IGBT based power converters acts as front end in the present day Adjustable Speed Drive (ASD). This offers many advantages and makes regenerative action possible. PWM rectifier operation produces electrically noisy DC bus on common mode basis. This results in higher ground current as compared to three phase diode bridge rectifier. Due to fast turn-ON and turn-OFF time of IGBT, the inverter output voltage dv/dt is high during switching transients and voltage waveform is rich in harmonics. As a result, in applications involving long cable the motor terminal voltage during the switching transient is as high as twice the applied voltage. This voltage stress reduces the life of insulation in motors. The high dv/dt output voltage applied at the motor terminal excites the parasitic capacitive coupling resulting in increased ground currents and causes Electric Discharge Machining (EDM) which reduces the life of motor bearings. The common mode voltage due to PWM rectifier and the inverter appear at the motor terminals exacerbating these problems. The common mode voltage due to PWM inverter with PWM rectifier is analyzed. An integrated approach for filter design is proposed wherein the adverse effects due to common mode voltage of both AFE converter and the inverter is addressed. The proposed topology addresses the problems of common mode voltage, common mode current and voltage doubling due to ASD. The design procedure for proposed filter topology is discussed with experimental results that validate the effectiveness of the filter. Inclusion of such higher order filter in the converter topology leads to problems such as resonance. Passive methods are investigated for damping the line resonance due to LCL filter and common mode resonance due to common mode filter. The need for active damping technique for resonance due to common mode filter is presented. State space based damping technique is proposed to effectively damp the resonance due to line filter and the common mode filter. Experimental results are presented that validate the effectiveness of active damping both on the line basis (differential mode) and line to ground basis (common mode) of the filter.

As fossil fuel sources continue to diminish, oil prices continue to increase, and global warming and CO2 emissions keep impacting the environment, it has been necessary to shift energy consumption and generation to a different path. Solar energy has proven to be one of the most promising sources of renewable energy because it is environmentally friendly, available anywhere in the world, and cost competitive. For photovoltaic (PV) system engineers, designing a PV system is not an easy task. Research demonstrates that different PV technologies behave differently under certain conditions; therefore energy production varies not only with capacity of the system but also with the type of module. For years, researchers have also studied how these different technologies perform for long periods of time, when exposed out in the field. In this study, data collected by the Florida Solar Energy Center for periods of over four years was analyzed using two techniques, widely accepted by researchers and industry, to evaluate the long‐term performance of five systems. The performance ratio analysis normalizes system capacity and enables the comparison of performance between multiple systems. In PVUSA Regression analysis, regression coefficients are calculated which correspond to the effect of irradiance, wind speed, and ambient temperature, and these coefficients are then used to calculate power at a predetermined set of conditions. This study allows manufacturers to address the difficulties found on system lifetime when their modules are installed out on the field. Also allows for the further development and improvement of the different PV technologies already commercially available.

Η παρούσα διπλωματική εργασία, η οποία εκπονήθηκε στο Εργαστήριο Ηλεκτρομηχανικής Μετατροπής Ενέργειας του Τμήματος Ηλεκτρολόγων Μηχανικών και Τεχνολογίας Υπολογιστών της Πολυτεχνικής Σχολής του Πανεπιστημίου Πατρών, πραγματεύεται την κατασκευή ενός ηλεκτρικού δικύκλου. Σκοπός είναι η κατασκευή και ο έλεγχος ενός ηλεκτρικού ποδηλάτου και συγκεκριμένα ο σχεδιασμός και η εγκατάσταση ενός κατάλληλου ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος σε ένα συμβατικό ποδήλατο. Αρχικά γίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή των συμβατικών και των ηλεκτρικών ποδηλάτων, η οποία περιλαμβάνει την ιστορική εξέλιξή τους, τα μέρη από τα οποία αποτελούνται, τους τύπους στους οποίους διακρίνονται και τα νομικά πλαίσια που διέπουν τη λειτουργία τους. Στη συνέχεια, περιγράφεται το ηλεκτροκινητήριο σύστημα, το οποίο εγκαταστάθηκε στο πλαίσιο του ποδηλάτου που παραχωρήθηκε για το σκοπό αυτό από την εταιρεία Ideal Bikes Μανιατόπουλος Α.Ε., τα κριτήρια επιλογής του κινητήρα, των ηλεκτροχημικών συσσωρευτών και των επιμέρους στοιχείων που το απαρτίζουν. Ακολουθεί η ανάλυση των Brushless μηχανών, τα κατασκευαστικά χαρακτηριστικά και η αρχή λειτουργίας τους. Το επόμενο βήμα είναι η θεωρητική μελέτη του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης που απαιτείται για την οδήγηση του κινητήρα. Παρατίθενται τα αποτελέσματα που προέκυψαν από την προσομοίωση της λειτουργίας του ηλεκτροκινητήριου συστήματος μέσω του προγράμματος Matlab/Simulink. Κατόπιν, περιγράφεται η κατασκευή του τριφασικού αντιστροφέα τάσης, τα στοιχεία που τον απαρτίζουν και ο λόγος για τον οποίο επιλέχθηκαν. Δίνεται μια σύντομη περιγραφή του μικροελεγκτή που χρησιμοποιήθηκε, των δυνατοτήτων που παρέχει αλλά και η λογική του ελέγχου που υλοποιεί. Τέλος, ακολουθούν οι πειραματικές μετρήσεις και τα συμπεράσματα που προέκυψαν από τη λειτουργία της κατασκευής. / The purpose of this thesis is the construction of an electric two-wheeled vehicle. The work was conducted in the Laboratory of Electromechanical Energy Conversion, in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering at University of Patras. The main aim is the study, the construction and the control of an electric bike. In order to achieve this, it is necessary to design and install a suitable electric motor system to a conventional bicycle. Initially, there is a brief overview of the conventional and the electric bicycles, along with their history, their main parts, the types in which they are divided and the legal frameworks that govern their operation. Secondly, the electric motor system, which was installed in the bicycle frame granted for this purpose by the company Ideal Bikes, Nikos Maniatopoulos S.A., the criteria for the selection of the motor and the batteries are described. In addition, there is a short description of Brushless motors, their types and the principle of their operation. Furthermore, the theoretical study of the three phase inverter required for driving the motor is given. Moreover, the results obtained from the simulation of the operation of the motor system through the Matlab / Simulink are provided. The construction of the three phase inverter, the constituent elements and the reason for their selection are also analyzed. Last but not least, there is a short description of the microcontroller which is used and its capabilities, in order to facilitate the study and design of the structure. Finally, the experimental measurements and the conclusions that derive from the construction and the operation of the electric bike are presented and future improvements concerning the construction are proposed.

Amorphous oxide semiconductor (AOS) thin-film transistors (TFTs) constitute the central theme of this thesis. Within this theme, three primary areas of focus are pursued. The first focus is the realization of a transparent three-stage ring oscillator with buffered output and an output frequency in the megahertz range. This leads to the possibility of transparent radio frequency applications, such as transparent RFID tags. At the time of its fabrication, this ring oscillator was the fastest oxide electronics ring oscillator reported, with an output frequency of 2.16 MHz, and a time delay per stage of 77 ns. The second focus is to ascertain whether a three-terminal device (i.e., a TFT) is an appropriate structure for conducting space-charge-limited-current (SCLC) measurements. It is found that it is not appropriate to use a diode-tied or gate-biased TFT configuration for conducting a SCLC assessment since square-law theory shows that transistor action alone gives rise to I proportional to V² characteristics, which can easily be mistakenly attributed to a SCLC mechanism. Instead, a floating gate TFT configuration is recommended for accomplishing SCLC assessment of AOS channel layers. The final focus of this work is to describe an assessment procedure appropriate for determining if a dielectric is suitable for use as a TFT gate insulator. This is accomplished by examining the shape of a MIM capacitor's log(J)-ξ curve, where J is the measured current density and ξ is the applied electric field. An appropriate dielectric for use as a TFT gate insulator will have a log(J)-ξ curve that expresses a clear breakover knee, indicating a high-field conduction mechanism dominated by Fowler-Nordheim tunneling. Such a dielectric produces a TFT with a minimal gate leakage which does not track with the drain current in a log(I[subscript D])-V[subscript GS] transfer curve. An inappropriate dielectric for use as a TFT gate insulator will have a log(J)-ξ curve that does not express a clear breakover knee, indicating that the dominate conduction mechanism is defect driven (i.e., pin-hole like shunt paths) and, therefore, the dielectric is leaky. It is shown that experimental log(J)-ξ leakage curves can be accurately simulated using Ohmic, space-charge-limited current (SCLC), and Fowler-Nordheim tunneling conduction mechanisms. / Graduation date: 2010

Esta tese tem por objetivo o desenvolvimento de metodologias eficientes e de baixo custo para ajustar as propriedades elétricas de OFETs de canal p e de canal n, a fim de possibilitar a fabricação do circuito complementar orgânico, semelhante a uma estrutura CMOS. O desempenho do circuito complementar fabricado foi otimizado, e também foi confeccionado por impressão um OFETs de canal operando em baixas tensões. Para a fabricação do CMOS orgânico foi proposto um método baseado na seleção adequada do solvente da camada dielétrica para ajustar o desempenho elétrico dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n. Os solventes, MEK, nBA e DMSO foram selecionados para a dissolução do PMMA por apresentarem diferenças nos valores de momento de dipolo, de ponto de ebulição e de graus de ortogonalidade em relação as camadas semicondutoras de P3HT e de P(NDI2OD-T2) dos OFETs. A análise dos resultados dos OFETs de canal p e de canal n demonstrou que a metodologia proposta é adequada tanto para o ajuste das propriedades elétricas destes dispositivos quanto para a otimização do desempenho dos mesmos. Os melhores desempenhos elétricos para os OFETs de canal p e de canal n foram obtidos quando utilizados o DMSO e o MEK como solventes do PMMA, respectivamente, devido à perfeita ortogonalidade destes solventes em relação às camadas semicondutoras. Os OFETs de canal p que utilizaram o DMSO e os OFETs de canal n que utilizaram o nBA foram os que apresentaram desempenhos elétricos semelhantes, sendo portanto aplicados na fabricação do CMOS. Valores de ganho entre 6,8 e 7,8 e de margem de ruído entre 28,3 V e 34,5 V foram obtidos para inversores complementares fabricados nesta etapa do trabalho. OFETs de canal p utilizando uma blenda de PTAA: diF TES ADT como camada semicondutora, o PEDOT:PSS como eletrodos dreno/fonte e o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) como camada dielétrica também foram fabricados neste trabalho. A técnica de blade-coating foi utilizada para a deposição dos eletrodos dreno/fonte e da camada semicondutora, ao passo que a técnica de spray-coating foi utilizada para a deposição da camada dielétrica. Da análise dos resultados foi possível inferir que a utilização de um dielétrico com elevada constante dielétrica (K), como o P(VDF-TrFE-CFE), possibilita o funcionamento dos transistores a baixas tensões (≤ 8 V), porém com valores de mobilidade reduzidos devido à elevada desordem dipolar na interface provocada por este dielétrico. Para minimizar esses efeitos, uma fina camada de um polímero fluorado foi depositada entre a camada semicondutora e a dielétrica pela técnica de blade-coating, constituindo assim uma bicamada dielétrica nos OFETs. Dos resultados das medidas elétricas dos OFETs constituídos pela bicamada dielétrica foi observada permanência do funcionamento destes dispositivos a tensões inferiores a 8 V com desempenho elétricos superiores a resultados já publicados na literatura. Por fim, inversores lógicos unipolares com transistores de carga foram fabricados com os OFETs que utilizaram a bicamada dielétrica, sendo obtidos valores de ganho entre 1,2 e 1,6 e de margem de ruído entre 56% e 68,5% de ½ VDD. / This thesis aimed to develop an efficient and low cost method to adjust the electrical properties of p- and n-channel OFETs to allow us to build an organic CMOS and the optimization of printed p-channel OFETs to work at low voltages. We proposed a method to fabricate the organic CMOS, based on the careful selection of dielectric solvent, which was adjusted to obtain the best performance of p- and n-channel OFETs. The dielectric solvents as MEK, nBA and DMSO were selected to dissolve the PMMA dielectric polymer due their different physical properties as dipole moment and boiling point and because they showed slightly different degrees of orthogonality to the P3HT and P(NDI2OD-T2) semiconductor layers of the OFETs. The results showed that the careful selection of the dielectric solvent not only allows to tune the electrical characteristics of the p- and n-channel OFETs, but also to improve the performance of these devices. The best performances were achieved when DMSO and MEK were used as dielectric solvents of the p and n-channel OFETs, respectively, as result of the perfectly orthogonality of these solvents to the semiconductor layers. P-channel OFETs using DMSO and n-channel OFETs using nBA showed similar electrical characteristics and thus, they were used to construct the organic CMOS. The organic complementary inverters showed high gain and noise margin values in the range of 6,8 to 7,8 and 28,3 V to 34,5 V, respectively. Printed p-channel OFETs were also fabricated, in which the blend PTAA:diF TES ADT was used as semiconductor channel, PEDOT:PSS as the drain/source electrodes and P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as the dielectric layer. The blade-coating technique was used to deposit the source/drain electrodes and the semiconductor layer, while the spray-coating technique was used to deposit the dielectric layer. It was observed that using high-k dielectric as P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) enable to reduce the operating voltage of the OFETs (≤8 V), however, this high-k dielectric also reduced the field effect mobility due the dipolar disorder at the semiconductor/dielectric interface. To minimize the dipolar issue at the interface, we inserted a thin fluoropolymer dielectric layer by blade-coating between the semiconductor and the high-k dielectric layers, thus constituting a dielectric bilayer on the OFETs. From the electrical measurements of the OFETs with the dielectric bilayer, it was observed that the devices were still working at 8 V and they also showed better performance in comparison to results already published. Finally, organic unipolar inverters with load transistors were fabricated using the p-channel OFETs with the dielectric bilayer and they showed reasonable performance, with gain and noise margin in the range of 1,2 to 1,6 and 56% e 68,5% of ½ VDD, respectively.

Os motores de indução desempenham um importante papel na indústria, fato este que destaca a importância do correto diagnóstico e classificação de falhas ainda em fase inicial de sua evolução, possibilitando aumento na produtividade e, principalmente, eliminando graves danos aos processos e às máquinas. Assim, a proposta desta tese consiste em apresentar um multiclassificador inteligente para o diagnóstico de motor sem defeitos, falhas de curto-circuito nos enrolamentos do estator, falhas de rotor e falhas de rolamentos em motores de indução trifásicos acionados por diferentes modelos de inversores de frequência por meio da análise das amplitudes dos sinais de corrente de estator no domínio do tempo. Para avaliar a precisão de classificação frente aos diversos níveis de severidade das falhas, foram comparados os desempenhos de quatro técnicas distintas de aprendizado de máquina; a saber: (i) Rede Fuzzy Artmap, (ii) Rede Perceptron Multicamadas, (iii) Máquina de Vetores de Suporte e (iv) k-Vizinhos-Próximos. Resultados experimentais obtidos a partir de 13.574 ensaios experimentais são apresentados para validar o estudo considerando uma ampla faixa de frequências de operação, bem como regimes de conjugado de carga em 5 motores diferentes. / Induction motors play an important role in the industry, a fact that highlights the importance of correct diagnosis and classification of faults on these machines still in early stages of their evolution, allowing increase in productivity and mainly, eliminating major damage to the processes and machines. Thus, the purpose of this thesis is to present an intelligent multi-classifier for the diagnoses of healthy motor, short-circuit faults in the stator windings, rotor broken bars and bearing faults in induction motors operating with different models of frequency inverters by analyzing the amplitude of the stator current signal in the time domain. To assess the classification accuracy across the various levels of faults severity, the performances of four different learning machine techniques were compared; namely: (i) Fuzzy ARTMAP network, (ii) Multilayer Perceptron Network, (iii) Support Vector Machine and (iv) k-Nearest-Neighbor. Experimental results obtained from 13.574 experimental tests are presented to validate the study considering a wide range of operating frequencies and also load conditions using 5 different motors.

FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / O estudo para o desenvolvimento de uma fonte ininterrupta de energia com possibilidade de uso em sistema fotovoltaico, tem como motivaÃÃo que a larga escala da produÃÃo desse tipo de equipamento possa reduzir o custo dos conversores de eletrÃnica de potÃncia associados a uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica. O projeto proporem a uniÃo de topologias de conversores, resultando em uma UPS do tipo on-line com tensÃo de entrada e de saÃda de 220 Volts 60 Hz, potÃncia total de 715VA, rendimento de 88%, isolada em alta freqÃÃncia e com correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada. Sendo composta por um retificador na entrada com topologia de um conversor em ponte completa alimentado em corrente, esse conversor à responsÃvel por prover a correÃÃo do fator de potÃncia na entrada e da isolaÃÃo galvÃnica em alta freqÃÃncia. Um inversor em ponte completa com filtro LC e modulaÃÃo PWM unipolar, que à capaz de entregar uma tensÃo senoidal para a carga e um conversor boost de alto ganho que cumpre o papel de elevar a tensÃo de 24 Volts do banco de baterias para a tensÃo de 400 Volts do barramento de entrada do inversor. Cada conversor tem seu estudo teÃrico desenvolvido e ao final apÃs as especificaÃÃes e dimensionamentos sÃo mostrados os resultados experimentais do protÃtipo do projeto. Quando o sistema for aproveitado em uma instalaÃÃo fotovoltaica somente o inversor e o conversor boost de alto ganho sÃo utilizados. / The study of the development of initerruptible power supply to be used in a photovoltaic system has as motivation that the wide UPS production scale can reduce the cost of power electronics converters associated with a photovoltaic system. The project proposes a topology of an on-line UPS, with 220 Volts, 60 Hz input/output voltage, 715 VA power, 88% efficiency, High frequency isolation and Power factor correction. The Project consists on a rectifier, it is responsible for providing the input power factor correction and the high frequency isolation. An inverter, it supply the load with a output sinusoidal voltage and a high gain boost converter that increase the voltage from the battery pack up to the inverter. When the project is used in a photovoltaic system, it is only used the inverter and the high gain boost converter.

Mon travail de thèse porte sur l’assemblage supramoléculaire et le transport de charge des multi-composants utilisés dans le domaine de l’électronique à base organique. En particulier, l’étude et l’optimisation des transistors organiques à effet de champ (OFETs), des phototransistors, et des inverseurs organiques. Nous avons démontré que la température de recuit des dispositifs OFETs améliore les performances électriques d’un dérivé de fullerène (ICBA). Ces dispositifs dont les surfaces de SiO2 sont fonctionnalisées par OTS ou HMDS ont montrés des mobilités d’électrons de 0.1cm2V-1s-1, qui est la plus élevée par rapport à la littérature. Aussi, nous avons fabriqué des phototransistors à base de mono- et multifibres de PDIF-CN2 qui ont été optimisés par traitements de surfaces du diélectrique (HMDS ou OTS). Les propriétés optoélectroniques de ces dispositifs ont été comparées à ceux des dispositifs à base des couches minces déposés par spin-coating (éduction centrifuge). Nos dispositifs mono-fibres ont montré des valeurs de mobilité plus élevées (supérieure à 2 cm2V-1s-1) par rapport à ceux des multifibres et couches minces. Une telle efficacité de transport d’électrons est le résultat d’une cristallinité très élevée des fibres, qui permet une collecte efficace des excitons photo-générés qui se traduit par la plus haute sensibilité à la lumière (R) et photosensibilité (P) rapportées pour les phototransistors à base de mono-fibre supérieure à 2 × 103 AW-1, et 5 × 103 AW-1. Enfin, un polymère ambipolaire (DPPT-TT) a été utilisé lors de la fabrication de nouveaux dispositifs multifonctionnels par l’addition des molécules diaryléthènes (DAE_tBu et ou DAE_F), dont les propriétés électriques sont contrôlées par la lumière. Cette approche a permis un contrôle optique de gain en tension des inverseurs organiques, ces dispositifs multi-composants sont caractérisés par des gain en tensions très élevées (jusqu’au 504) comparés à ceux reportés dans la littérature (86). Ces travaux réalisés durant cette thèse offrent de nouvelles perspectives dans le domaine de l’optoélectronique et la conception des mémoires optiques. / This thesis is focused on the investigation of supramolecular assemblies and the charge carriers transport across organic single, bi- and three-component materials, used as the active layer in organic field-effect transistors (OFET), phototransistors (OPT) and complementary inverters. We demonstrated that thermal annealing and duration has high impact in OFET performances based on a fullerene derivative called ICBA. The devices electron mobility enhanced upon HMDS and OTS treated SiO2 surface and reached 0.1 cm2V-1s-1, which is the highest reported value in literature. We have provided evidence for the influence of the order at the supramolecular level in the semiconducting material (PDIF-CN2) on the performance of OPTs. We compared solution processed single crystalline PDIF-CN2 fibers and multifiber assemblies with spin-coated thin films, which revealed that the former exhibited good electron mobility up to 2 cm2s-1V-1. The improved fiber crystallinity allows efficient collection of photogenerated excitons, results in the highest reported responsivity R (>5 × 103 AW-1), and photoswitching ratio P (>2 × 103), which are to date the highest reported in literature for PDI-single crystal OPTs. Finally, we have performed for the first time new multifunctional devices combining an ambipolar polymer (DPPT-TT) with inserted diarylethene molecules in its matrix. The fabricated OFET and organic complementary inverters were optically controlled. The resultant inverters gain values are tuned by ultraviolet and visible light irradiation, reaching 504, which is higher than those reported in literature (86). These findings qualify them as promising potential candidates for the construction of high-performance integrated logic circuits and memory chips.

A voltage source inverter is commonly used to supply a variable frequency variable voltage to a three phase induction motor in a variable speed application. A suitable pulse width modulation (PWM) technique is employed to obtain the required output voltage in the line side of the inverter. Real-time methods for PWM generation can be broadly classified into triangle comparison based PWM (TCPWM) and space vector based PWM (SVPWM). In TCPWM methods such as sine-triangle PWM, three phase reference modulating signals are compared against a common triangular carrier to generate the PWM signals for the three phases. In SVPWM methods, a revolving reference voltage vector is provided as voltage reference instead of three phase modulating waves. The magnitude and frequency of the fundamental component in the line side are controlled by the magnitude and frequency, respectively, of the reference vector. The fundamental line side voltage is proportional to the reference magnitude during linear modulation. With sine-triangle PWM, the highest possible peak phase fundamental voltage is 0.5Vdc, where Vdc is the DC bus voltage, in the linear modulation zone. With techniques such as third harmonic injection PWM and space vector based PWM, the peak phase fundamental voltage can be as high as (formula) (i.e., 0:577Vdc)during linear modulation. To increase the line side voltage further, the operation of the VSI must be extended into the overmodulation region. The overmodulation region extends upto the six-step mode, which gives the highest possible ac voltage for a given (formula). In TCPWM based methods, increasing the reference magnitude beyond a certain level leads to pulse dropping, and gradually leads to six-step operation. However, in SVPWM methods, an overmodulation algorithm is required for controlling the line-side voltage during overmodulation and to achieve a smooth transition from PWM to six-step mode. Numerous overmodulation algorithms have been proposed in the literature for space vector modulated inverter. A well known algorithm among these divides the overmodulation zone into two zones, namely zone-I and zone-II. This is termed as the 'existing overmodulation algorithm' here. This algorithm is modified in the present work to reduce computational burden without much increase in the line current distortion. During overmodulation, the fundamental line side voltage and the reference magnitude are not proportional, which is undesirable from the control point of view. The present work ensures a linear relationship between the two. Apart from the fundamental component, the inverter output voltage mainly consists of harmonic components at high frequencies (around switching frequency and the integral multiples) during linear modulation. However, during overmodulation, low order harmonic components such as 5th, 7th, 11th, 13th etc., are also present in the output voltage. These low order harmonic voltages lead to low order harmonic currents in the motor. The sum of the lower order harmonic currents is termed as 'lower order current ripple'. The present thesis proposes a method for estimation of lower order current ripple in real-time. In closed loop current control, the motor current is fed back to the current controller. During overmodulation, the motor current contains low order harmonics, which appear in the current error fed to the controller. These harmonic currents are amplified by the current error amplifier deteriorating the performance of the drive. It is possible to filter the lower order harmonic currents before being fed back. However, filtering introduces delay in the current loop, and reduces the bandwidth even during linear modulation. In the present work, the estimated lower order current ripple is subtracted from the measured current before the latter is fed back to the controller. The estimation of lower order current ripple and the proposed current control are verified through simulation using MATLAB/SIMULINK and also experimentally on a laboratory prototype. The experimental setup comprises of a field programmable gate arrays (FPGA) based digital controller, an IGBT based inverter and a four-pole squirrel cage induction motor. (Pl refer the original document for formula)

For planning issues, it is useful to know the upper limit for photovoltaics (PV) in the electrical grid with current design and operation (defined as hosting capacity) and how this limit can be increased. Future costs for grid reinforcement can be avoided if measures are taken to implement smart grid technology in the distribution grid. The aim of this project is to identify challenges in Swedish electricity distribution grids with a high penetration of local generation of electricity from PV. The aim is also to help Swedish Distribution System Operators (DSOs) to better understand hosting capacity issues, and to see which room for PV integration there is before there is need for actions to maintain power quality. Three distribution grids are modelled and simulated in Matlab: Rural area, Residential area and City (Stockholm Royal Seaport). Since the project is a cooperation between Uppsala University and Fortum, three different representative grids from Fortum’s grid software ”Power Grid” have been used as input to a flexible simulation program developed at Uppsala University. The simulation includes Newton-Raphson power-flow computing but has also been improved with a model of the temperature dependency of the resistance. The results show that there is room for a lot of PV systems in the Swedish grids. When using voltage rise above 1.1 p.u. voltage as limitation, the hosting capacity 60% PV electricity generation as a fraction of the yearly load were determined for the rural grid and the suburban grid. For the city grid, which is very robust, the hosting capacity 325% was determined. When using overload as limitation, the hosting capacities 70%, 20% and 25%, were determined for the same grids.