Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:32:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:10:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 01539.pdf: 2619471 bytes, checksum: 65a3f84aa03ddb8d57b288f87aa1a2f1 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Orientador: Elizabeth Maria Aparecida Barasnevicius Quagliato / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T22:15:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roiz_RobertadeMelo_D.pdf: 2327794 bytes, checksum: 13370d7e71f5db5ab3805b3ac6159cd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: A Doença de Parkinson idiopática (DPI) é uma afecção neurodegenerativa. Parâmetros da DPI geram mudanças do padrão da marcha. Algumas escalas de avaliação vêm sendo utilizadas para caracterizar as alterações da marcha na DPI, porém há poucas publicações que correlacionem a análise cinemática e dados têmporo-espaciais com escalas clínicas, ou que avaliem o efeito de dois tipos de pistas visuais espaciais (transversas e paralelas) em comparação a ausência de pistas na marcha. O objetivo do Artigo 1 foi comparar os dados têmporo-espaciais e cinemáticos da marcha entre pacientes com DPI e idosos saudáveis (IS) e avaliar a relação entre estas variáveis com os instrumentos clínicos. Doze pacientes com DPI e quinze IS foram recrutados e avaliados por instrumentos clínicos e pela análise de marcha. Os resultados em relação à velocidade da marcha, do comprimento do passo (CP) e das variáveis cinemáticas do quadril (contato inicial, na máxima extensão no apoio e na máxima flexão no balanço) demonstraram diferenças significativas entre os grupos em estudo. Dessa forma, podemos afirmar que os instrumentos clínicos utilizados não são adequados para uma avaliação descritiva e objetiva da marcha dos indivíduos com DPI, a qual foi possível com a avaliação em 3D. Muitos estudos têm referido que influências externas adequadas, como pistas visuais, podem melhorar o padrão da marcha dos pacientes com DPI e assim, gerar padrão de marcha mais próxima do normal. Dessa forma, o Artigo 2 teve como objetivo avaliar, em indivíduos co DPI, o efeito de dois tipos de pistas visuais espaciais: pista visual transversa (PVT) e pista visual paralela (PVP) comparando-as a ausência de pista visual durante marcha. Doze pacientes com DPI foram avaliados por instrumentos clínicos e avaliação da marcha, através do sistema de análise em 3D. Neste estudo, a velocidade da marcha foi maior com o uso das pistas visuais (paralela e transversa), do que sem uso delas (p= 0.003). Já o CP com PVT foi significativamente maior (p= 0.006) quando comparada com as outras duas situações. Em relação aos dados cinemáticos com uso da PVT, a articulação do joelho apresentou menores amplitudes em flexão no contato inicial, e maiores amplitudes máximas de flexão durante a fase de balanço. Assim, a avaliação da marcha com pistas visuais demonstrou que o uso das pistas transversas gera resultados melhores do que utilizando as pistas paralelas, e até mesmo sem o uso de ambas. Assim, a reabilitação dos indivíduos com DPI deveria ter ênfase no uso de pistas visuais para compensar as alterações da marcha / Abstract: The Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) is a neurodegenerative disease. Characteristics of IPD generate changes in gait pattern. Some clinical instruments have been used to characterize gait alterations in IPD, however, there are few publications correlating kinematic analysis and temporal-spatial data with clinical instruments, or instruments that evaluate the effect of two types of spatial visual cues (transverse and parallel) in comparison to no visual cue on mobility. The objective of Article 1 was compare the spatial temporal and kinematic variables of Parkinsonian gait with the healthy elder (HE) subjects and measure the relation between these variables and clinical instruments. Twelve patients with IPD and fifteen HE subjects were recruited and evaluated for clinical instruments and gait analysis. The results related to gait velocity, stride length (SL) and hip joint kinematic data (on initial contact, on maximum extension during terminal contact and on maximum flexion during swing) have demonstrated significant differences between groups. Regarding clinical instruments, there was significant correlated between gait velocity and SL. Thus, can assert that the used clinical instruments are not adequate for a descriptive and objective evaluation of gait in individuals with IPD, which was possible through a 3D analysis. Several studies have reported that adequate external influences, such as visual and/or auditory cues, can improve gait pattern of patients with IPD, thus generate gait pattern closer to normal. Thus, the objective of the Article 2 was to evaluate, in people with IPD, the effect of 2 types of spatial visual cues: transverse visual cues condition (TVC) and parallel visual cues (PVC), comparing no-visual cue during walking. Twelve patients with IPD were assessed for clinical instruments and gait assessment, through the analysis system in 3D. In this study the gait velocity was higher with the use of visual cues (parallel and transverse), than without them (p= 0.003). The SL with TVC was significantly longer (p= 0.006) when compared with the two other situations. Regarding the kinematic data with TVC, the knee joint presented smaller range of flexion during initial contact, and larger maximum range of flexion during swing phase. Therefore, gait assessment with visual cues have demonstrated that the use of transverse cues produces better results compared to parallel cues, and even without cues. Thus, the rehabilitation in individuals with IPD should emphasize the use of these cues to compensate gait alterations / Doutorado / Ciencias Biomedicas / Doutor em Ciências Médicas

Orientadores: Jacques M. E. Vielliard, Fausto Berzin / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Odontologia de Piracicaba / Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-25T21:20:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ricarte_RobertoNatalino_D.pdf: 9390651 bytes, checksum: 2a773adc940945989a857796158a2693 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1999 / Resumo: Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar, utilizando-se da artrosonografia, os fenômenos sonoros articulares do joelho, através de processamento digital. Participaram da pesquisa, duzentos e quinze (215) voluntários de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 10 a 75 anos, sendo que destes, cento e quarenta e cinco (145) relataram a ausência de qualquer tipo de disfunção articular e setenta (70) eram portadores de doenças reumáticas. As gravações dos sons articulares do joelho foram obtidas através da utilização de um microfone de condensador ultradirecional "Sennheiser" e de um gravador analógico Kudeslki S.A, em uma sala acústica do Departamento de Otorrinolaringologia do Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas - UNICAMP. Posteriormente as gravações foram tratadas e analisadas no laboratório de Bio-acústica do Departamento de Zoologia do Instituto de Biologia da UNICAMP. Neste estudo, em princípio, tanto os indivíduos sem história de disfunção particular, classificados como portadores de joelhos "assintomáticos", quanto os indivíduos portadores de doença reumática, classificados como portadores de joelhos "sintomáticos", foram analisados como fazendo parte de uma amostra comum, devido ao fato de que no momento, este estudo se preocupou apenas em identificar, reconhecer e analisar os fenômenos sonoros articulares observados. Do total da amostra, observou-se joelhos com um padrão articular silencioso, nos quais ocorreu uma ausência completa de qualquer fenômeno sonoro audível e joelhos com padrão articular fraco, médio e forte, estes classificados de acordo com a maior ou menor quantidade de fenômenos sonoros presentes nas gravações. Com relação ao tempo, foram observados fenômenos sonoros de curta duração: o estalido, o estalo e o baque articular e de longa duração, a crepitação articular. Os fenômenos sonoros articulares observados no joelho em movimento, foram analisados em função de três parâmetros: a sua forma de onda, o seu espectro de freqüência e a sua densidade espectral de potência, esta, somente para aqueles de curta duração. Ficou demonstrado através dos resultados obtidos neste estudo, que a utilização da técnica artrosonográfica para a gravação dos sons articulares é eficiente, permitindo caracterizar adequadamente os fenômenos sonoros articulares do joelho. 'Para o propósito desta pesquisa, o microfone de fato, se mostrou um instrumento eficiente e adequado, durante as gravações na aquisição do som articular do joelho, isto porque ele registra todas as suas características intrínsecas, permitindo identificar cada fenômeno sonoro de sua composição com clareza / Abstract: The purpose of this study is to investigate the knees articular sonorous phenomena, through arthrosonography, using digital processes. Two hundred and fifteen (215) volunteers, of both sexes, with ages varying between 10 and 75, participated in this study. From this total, 145 volunteers didn't have a historic of articular diseases and 70 had rheumatic diseases. The recording of the knees articular sounds was obtained in an a,coustic chamber, using a Sennheiser ultradirectional condenser microphone and a Kudelski . analogic tape recorder. The recordings were subsequently transferred to a Taskam digital tape recorder and then to a microcomputer, in order to be handled and analyzed. The results obtained indicated that both the knees of the volunteers without articular diseases (assymptomatic knee) and the ones of those with rheumatic diseases (symptomatic knees) could be included in a common classification. This is due to the fact that the purpose of this study was only to identify, recognize and analyze the articular sonorous phenomena observed. Concerning the time scale, during the knee movement, articular sonorous phenomena of short duration, such as claps, cracks and thuds, could be observed. In these cases, the duration of the sound remained between 0.02 and 0.04 seconds. Sonorous long time knee phenomena, with duration of about 1.0 second, such as articular crepitation, were present. Knees were classified as "sonorous silence type", when the total absence of articular sonorous phenomena was registered by the microphone in the recordings. Knees were classified as "weak, medium and strong sonorous type" depending on the minar or major presence of articular noises in the recordings. Three parameters were used in the analysis of those articular sounds: waveforms, frequency noise spectrum and potential spectra density. The potential spectra density was used only to analyze short time phenomena. The results of this study showed that the arthrosonography technique is, a good toei for recording and analyzing articular sounds produced during the knees movements, allowing a good characterization of articular sonorous phenomena. For the purpose of this study, the microphone proved to be a good transducer in terms of frequency and dynamic sensitivities, for utilization in human joint emissions, since it captures ali the characteristics of the articular sounds, allowing the identification of each acoustic phenomenon through its spectral composition / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia e Patologia Buco-Dental

Most activities of daily living and numerous modes of physical activity incorporate some form of ambulation, of which the foot and ankle constitute the first link in the kinetic chain. A change in foot or ankle structure may therefore have subsequent effects on the superincumbent joints of the human body such as the knee, hip and lower back. Plantar pressure and impulse measurements can therefore provide greater insight into the mechanics of the foot under load-bearing conditions with regards to the areas and regions of the foot that exhibit the largest pressure values and impulse figures. Hence, it is of importance to establish normative data so as to obtain a frame of reference to identify those individuals that fall outside these norms and may exhibit a larger probability of injury. Aim and Objectives: The primary aim was to identify and compare the plantar pressure distribution patterns and impulse values of students of a South African university of different gender and race groups. To realise this aim two specific objectives were set. The first was to determine whether height, weight, body mass index (BMI), gender, race, and the level of physical activity were related to the pressure and impulse values obtained, and the second was to generate reference tables from the normative data gathered. Method: The RS Footscan system was used to measure the pressure and impulse values of the foot. The characteristics that were analysed were height, weight, body mass index and the level of physical activity of the participant and their respective association with plantar pressure and impulse values obtained. This information was then used to establish normative data. A quasi-experimental study design utilising convenience sampling was implemented as the intention was to investigate as single instance in as natural a manner as possible. Convenience sampling was used with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A total of 180 participants were utilised in this study and were subdivided as follows: Gender: Males (n = 90); Females (n = 90); Race: African black (n = 60); white (n = 60) and coloured (n = 60). Each race group therefore comprised of 30 males and 30 females respectively. The anthropometric profile of participants was as follows: Age (S.D.) = 22.21 (S.D. ± 2.93) years; Height (S.D.) = 169.69 (S.D. ± 8.91) cm; Weight (S.D.) = 66.97 (S.D. ± 12.01) kg; BMI (S.D.) = 23.16 (S.D. ± 3.15) kg/m2. Participants were asked to complete a questionnaire prior to testing that would identify all exclusion criteria consisting of: the presence of foot pain or deformity, acute lower extremity trauma, lower extremity surgery, exhibited problems of performance including eye, ear or cognitive impairment, diabetes mellitus or other neurological neuropathy, or the use of walking aids. Anthropometric measurements were then taken for those participants that qualified for the study. Participants were required to perform approximately five warm-up trials to familiarise themselves with the testing equipment before testing commenced. A total of ten successful trails were subsequently recorded for each participant, with three footprints being recorded per trial on the pressure platform, thereby comprising 30 footprints (15 left foot and 15 right foot) per participant that were analysed regarding pressure and impulse values. The two-step gait initiation protocol was implemented which was proven to be a valid and reliable means of assessing gait. Participants were instructed to walk at a comfortable walking speed between 1.19 – 1.60 m/s to ensure conformity between all participants as between-trial gait velocities were proven to be significantly variable. The foot was subdivided into ten anatomical areas focusing on the great toe, lesser toes, metatarsal 1, metatarsal 2, metatarsal 3, metatarsal 4, metatarsal 5, midfoot, medial heel and lateral heel. These ten areas were then grouped into one of three regions, namely the forefoot region (great toe, lesser toes, and all five metatarsal head areas), midfoot region (midfoot area), and rearfoot/heel region (medial and lateral heel areas). Once all relevant data was gathered, corrected and analysed it was used to establish normative data tables pertaining to the various gender and race groups. Results: Of the ten individual pressure and impulse areas, the second and third metatarsal heads demonstrated the highest mean peak pressure and impulse values. Once grouped into one of the three regions, the heel region was ascribed with the largest impulse and pressure values. It was established that statistically and practically significant racial pressure differences were apparent in the left and right forefoot and midfoot regions, with black and coloured individuals yielding the highest values, whereas white participants yielded the lowest. The same was true with regards to impulse figures in that both statistical and practical significant levels were established in the forefoot and midfoot regions. Black and coloured participants exhibited larger impulse values than the white participants. The level of physical activity was found to be associated with both pressure and impulse values over the various regions of the foot. Black individuals that were largely inactive as well as moderately active coloured participants yielded the highest pressure and impulse values, which were found to be statistically and practically significant over the forefoot regions. Conversely, white participants of all physical activity levels as well as coloured participants of both low and high physical activity levels exhibited the lowest pressure values over the forefoot region, which were also found to be statistically and practically significant. The anthropometric variables of height, weight and BMI were found to relate statistically to pressure and impulse values under the various regions of the foot, but none were found to be of any practical significance (r < .30). Conclusion: It was clearly established that both gender and race specific differences existed regarding plantar pressure and impulse values of the normal foot. Plantar pressure and impulse values were also associated with the level of physical activity of the individual, thereby indicating that the level of physical activity could be a contributing factor to altered pressure and impulse values. Anthropometric variables such as height, weight and BMI could not solely account for the variances observed in pressure and impulse. Further research is required to determine whether pressure or impulse values above or below those obtained predispose an individual to injury and to contrast between various activity or sporting codes and the effect of these on plantar pressure and impulse figures. Finally, from the collected data one was able to establish reference tables for the specific gender and race groups for both plantar pressure and impulse values. This enables one to classify individuals based on the pressure and impulse values generated.

Friction stir welding was used to join 3 mm Ti-6Al-4V alloy in a butt joint configuration. This research focused on optimization of a tool geometry and the interaction between process parameters and static performance of welded joints. The main parameters varied were tool travel speed and tool rotational speed. The results showed a relationship between heat input as a function of process parameters and static strength. Improved tensile properties correspond to high heat input. The hardness plots revealed an increase in hardness on both the stir zone and heat affected zone despite the small defects on the weld root. The weld microstructure was also evaluated, which showed a variation in microstructure on both the heat affected zone and stir zone in comparison to the parent material. It was also found that the use of MgO as a heat barrier on the backing plate was detrimental to the weld tensile properties of butt-welded plates compared to bead-on-plate welds of which MgO had no influence.

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La stabilité à court terme et à long terme sont deux aspects importants dans l'analyse de la stabilité des pentes. L'objectif de cette étude est de proposer des modèles numériques pour simuler le comportement mécanique à court terme et à long terme de la matrice rocheuse et joints rocheux. Pour la matrice rocheuse, un modèle élasto- endommagement qui prend les deux situations, de compression et de traction en compte est utilisé. Un paramètre est introduit pour mettre l'accent sur l'influence de la pression de confinement. Et puis un modèle de fluage de la matrice rocheuse qui compte le paramètre de dommages comme une variable dépendant du temps est proposé. Les résultats des simulations montrent un exact accord avec les résultats expérimentaux. Généralement, joints rocheux sont la partie la plus fragile dans les structures rocheuses. Pour joints rocheux, l'aspérité de la surface commune est représentée par un paramètre JRC. Ce paramètre est lié à l'angle de frottement, et donc affecte la rigidité en cisaillement de joint. Dans ce travail, un modèle constitutif est employé sur la base de cette théorie présentée, et le paramètre JRC est proposé comme une variable dépendante du temps, ce qui représente la dégradation de l’aspérité avec le passage du temps. Une simulation est réalisée et vérifiée que ce modèle est capable de décrire les phénomènes de fluage. Extended finite element method (XFEM) est introduit et appliqué dans le modèle de joint de décrire exactement l'état réel des joints. Une simulation d'une structure complexe est effectuée à la fin pour vérifier la capacité de simuler de ces modèles. / Short-term and long-term stability are two important aspects in analyzing slope stability. The objective of this study is to propose the numerical models to simulate the short and long-term mechanical behaviour of rock matrix and rock joint. For rock matrix, one elasto-damage model which takes both the compressive and tensile situations into account is employed. One parameter is introduced to emphasize the influence of confining pressures. And then one creep model for rock matrix which considering the damage parameter as a time-dependent variable is proposed. The simulation results show great agreement with experimental results. Generally, rock joints are the most fragile part in rock structures. For rock joint, the asperity of joint surface is represented by a parameter JRC. This parameter is related to the friction angle, and then affects the shear stiffness of joint. In this work, a constitutive model is employed based on this theory, and then the parameter JRC is proposed to be a time-dependent variable, which represents the graduate degradation of joint asperity with time passage. One simulation is performed and verified that this model is capable to describe creep phenomena. The extended finite element (XFEM) theory is introduced and applied in the joint model to exactly describe the real condition of joint. A simulation of one complicated structure is performed at last to verify the simulating ability of these models.

In Limit States Design for steel structures, single plate connections are designed to transfer beam shear to supporting member. These connections, with the connection plate shop-welded to the supporting member and field-bolted to the supported beam are becoming increasingly popular due to their economy and ease of fabrication. Single plate connections are very suitable for cases where speed of erection is a primary consideration. They are particularly superior for skewed connections. Traditional design methods which deal with connection problems generally give over-conservative solutions to this complex problem. Two series of experimental investigations of single plate connections for beam-to-girder webs were conducted. A variety of connections were tested to demonstrate their feasibility and to collect data for analytical correlation studies. The ultimate goal of these tests and studies is to devise a rational basis for the design of these connections. This work is part of a comprehensive research project and the reader is referred to other papers (References 1 and 2) for completeness. Based on experimental results and theoretical correlation studies, a modified design formula is proposed in order to predict the ultimate capacity of single plate connections. The formula tries to incorporate the influences of applied loads (shear force, torsional moment, and bending moment), resistance of the single plate connection, skew angle of the connection plate and type of holes (slotted and standard) used in the connection. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate

A practical method of incorporating realistic flexible connections including the effect of connection sizes and shear deflection in plane frame analysis is presented. The general algorithm can be easily implemented in a standard plane frame analysis program and once implemented it can be an ideal tool for production work in the steel industry. In this approach connection stiffness is programmed directly into the analysis by utilizing the connection moment-rotation equations developed by Frye and Morris but it may also be entered separately as data. Nonlinear connection analysis is carried out by the procedure outlined by Frye and Morris. Practical application of this method of analysis is demonstrated by modifying a standard plane frame analysis program to include the effect of flexible connections. The validity of the modified program, CPlane, was verified against the findings of Moncarz and Gerstle. Using CPlane, a simple plane frame structure was analyzed under various lateral load intensities for different connection assumptions. It was found that the inclusion of connection behavior significantly altered the internal force distribution and design of the structure. / Applied Science, Faculty of / Civil Engineering, Department of / Graduate