se mostrado atrativa à medida que se exigem sistemas distribuídos e adaptáveis às variações paramétricas do circuito. Entretanto, problemas de estabilidade e resposta dinâmica devem ser solucionados para garantir a confiabilidade de tais sistemas. Sendo assim, neste trabalho inicialmente é realizada a modelação em espaço de estados de sistemas compostos por inversores cuja filosofia de controle esteja embasada nas curvas P- e Q-V. Com esta modelação, tornam-se possíveis avaliações de estabilidade e resposta dinâmica através dos autovalores da matriz de estados. Propõe-se assim a busca da estabilidade dos sistemas com melhores respostas dinâmicas através de alterações nos valores da matriz de estados, resultando-se em autovalores que representem parâmetros de desempenho otimizados. Obviamente que alterações na matriz de estados estão associadas a alterações na planta, contudo, alterações em parâmetros físicos não são interessantes, uma vez que não são simples de serem obtidas na prática. Sendo assim, são propostas alterações nas constantes que definem as inclinações das curvas de controle P- e Q-V... / One of main applications of inverter systems is associated to electrical energy supply. With this focus it emphasizes the supply of energy to critical loads, the supply of energy to areas devoid of the usual transmission and distribution systems of energy and the use of primary energy in multi-fonts applications, including in this case, distributed generation applications with grid connectivity or, parallelism in stand alone applications. Currently, topologies and control philosophies capable to assure the applications characteristics above mentioned are in technical and scientific interests. In this way, the possibility of inverter parallelism with no control interconnection has showed attractive, since distributed systems and adaptable systems to parametric variations are mandatory nowadays. However, stability troubles and inadequate dynamic responses must be solved to ensure reliability of these systems. So, in this work is performed the state space modeling of systems set by inverters whose control philosophy is based on P- and Q-V curves. With this modeling it becomes possible evaluations of stability and dynamic response through state matrix eigenvalues. Thus, it proposes to assure the systems stability and better dynamic responses through changes on state matrix values, resulting in eigenvalues that represent optimized performance parameters. Obviously those variations in state matrix are associated with plant variations, however, physical parameters variations are not interesting, seeing that it is not simple to be obtained in practical situations. In face of this are proposed variations in constants that define the slopes of P- and Q-V curves. These slopes intervene directly on state matrix values and consequently in systems eigenvalues. The variations on constants are not performed randomly, nevertheless based on evolutionary algorithm capable to search values that represent...(Complete abstract click electronic access below)

Os inversores utilizados no sistema fotovoltaico conectados à rede (SFCR) devem apresentar uma forma de onda senoidal nos seus terminais de saída. Monitoram regularmente a qualidade de energia da rede elétrica aos quais estão conectados, de maneira a só gerarem energia se a rede estiver com tensão. Dependendo do inversor, da potência que ele está desenvolvendo em relação à sua potência nominal, da rede ao qual está conectado e das características da carga que ele alimentará, podem ser apresentadas distorções na rede de energia em relação à forma de onda senoidal pura, tanto a nível de tensão como a nível de corrente elétrica. Não é incomum os dispositivos que são conectados a redes apresentarem-se como geradores de harmônicos, principalmente os eletrônicos. Estas distorções, conhecidas na literatura como distorções harmônicas, afetam o desempenho dos inversores quando ligados a redes elétricas. Nestas redes, como pode haver distorções significativas. Os parâmetros elétricos que os inversores se baseiam para obter as características da rede a qual estão conectados,devido a estas distorções, podem fazer com que os mesmos se desconectem. O inversor também se desconectará automaticamente da rede ao perceber a ocorrência de variação acentuada da rede ou a falta dela; a esse sistema, dá-se a denominação antiilhamento. Portanto, é de bastante importância que se consiga reproduzir teoricamente o comportamento das cargas e das redes elétricas, nas quais os inversores serão conectados para que seja possível estudá-los quando interligados às diferentes cargas. Entretanto, devido ao inversor ser também um equipamento eletrônico baseado em fonte chaveada para “remontar” a onda senoidal, o mesmo também acaba introduzindo uma deformação tanto na tensão como na corrente da rede elétrica ao qual está conectado, e esta deformação é também significativa em SFCR de grande porte (instalação de geração fotovoltaica com grande número de inversores). Assim, este trabalho visa implementar a modelagem de cargas não lineares (degradadoras da qualidade de energia) para serem aplicadas em simulações de inversores de SFCR, com aplicação especial no parâmetro “cargas” do programa para computadores FVCONECT desenvolvido pelo Laboratório de Energia Solar da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. / It is known that the inverters used in photovoltaic systems connected to mains power (SFCR), when connected to the power grid, should provide a sinusoidal waveform at its output terminals. The photovoltaic systems inverters regularly monitor the power grid quality they are connected to, so they generate power only if the grid of the Concessionaire or external power grid presents voltage. Depending on the inverter, on the power that it develops over the same rated power, on the power grid it is connected to and on the characteristics of the load that it also feeds, it is possible to occur certain distortions on the power grid compared to pure sine waveform, in terms of voltage or even in terms of electric current. The devices connected to grid commonly present themselves as harmonic generators. The loads cause large distortions in the power grid causing disorders occur both voltage and current in a distribution line or power circuit. These distortions, commented in the literature as harmonic distortions, greatly affect the inverters performance when connected to power grids. On these grids, as it is possible to identify significant distortions, the parameters for pairing the power grid, in which the inverters are based, can turn them into disconnection. The inverter automatically disconnects from the grid if for some reason the grid stops powering the power grid - such system is called anti-islanding. Therefore, it is important to theoretically reproduce the behavior of power grids which the inverters are connected to, in order to study them. However, due to the fact that the inverter is also a switched source-based electronic equipment to "reassemble" the sine wave, it provides a deformation not only on the voltage but also on the power grid current which it is connected to, being this deformation also significant in large SFCR (photovoltaic generation facility with large numbers of inverters). In this sense, the present work aims to implement the modeling of nonlinear loads (which can degrade the power quality) in SFCR inverters simulations, based on the special application of loads parameters from the FVCONECT software, developed by the Solar Energy Laboratory, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul.

Inversores de sistemas fotovoltaicos são equipamentos de eletrônica de potência que fornecem energia elétrica em corrente alternada (CA) a partir de uma fonte de energia elétrica em corrente contínua (CC), no caso, os módulos fotovoltaicos. Estes inversores quando em operação aumentam sua temperatura. Este aumento de temperatura é indesejável, porém é inerente ao seu funcionamento. Equipamentos eletrônicos possuem um limite seguro de temperatura de operação, acima do qual podem ocorrer instabilidades de operação, redução da vida útil ou até mesmo falha drástica. O conhecimento da eficiência de conversão elétrica e das perdas responsáveis pelo aquecimento é importante para o adequado dimensionamento de inversores quando aplicados em sistemas fotovoltaicos conectados à rede, assim como para o desenvolvimento do inversor como produto. Para proteção, para aumento da vida útil, para maior confiabilidade, para maior estabilidade e para maior segurança de operação de componentes, inversores possuem rotinas em seus algoritmos de controle com estratégias automatizadas dedicadas ao gerenciamento térmico. Estas rotinas de proteção e gerenciamento térmico, sempre quando acionadas, tendem a reduzir a capacidade de conversão de potência do inversor, seja pelo acionamento de um ventilador auxiliar, seja pelo deslocamento do ponto de operação em máxima potência. Fabricantes de inversores tratam deste assunto pelo termo “temperature derating” (em inglês) Esta tese apresenta um estudo relacionado a influência da temperatura sobre o desempenho de inversores fotovoltaicos conectados à rede. Avalia tipos de estratégias de gerenciamento térmico e proteção de uso corrente em inversores comerciais. Apresenta resultados de ensaios experimentais para determinação de parâmetros térmicos característicos dos inversores. Descreve um modelo preditivo da temperatura de operação em regime transiente. A partir da determinação experimental de parâmetros térmicos, o modelo preditivo de temperatura de operação foi implementado no software de simulação dinâmica para dimensionamento e avaliação de sistemas fotovoltaicos FVCONECT, desenvolvido no LABSOL/UFRGS, estando o mesmo apto para simular a operação e estimar perdas anuais de desempenho energético decorrentes das rotinas de gerenciamento térmico, dos seus efeitos e das limitações impostas durante a operação de inversores fotovoltaicos conectados à rede. Um dos resultados da simulação é a evolução da temperatura do inversor, permitindo avaliar a frequência e amplitude dos ciclos térmicos ao qual o inversor é submetido e, consequentemente, determinar uma estimativa para durabilidade do inversor. / Photovoltaic inverters are electronic power devices that provide electrical energy in alternating current (AC) from a source of electrical energy in direct current (DC) - a photovoltaic generator, in this case. Inverters increase their temperature when in operation. This rise in temperature is not desirable, but inherent to its operation. Any electronic equipment has a safe operating temperature limit. When this limit is surpassed, operating instability, life reduction or even drastic failure may occur. The knowledge of the electrical conversion efficiency and the losses responsible for the heating is important for the proper sizing of grid-tie inverters in photovoltaic systems, as well as for the development of the inverter as a product. In order to increase the useful life of the device and its components, for greater reliability, safety, stability and security of operation, inverters have routines in their algorithms of control with automated strategies dedicated to the thermal management. These protection and thermal management routines, whenever activated, tend to reduce the power conversion capacity of the inverter, either by the activation of an auxiliary fan or by the displacement of the operating point at maximum power. Inverter manufacturers address this issue by the term "temperature derating". This thesis presents a methodology to evaluate the influence of the performance of different strategies to avoid excessive temperature of the inverter components on its performance and durability It is also made an evaluation of different thermal management strategies and protection used in commercial inverters. Results of experimental tests for determination of thermal parameters characteristic of the inverters are presented. A predictive model of transient operating inverter temperature is also described. From the experimental determination of thermal parameters, the predictive model of operating temperature was implemented to the FVCONECT, a dynamic simulation software for sizing and evaluation of photovoltaic systems developed in LABSOL / UFRGS. With this modification, the software was able to simulate the operation and estimate losses of energy due to the thermal management routines, their effects and the limitations imposed during the operation of grid-tie inverters. One of the results of the simulation is the evolution of the inverter temperature, allowing to evaluate the frequency and amplitude of thermal cycles to which the inverter is subjected and, as a consequence, an estimate of durability of the inverter.

Thesis submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree Magister Technologiae Electrical Engineering in the Faculty of Engineering at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology Supervisor: Mr. J. Wheeler Co-supervisor: Dr. R.H. Wilkinson Cape Town October 2013 / This report presents the design and development of a five cell multicell inverter for driving a piezoelectric load. The multicell inverter was chosen for this application as it became evident that it would be more suitable for driving piezoelectric transducers due to its high apparent switching frequency. The multicell inverter was designed using DirectFET’s as this type of FET has a high current switching ability in a very small package. A positive and negative bootstrap power supply was incorporated in the design to reduce the number of supplies to power the gate drive circuits of the multicell inverter. Three compensation networks were designed and constructed to investigate which one would transfer the most energy to the piezoelectric transducer. It was also important to investigate whether these compensation networks were able to reduce the harmonic content produced by the multicell inverter. This is necessary in order to excite the transducer correctly. It was found that the Q-Matching compensation network reduced the harmonic content applied to the load the most. Experiments were also conducted to determine if the advantage of the apparent frequency of the multicell inverter would mean that the piezoelectric load could be driven directly with the multicell inverter without any damage to the transducer. It was however required to increase the applied apparent power to the transducer to compensate for the reactive component of the load in order to melt the plastic which was used as the load to the transducer. Experiments were conducted to determine if the charge on the cell capacitors of the multicell inverter would stay balanced while driving a non linear load such as a piezoelectric transducer. The results showed that the voltages stayed balanced when driving the piezoelectric transducer.

Sistemas de geração distribuída conectados à rede devem atender as especificações técnicas de conexão no que tange à injeção de corrente harmônica na rede elétrica. No intuito de satisfazer tais requerimentos de rede, filtros passivos são utilizados para interfacear o inversor fotovoltaico e a rede. Essa dissertação compara a resposta característica do tradicional filtro indutivo (filtro L) com o filtro Indutivo-Capacitivo-Indutivo (filtro LCL). É mostrado que o aumento da indutância permite uma supressão suficiente do ripple de corrente proveniente da frequência de chaveamento do inversor. O filtro LCL no entanto, proporciona uma melhor atenuação harmônica, o que permite reduzir o tamanho do filtro. A grande desvantagem do filtro LCL é sua impedância, que é caracterizada por um pico de ressonância próximo da frequência de corte do filtro, a qual deve ser amortecida para evitar a instabilidade. Técnicas passivas e ativas podem ser utilizadas para amortecer a ressonância do filtro LCL. Para abordar estas questões, esta dissertação apresenta uma comparação do controle de corrente do inversor trifásico conectado à rede com filtro L e com filtro LCL, discutindo a utilização de amortecimento passivo e ativo para diferentes regiões de frequência de ressonância. A partir dos modelos matemáticos, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de projeto dos controladores e o comportamento dinâmico do sistema operando em malha fechada foi investigado. Para validar os estudos desenvolvidos ao longo desse trabalho, resultados experimentais são apresentados utilizando uma plataforma experimental trifásica de 5kW. Os principais componentes e suas funções são discutidas no decorrer do trabalho. Resultados experimentais são obtidos para verificar as análises teóricas e ilustrar o desempenho do inversor trifásico fotovoltaico conectado à rede elétrica com filtro L e filtro LCL. É mostrado que a frequência de ressonância e a frequência de amostragem do sistema podem ser relacionadas de maneira a se calcular uma frequência crítica, abaixo da qual é essencial realizar o amortecimento do filtro LCL. Ainda, os resultados experimentais mostram que o amortecimento ativo por resistor virtual, embora apresente um desenvolvimento simples, é eficaz para amortecer a ressonância do filtro LCL e permitir que o sistema opere estável dentro dos parâmetros pré-determinados. / Distributed generation systems must fulfill standards specifications of current harmonics injected to the grid. In order to satisfy these grid requirements, passive filters are connected between inverter and grid. This work compares the characteristic response of the traditional inductive (L) filter with the inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL) filter. It is shown that increasing the inductance L leads to a good ripple current suppression around the inverter switching frequency. The LCL filter provides better harmonic attenuation and reduces the filter size. The main drawback is the LCL filter impedance, which is characterized by a typical resonance peak, which must be damped to avoid instability. Passive or active techniques can be used to damp the LCL resonance. To address this issue, this dissertation presents a comparison of current control for PV grid-tied inverters with L filter and LCL filter and also discuss the use of active and passive damping for different regions of resonance frequency. From the mathematical models, a design methodology of the controllers was developed and the dynamic behavior of the system operating in closed loop was investigated. To validate the studies developed during this work, experimental results are presented using a three-phase 5kW experimental platform. The main components and their functions are discussed in this work. Experimental results are given to support the theoretical analysis and to illustrate the performance of grid-connected PV inverter system. It is shown that the resonant frequency of the system, and sampling frequency can be associated in order to calculate a critical frequency, below which is essential to perform the damping of the LCL filter. Also, the experimental results show that the active buffer per virtual resistor, although with a simple development, is effective to damp the resonance of the LCL filter and allow the system to operate stable within predetermined parameters.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:07:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LivianeCAM.pdf: 2271497 bytes, checksum: 4d8763a73b7fec60ad7f311e565d45b3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-11-19 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / This work presents contributions in the detection and identication of faults in multilevel inverters through the study of the converters behavior under these operation conditions. Basically, the approached fault consists of an open-circuit in any switch of a three-level clamped diode inverter. The converter operation is characterized in the pre and post-fault states. A wave form behavior analysis of the pole voltage, phase current and dc-bus current is also done, which highlights characteristics that allow the detection of failure and, even, under favorable conditions, the identication of the faulty device. A compensation strategy of the approached fault (open-switch) is also investigated with the purpose of maintaining the driving system operational when a failure occurs. The proposed topology uses SCRs in parallel with the internal switches of the inverter, which allows, in some occasions, the full utilization of the dc-bus / Este trabalho apresenta contribui??es para a detec??o e identica??o de faltas em inversores multin?veis, baseado no estudo do comportamento desse conversor sob essas condi??es de opera??o. Basicamente, a falta abordada consiste na abertura n?o comandada de uma das chaves de um inversor de tens?o de tr?s n?veis com diodos de grampeamento. O funcionamento do conversor ? caracterizado nos estados de pr? e p?s-falta. ?, tamb?m, feita uma an?lise dos comportamentos das formas de onda das tens?es de p?lo, corrente de fase e correntes do barramento CC, as quais apontam caracter?sticas que possibilitam detectar falta e, ainda, em condi??es favor?veis, identificar o dispositivo que apresentou defeito. Uma estrat?gia de compensa??o da falta abordada (chave aberta) tamb?m ? investigada, com o prop?sito de manter a continuidade de funcionamento do sistema de acionamento, quando da ocorr?ncia de uma falha. A topologia proposta utiliza SCRs em paralelo com as chaves internas do inversor, a qual permite, em algumas ocasi?es, a total utiliza??o do barramento CC

Sistemas de geração distribuída conectados à rede devem atender as especificações técnicas de conexão no que tange à injeção de corrente harmônica na rede elétrica. No intuito de satisfazer tais requerimentos de rede, filtros passivos são utilizados para interfacear o inversor fotovoltaico e a rede. Essa dissertação compara a resposta característica do tradicional filtro indutivo (filtro L) com o filtro Indutivo-Capacitivo-Indutivo (filtro LCL). É mostrado que o aumento da indutância permite uma supressão suficiente do ripple de corrente proveniente da frequência de chaveamento do inversor. O filtro LCL no entanto, proporciona uma melhor atenuação harmônica, o que permite reduzir o tamanho do filtro. A grande desvantagem do filtro LCL é sua impedância, que é caracterizada por um pico de ressonância próximo da frequência de corte do filtro, a qual deve ser amortecida para evitar a instabilidade. Técnicas passivas e ativas podem ser utilizadas para amortecer a ressonância do filtro LCL. Para abordar estas questões, esta dissertação apresenta uma comparação do controle de corrente do inversor trifásico conectado à rede com filtro L e com filtro LCL, discutindo a utilização de amortecimento passivo e ativo para diferentes regiões de frequência de ressonância. A partir dos modelos matemáticos, desenvolveu-se uma metodologia de projeto dos controladores e o comportamento dinâmico do sistema operando em malha fechada foi investigado. Para validar os estudos desenvolvidos ao longo desse trabalho, resultados experimentais são apresentados utilizando uma plataforma experimental trifásica de 5kW. Os principais componentes e suas funções são discutidas no decorrer do trabalho. Resultados experimentais são obtidos para verificar as análises teóricas e ilustrar o desempenho do inversor trifásico fotovoltaico conectado à rede elétrica com filtro L e filtro LCL. É mostrado que a frequência de ressonância e a frequência de amostragem do sistema podem ser relacionadas de maneira a se calcular uma frequência crítica, abaixo da qual é essencial realizar o amortecimento do filtro LCL. Ainda, os resultados experimentais mostram que o amortecimento ativo por resistor virtual, embora apresente um desenvolvimento simples, é eficaz para amortecer a ressonância do filtro LCL e permitir que o sistema opere estável dentro dos parâmetros pré-determinados. / Distributed generation systems must fulfill standards specifications of current harmonics injected to the grid. In order to satisfy these grid requirements, passive filters are connected between inverter and grid. This work compares the characteristic response of the traditional inductive (L) filter with the inductive-capacitive-inductive (LCL) filter. It is shown that increasing the inductance L leads to a good ripple current suppression around the inverter switching frequency. The LCL filter provides better harmonic attenuation and reduces the filter size. The main drawback is the LCL filter impedance, which is characterized by a typical resonance peak, which must be damped to avoid instability. Passive or active techniques can be used to damp the LCL resonance. To address this issue, this dissertation presents a comparison of current control for PV grid-tied inverters with L filter and LCL filter and also discuss the use of active and passive damping for different regions of resonance frequency. From the mathematical models, a design methodology of the controllers was developed and the dynamic behavior of the system operating in closed loop was investigated. To validate the studies developed during this work, experimental results are presented using a three-phase 5kW experimental platform. The main components and their functions are discussed in this work. Experimental results are given to support the theoretical analysis and to illustrate the performance of grid-connected PV inverter system. It is shown that the resonant frequency of the system, and sampling frequency can be associated in order to calculate a critical frequency, below which is essential to perform the damping of the LCL filter. Also, the experimental results show that the active buffer per virtual resistor, although with a simple development, is effective to damp the resonance of the LCL filter and allow the system to operate stable within predetermined parameters.