With the advent of cloud computing and Software-as-a-Service, Service-Based Application (SBA) represents a new paradigm to build rapid, low-cost, interoperable and evolvable distributed applications. A new application is created by defining a workflow that coordinates a set of third-party Web services accessible over the Internet. In such distributed and loose coupling environment, the execution of SBA requires a high degree of flexibility. For example, suitable constituent services can be selected and integrated at runtime based on their Quality of Service (QoS); furthermore, the composition of service is required to be dynamically modified in response to unexpected runtime failures. In this context, the main objective of this dissertation is to design, to develop and to evaluate a service middleware for flexible execution of SBA by using chemical programming model. Using chemical metaphor, the service-based systems are modeled as distributed, selforganized and self-adaptive biochemical systems. Service discovery, selection, coordination and adaptation are expressed as a series of pervasive chemical reactions in the middleware, which are performed in a distributed, concurrent and autonomous way. Additionally, on the way to build flexible service based systems, we do not restrict our research only in investigating chemical-based solutions. In this context, the second objective of this thesis is to find out generic solutions, such as models and algorithms, to respond to some of the most challenging problems in flexible execution of SBAs. I have proposed a two-phase online prediction approach that is able to accurately make decisions to proactively execute adaptation plan before the failures actually occur.

Depuis ces dernières décennies, peu de sujets de la géologie de l’ingénieur ont attiré autant l’attention de la communauté scientifique que ceux traitant des risques naturels et plus particulièrement des instabilités gravitaires de grandes ampleurs reconnues sous les termes de DSGSD (Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation) et de DSL (Deep Seated Landslide). Basée sur un nombre limité de cas d’étude à l’échelle naturelle (couplage datation et surveillance récente), la dynamique temporelle à court terme reste l’un de leurs aspects les moins étudiés aujourd’hui. Nous avons choisi l’exemple du massif de la Cristallère, situé en haute Vallée d’Aspe dans les Pyrénées béarnaises, où le DSL de la Cristallère a été récemment identifié et analysé à partir de deux méthodes de datation.Dans la continuité de ce travail, notre première approche consiste à évaluer la dynamique temporelle à court terme des mouvements de ce versant à différentes échelles et à partir de différentes méthodes de positionnement par satellites (constellations GPS et GLONASS) : positionnement multistations RGP (Réseau Géodésique Permanent), statique géodésique avec pivot et statique rapide avec pivot. Nous insistons dans ce travail, compte tenu des résultats originaux obtenus, sur l’intérêt du différentiel GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) avec un pivot qui se doit d’être proche géographiquement des observations à mener afin d’assurer une précision suffisante (de l’ordre du cm).Les observations et l'exploitation des modèles numériques de terrain issues des relevés aériens à différentes échelles obtenus avec un drone du type « aile volante » constituent la deuxième approche de ce travail de recherche. Elles viennent compléter la cartographie du site et démontrer l’existence d’un DSGSD à partir d’une caractérisation géomorphométrique haute résolution et haute précision (de l’ordre du cm également) ; elles permettent d’affiner la délimitation du DSL de la Cristallère et de sa zone la plus active (Pène du Thès) et du DSL du Peilhou.À ces deux approches complémentaires (combinaison de données tridimensionnelles ponctuelles et surfaciques), s’ajoutent préalablement un relevé de terrain géologique etgéophysique (mesures structurales, tomographies de résistivités électriques et profils électromagnétiques Very Low Frequency) ainsi qu’une analyse des archives disponibles sur les ouvrages présents dans le versant instable, tels que la galerie drainante de la centrale hydroélectrique du Baralet et l’ancien tunnel ferroviaire du Peilhou.L’utilisation combinée de ces trois approches confirme que les mouvements profonds du massif de la Cristallère sont encore actifs avec un forçage sismique avéré : la prise de conscience du rôle que peut jouer le DSGSD est tout aussi fondamentale. Ainsi tous les ouvrages existants dans le massif, ou les projets d’aménagement ou de réhabilitation sur ce site doivent considérer l’existence d’une déstructuration, lente et progressive de l’ensemble du massif (DSGSD). Par ailleurs, la méthodologie développée dans ce travail se veut générale et peut être utilisée pour surveiller et suivre, à court et moyen terme, tous types de mouvement de terrain, et en particulier les glissements de terrain ou rocheux, profonds ou superficiels, lents ou rapides. / For these last decades, few subjects of the geology of the engineer have drawn the attention of the scientific community as much as those dealing of the natural hazards and more particularly with large-scale gravitational instabilities known as DSGSD (Deep Seated Gravitational Slope Deformation) and DSL (Deep Seated Landslide). Based on few cases study on a natural scale (dating and recent monitoring), short term temporal dynamics remains one of their least studied aspects today. We made the choice of the Cristallère massif as an example. It is located in Upper Aspe Valley of the Pyrenees (Béarn region). The Cristallère DSL was recently identified and analyzed through two dating methods.On the basis of this work, our first approach consists in assessing short term temporal dynamics of these slopes movements on various scales and with various methods of satellites positioning (GPS and GLONASS constellations): multistation positioning RGP (Permanent Geodetic Network in France), statics geodetic with pivot and fast static with pivot. We insist in this work, given the original results obtained, on the interest of the differential GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) with a pivot which must be geographically close to the observations to be carried out in order to ensure sufficient accuracy (cm).Observations and exploitation of drone digital elevation models of the site from aerial surveys at different scales obtained with a “flying wing” are the second approach to this research work. They complete the mapping of the site and demonstrate the existence of a DSGSD based on a high resolution and high precision geomorphometric characterization (cm); they make it possible to refine the delimitation of the Cristallère DSL and its most active area (Pène du Thès) and the Peilhou DSL.In addition to these two complementary approaches, a geological and geophysical survey (structural geology measurements, electrical resistivity tomographies and electromagnetic profiles Very Low Frequency surveys) and an analysis of the available data on the structures present in the unstable slope, such as the large diameter underground water pipe for the hydroelectric plant of Baralet and the former railway tunnel of Peilhou. The combined use of these three approaches confirms that the deep movements of the Cristallère massif are still active with proven seismic forcing: awareness of the potential role taken by the DSGSD is then fundamental. Thus, all the existing structures in the massif or the projects on this site (new constructions or rehabilitation of old structures) have to consider the existence of a slow and gradual change of the entire massif (DSGSD). Moreover, the methodology developed in this work is intended to be general. It also makes possible to monitor and follow, in the short and medium term, all types of ground movement, in particular landslides or rockslides, deep or superficial, slow or fast.

Le rift de Corinthe, en Grèce, est un jeune rift séparant la Grèce continentale du Péloponnèse. Sa partie la plus active, où la subsidence a été la plus importante durant le Quaternaire récent, a été envahie par la mer Méditerranée et forme le Golfe de Corinthe. Cette région est sujette à de nombreux aléas naturels : fréquents séismes, tsunamis et glissements de terrain côtiers. Cette thèse est dédiée à l'étude de ces processus à l'extrémité ouest du Golfe, où le l'aléa sismique, en particulier, est le plus élevée. Nous avons investigué les sédiments quaternaires accumulés sous le golfe, par l'acquisition de profils sismiques et de carottes sédimentaires. Premièrement, 22 grands glissements de terrains sous-marins ont été découverts. Leur volume varie entre 106 et 109 m3. Ces glissements eurent lieu durant 6 intervalles de temps, 4 durant l'Holocène et 2 durant le Pléistocène supérieur. Parmi les possibles facteurs ayant favorisé ou déclenché ces glissements, le rôle des apports sédimentaires semble avoir été prépondérant. Ensuite, une carte détaillée des failles en mer a été réalisée. Cette carte met en évidence, pour la première fois, des mouvements décrochants significatifs dans la partie marine du rift. Trois phases sont mises en évidence dans l'évolution tectono-sédimentaire. Durant ces phases, nos interprétations suggèrent une migration vers le nord de la déformation, conduisant à la désactivation progressive de grandes failles normales à pendage sud qui contrôlaient la subsidence durant une première phase du rifting. Par l'étude des carottes sédimentaires, nous avons ensuite recherché dans les sédiments récents des événements sédimentaires ayant été déclenchés par les grands séismes historiques. La meilleure correspondance entre l'âge des événements et l'âge des séismes est observée dans la partie la plus profonde du bassin. Finalement, quatre carottes plus longues ont été prélevées dans cette région et ont révélé une distribution spatiale et temporelle spécifique des glissements sous-marins au cours des derniers 500 à 1000 ans. Cette distribution est interprétée comme résultant principalement de variations dans la fréquence des grands séismes. Ainsi, selon ces nouvelles données, une période de quiescence sismique eut lieu entre ~1740 et ~1890 AD à l'ouest de la zone d'étude alors qu'à l'est, une quiescence sismique aurait eu lieu plus tôt, entre ~1500 et ~1700 AD. / The Corinth Rift, in Greece, is a young and active continental rift stretching between Continental Greece and the Peloponnese. The most active part of the rift, where the subsidence has been the highest during the Late Quaternary, has been covered by the sea and forms the Gulf of Corinth. This area is prone to natural hazards, including frequent large earthquakes, tsunamis and coastal landslides. The present thesis is dedicated to the study of these processes at the western tip of the Gulf, where the earthquake hazard, in particular, is considered as very high. We have investigated the Quaternary sediments below the Gulf of Corinth floor, through seismic reflection profiling and gravity coring. First, 22 large mass transport deposits were discovered. Their estimated volumes range from 106 to 109 m3. Large mass wasting events occurred in six stratigraphic intervals, four attributed to the Holocene and two attributed to the Upper Pleistocene. Among possible preconditioning factors and triggers, the likely influence of the sediment supply is highlighted. Then, an accurate map of offshore faults is presented. The map highlights for the first time significant strike-slip component in the offshore Corinth Rift, in addition to the dominant normal strain. Three phases are proposed for the Late Quaternary tectono-sedimentary evolution of the area. During these phases, the strain was suggested to migrate northward, driving the progressive deactivation of the large south-dipping faults that controlled the subsidence in an earlier phase of the rifting. Based on the sediment cores, sedimentary events triggered by large historical earthquakes in the last 3 centuries have been looked for. The best fit between the age of the identified event deposits and large historical earthquakes is observed in the deep basin. Finally, four longer cores retrieved in this area reveal specific spatial and temporal patterns of slope failures for the last 500-1000 yr. Such pattern is interpreted as resulting primarily from changes in the frequency of strong earthquakes. From these data, a period of seismic quiescence may have occurred between ~1740 and ~1890 AD in the west of the study area, while eastward, seismic quiescence would have occurred earlier, between ~1500 and ~1700 AD.

Nous souhaitons connaître les processus qui contrôlent les glissements de terrain lents à l’aide de méthodes sismiques passives. Nous installons des dispositifs d’écoute sismique sur les sites de Super-Sauze (France) et de Valoria (Italie). Nous détectons, localisons et caractérisons trois types principaux de signaux sismiques. Un type est associé aux séismes régionaux donc externe à la dynamique des glissements. Les deux autres sont localisés dans des foyers de fissures ou des ruptures de pente. Nous suggérons que le premier type est associé à des écroulements depuis l’escarpement et à du transport en surface, tandis que le second type est associé à des fractures et des cisaillements. On montre qu’il existe des corrélations entre ces signaux, les déplacements en surface et les précipitations. Les glissements de terrain sont des volumes variables dans le temps et dans l’espace, ce qui impose une maintenance régulière des équipements et complexifie l’acquisition de données permanentes. / We aim at improving our knowledge regarding slow-moving landslide evolution processes by means of passive seismic methods. Seismic arrays have been installed on two landslides (Super-Sauze, France and Valoria, Italy). We detect, locate and characterise three main types of seismic signals. One type corresponds to the regional earthquakes and is also external to the dynamics of the landslides. The two others are located into clusters close to fractured or scarp zones. The first type is interpreted as rock falls or brittle material propagating along the slide, while the second type is interpreted as fracture or shearing phenomena. We evaluate that displacements and precipitations might be correlated with seismic signals variations. Landslides are likely to move and to mechanically change in space and time, which implies a continuous monitoring of the seismic equipment and prevents from long-term acquisition.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:23:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-11-23Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:11:13Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 souza_alo_me_ilha.pdf: 3367880 bytes, checksum: b588a2dedc116340aa90ecceaabc577c (MD5) / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) / Este trabalho versa sobre ondas de gravidade geradas por impacto de massas sólidas em meio líquido. Vários ensaios com materiais granulares, simulando o deslizamento, foram conduzidos em um canal de ondas provido de rampa a montante, sobre a qual esferas de vidro e seixos rolados, de diâmetros distintos, após deslizarem, vinham impactar o meio líquido gerando ondas de submersão. O canal, localizado no Laboratório de Hidráulica e Hidrometria da UNESP – Ilha Solteira, apresenta as dimensões 0,30 m de largura, 0,50 m de altura e 10,00 m de comprimento. Os ensaios com lâmina d’água variando entre 0,13 m e 0,20 m foram executados no intuito de checar algumas propriedades desse complexo processo físico de geração de ondas, quais sejam: o campo de velocidades do material granular incidente (centro de massa e frente de deslizamento), utilizando recursos de cinematografia e tratamento de imagens; determinação de alturas de ondas através de sondas capacitivas micro-controladas; e, por fim, obtenção de velocidades orbitais na zona de geração, através de sondas ADV (Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter). Com o objetivo de validar modelo numérico desenvolvido por Maciel (1991) e aprimorado por Nascimento (2001), os ensaios experimentais subsidiaram o processo de validação do referido modelo, baseado nas equações de Serre, para o caso de materiais granulares, até então não contemplado por outros trabalhos citados na literatura. Foi também brevemente testado, o que requer aprofundamento em trabalho futuro, um modelo numérico lagrangeano, apresentado no Anexo III. Na seqüência, foi também realizada uma análise da transferência de energia do material granular incidente para o meio líquido, cujo principal objetivo era de avaliar o percentual de energia cinética do deslizamento que fora convertido em energias cinética e potencial da onda gerada... / This work is about gravity waves generated by solid mass impact into liquid. Several essays with granular material, simulating a landslide, were conduced in a wave channel provided with an upstream ramp where glass spheres and pebbles (with two different diameter intervals) slide the ramp generating submersion waves. The wave channel is located at UNESP – Ilha Solteira’s Hydraulics and Hydrometrics Laboratory. Its dimension is 0,30 m (width), 0,50 m (high) and 10,00 m (length). The depth of water was from 0,13 m up to 0,20 m. Some properties of the complex physic process of landslide generated waves were investigated: granular material’s velocity field (trough cinematography method and image treatment); wave height was founded with micro controlled capacitance wave gauges; and orbital velocity was acquired by Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV) gauges. The main aim was to validate a numeric model developed by Maciel (1991) further improved by Nascimento (2001) for granular material generated waves. The experimental essays were essential to the validation of the Serre’s equation based model for granular material (do not contemplated by other works in the literature). A lagrangean numeric model was briefly tested (Anexo III). The energy transfer of the granular material to waves was also analyzed with purpose to evaluate the fraction of the solid’s kinematics energy was converted in wave’s kinematics and potential energies. In the engineering context, this work brings a chapter with several analytic, semi-empiric and empiric methods of water wave’s height estimation. They are based on geometric characteristics and slide’s dynamics. Another chapter compares those methods.

Neste trabalho foram integrados o mapeamento geológico de campo, os dados regionais aerogeofísicos e as imagens orbitais de alta resolução (1 m) para fornecer um mapa geológico detalhado do Pluton granítico Conselheiro Paulino, na Faixa Ribeira, Brasil. A área estudada possui poucos afloramentos e outras questões que dificultam o mapeamento geológico tradicional. Escorregamentos de terra são comuns na porção mais intemperizada do granito. A utilização de imagens orbitais de alta resolução permitiu a identificação dos poucos afloramentos existentes, além de outros elementos, como ravinas, planícies aluviais, eluviões, vegetação e estradas. Isso foi importante para orientar e otimizar as pesquisas de campo. A disponibilidade de dados aerogeofísicos magnéticos e radiométricos corroboraram nos trabalhos de campo e na petrografia do Pluton granítico Conselheiro Paulino. O pluton pode ser dividido em duas facies distintas, sendo uma de composição microgranítica e outra de composição microgranodiorítica / In the present work, we integrate field geological mapping, regional airborne geophysical data and high resolution (1 m) satellite images to provide a detailed geological map of the Conselheiro Paulino granitic pluton in the Ribeira Belt, Brazil. The studied area has few outcrops and other issues that limit the traditional geological mapping. Landslides are common in the highly weathered portion of the granite. The use of high-resolution images allowed the identification of the few available outcrops and other elements such as ravines, aluvial plains, eluvial deposits, vegetation and roads. This was important to guide and optimize the fieldwork surveys. The available magnetic and radiometric airborne geophysical data corroborate field and petrographic data about the Conselheiro Paulino granite pluton. The pluton can be divided into two distinct facies, one with microgranitic and the other with microgranodioritic composition.

No verão do ano 2000, um evento extremo de chuva ocorreu em Campos do Jordão, causando deslizamento de encostas em vários pontos da área urbana, em bairros considerados de risco. Este evento provocou a morte de 10 pessoas e um saldo de aproximadamente 3000 desabrigados. Os impactos ambientais e sociais desse acontecimento foram catastróficos. A ocupação de encostas, de maneira geral, é feita de maneira desordenada onde se verifica a remoção da vegetação existente para a construção das moradias de baixo padrão, processo que altera a morfodinâmica local e traz implicações para a própria população.No caso específico de Campos do Jordão, houve um grande crescimento da ocupação das encostas entre os anos de 1986 e 2003, principalmente nas áreas com declividade superior a 45 áreas consideradas de alto risco para a construção de moradias mas que mesmo assim, são invadidas e ocupadas irregularmente. A partir do evento de chuvas/deslizamentos ocorrido no ano 2000, a Prefeitura Municipal de Campos do Jordão passou a intervir, de forma mais intensa e sistematizada, na busca de soluções para gestão das áreas de risco, por exemplo, com a aquisição de áreas para formação de loteamentos onde serão vendidos terrenos para as famílias que ocupam as áreas de risco muito alto. / On the 2000 Summer, an extreme rain event occurred in Campos do Jordão, causing landslide of the slopes in several points of the urban area in places considered on risk.This event causes the death of ten people an approximately 3000 (three thousand) homelesses. The social and environment impacts of this event were catastrophic. The occupation of the slopes, in general, is made in a disorganized way where it checked the removal of the existing vegetation for houses building, process that changes the morfodynamic local and brings implications to the own population. In the specific case of Campos do Jordão, there was a great increasing of the slopes occupation between 1986 and 2003, mainly in areas with superior slopes up 45 considered as high risk to the dweeling construction even so, are irregulary invaded and occupated. From the landslides/rain events onwards occurred on 2000, the Municipal Prefectures of Campos do Jordão, started to intervene on a systematic and intense way, in search of solutions for management of risk areas, for example, with the acquisition of areas to form portions that will be saled on pieces to the families that occup very high risk areas.

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-06-07T15:13:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 brunodejesusfernandes.pdf: 12112336 bytes, checksum: efb7e77a9f2bf5efe6138c3a3865069f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-13T13:24:31Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 brunodejesusfernandes.pdf: 12112336 bytes, checksum: efb7e77a9f2bf5efe6138c3a3865069f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-13T13:24:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 brunodejesusfernandes.pdf: 12112336 bytes, checksum: efb7e77a9f2bf5efe6138c3a3865069f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-28 / No Brasil, as pesquisas associadas aos processos de escorregamentos em áreas urbanas têm crescido significativamente devido ao elevado número de ocorrências que trazem enormes prejuízos econômicos, e, com frequência, levam à perda de muitas vidas. Na cidade de Juiz de Fora, e em especial na Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Tapera, o crescimento expressivo do número de ocorrências de escorregamentos está relacionado às características físico-ambientais e à ocupação irregular das encostas. Para o diagnóstico e prognóstico desse tipo de processo inúmeras metodologias têm sido propostas no mundo e no presente trabalho a metodologia utilizada foi a de análise ambiental por Geoprocessamento adotada e elaborada conforme XAVIER DA SILVA e CARVALHO FILHO (1993) e XAVIER DA SILVA (2001), para os quais as ocorrências desses problemas de impacto ao meio ambiente são comuns, dentro de dimensões básicas do mundo físico, por isso apresentam dimensão territorial e ocorrem segundo um processo dinâmico, em função do tempo. Com base em informações de séries temporais dos registros das ocorrências desses fenômenos ambientais, pode-se aprender o comportamento de sua evolução e elaborar previsões sobre prováveis ocorrências futuras. Cabe ressaltar que inúmeros trabalhos para órgãos privados, públicos, além de centenas de dissertações e teses foram elaboradas e finalizadas com êxito utilizando a metodologia descrita acima. A partir disso, o objetivo central do presente trabalho foi realizar e analisar um diagnóstico ambiental com ênfase na ocorrência de escorregamentos na Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Tapera. Para isso foi necessário, em caráter mais especifico, criar uma base de dados cartográficos da área de estudo; analisar o inventário ambiental gerado; analisar as áreas de ocorrência de escorregamentos, analisar o modelo de previsão gerado pelo SAGA-UFRJ; detectar e analisar as áreas de risco a ocorrência de escorregamentos. Por fim, espera-se que com este estudo possa se conhecer a localização das áreas com diferentes níveis de risco a escorregamento e assim determinar o potencial perigo a população, seja nas áreas ocupadas ou naquelas onde ainda não há ocupação humana, de forma que se possa orientar medidas estratégicas para futuras ocupações. / In Brazil, research associated with landsliding processes in urban areas have grown significantly due to the high number of occurrences that bring huge economic losses, and often lead to the loss of many lives. In the city of Juiz de Fora, especially in Basin Stream Tapera, the significant growth in the number of landslide occurrences is related to the physical and environmental characteristics and the illegal occupation of the slopes. For the diagnosis and prognosis of this type of numerous methodologies pro-cess have been proposed in the world and in this study the methodology used was the environmental analysis by GIS adopted and developed as XAVIER DA SILVA and CARVALHO FILHO (1993) and XAVIER DA SILVA (2001) that the occurrences of such problems impact to the environment are common within the basic dimensions of the physical world therefore have spatial dimension and a dynamic process occurring in function of time. Based on time-series information from the records of the occurrences of these environmental phenomena, one can learn the behavior of its evolution and prepare forecasts of likely future occurrences. It is noteworthy that numerous works for private institutions, public and hundreds of dissertations and theses have been pre-pared and completed successfully using the methodology described above. From this, the main objective of this study was perform and analyze an environmental diagnosis with emphasis on the occurrence of landslides in Watershed Stream Tapera. This re-quired, in more specific character, create a cartographic database of the study area; analyze the environmental inventory generated; analyze the areas of occurrence of landslides, analyze the predictive model generated by SAGA-UFRJ; detect and ana-lyze risk areas the occurrence of landslides. Finally, it is expected that this study can get to know the location of areas with different levels of risk to slip and thus determine the potential danger to people, whether in the occupied areas or those where there is still no human occupation, so that can steer strategic measures for future occupations.

La chaine de Taïwan représente l’une des zones les plus actives au monde. Depuis le début du XXe siècle, plus d’une vingtaine de séismes _Mw 7 ont affecté l’île. Cependant la probabilité d’occurrence de séismes plus importants (_Mw 8) est toujours matière à débat. Dans un tel contexte, il apparait donc important d’obtenir des enregistrements plus anciens pour évaluer l’occurrence de tels évènements. La paléosismologie marine, basée sur l’enregistrement des dépôts issus de la sédimentation gravitaire, apparait comme une alternative sérieuse afin d’illuminer l’histoire de la sismicité sur des périodes anciennes. Ce travail de thèse apporte de nouvelles contraintes sur l’histoire sismique au large, à l’est de Taïwan, au cours des derniers 3000 ans.La première partie de ce travail consiste à caractériser les systèmes sédimentaires récents. Cette étape fut essentielle pour la compréhension des processus, faciès sédimentaires et les facteurs de contrôle de la sédimentation qui régissent l’évolution de la pente sous-marine. Ces résultats ont montré que l’Est de Taïwan est caractérisé par une grande variabilité de processus et que les courants de turbidité dominent l’enregistrement sédimentaire.Les courants de turbidité sont générés par deux facteurs distincts : l’activité tectonique/sismique et l’activité climatique. La deuxième partie de ce travail est consacrée à l’approche paléosismique en utilisant les dépôts de turbidités comme marqueurs des paléoséismes. Pour ce faire, nous avons dans un premier temps testé et validé l’approche à l’échelle du siècle dernier. Ensuite une fois calibré, nous avons pu étendre les séries temporelles à l’échelle de l’Holocène. Nous avons daté les trois plus récents évènements turbiditiques autour de 2001 ± 3 AD, 1950 ± 5 AD et 1928 ± 10 AD. En utilisant des relations empiriques intégrant magnitude, distance et valeur du "peak ground acceleration", nous avons pu calibrer la source sismique et ainsi corréler ces trois turbidites à trois séismes instrumentaux : le séisme de Chengkong (12/10/2003) (Mw 6.8), le séisme de Taitung (11/24/1951) (Mw 7.1) et le séisme de Lutao (9/4/1935) (Mw 7.0). Au-delà du siècle dernier, les datations et modèles d’âges nous permettent d’établir une partie de la chronologie des évènements extrêmes sur une période de 3000 ans et d’estimer un temps de retour pour des évènements de l’ordre _Mw 7. Les résultats ont toutefois montré que ces temps de retour sont nettement supérieurs à ceux connus sur le siècle dernier, ce qui suggère que tous les séismes ne sont pas enregistrés par les dépôts sédimentaires marins. Ce travail de thèse a donc permis de montrer que les dépôts issus de la sédimentation évènementielle peuvent être considérés comme marqueurs de la sismicité et que cette approche peut constituer un outil complémentaire pour les études portant sur le risque sismique. / Taiwan is a young mountain belt, known as one of the most active area in the world. Since the beginning of the 20th century more than twenty _ Mw 7 earthquakes have struck the island. However, the occurrence of larger events (_Mw 8) is still a matter of debate. In this framework it is of key importance to obtain longer record in order to evaluate the occurrence of large past earthquakes. The sub-aqueous paleoseismology, based on the record of the sedimentary gravity deposits, appears as a serious alternative to approach this thematic and is a rapidly advancing field that has the potential to illuminate the long-term history of seismicity.The first part of this work was to investigate the present sedimentary systems off east Taiwan, essential to understand the morphosedimentary features, sedimentary facies and processes governing the evolution of the submarine slope, and the controlling factors of the recent sedimentation. Our results showed that the offshore slope east Taiwan is affected by a variety of sedimentary systems and processes, and that turbidity currents appear as the main erosional processes covering nearly 60% of the sedimentary record. Turbidity currents are generated by distinct controlling factors such as tectonic and climatic activity that enabled us to define twoend-members relative to turbidity currents initiation: Turbidity currents preconditioned by tectonic activity and triggered by earthquakes shaking and likely deposited into intra-slope basin and turbidity currents driven by climatic activity such as extreme floods or typhoons, generated in basin directly connected with onland rivers.The second part consisted to apply a paleoseismic approach, based on turbidites record, at two time-scales. First, we tested and validated the method by correlating turbidites deposits with instrumental earthquakes. Then, once calibrated we extended the time-series back in time. We dated the three most recent turbidites layers circa 2001 ± 3 AD, 1950 ± 5 AD and 1928 ± 10 AD. Using empirical relationship that link peakground acceleration, distance and magnitude to calibrate the seismic sources, we correlate these three turbidites with instrumental earthquakes: the Chengkong Earthquake 12/10/2003 (Mw 6.8), the 11/24/1951 Taitung Earthquake (Mw 7.1) and the 9/4/1935 Lutao Earthquake (Mw 7.0) respectively. Applying criteria to discriminating the different triggering mechanisms for turbidity current generation, we propose that earthquakes are the main triggering mechanisms. Dating and age modeling provided a part of the chronology of extreme events since the last 3000 years and allowed us to estimate return time for earthquakes Mw _ 6.8.This work represents a good starting-point for future investigations in order to better assess Holocene time series of extreme events.

Ineffective hill management policy at the national level and weak enforcement by thelocal authorities has created space for developing many informal settlements alonglandslide prone hillslopes in Chittagong city, Bangladesh. These settlements areconsidered illegal by the formal authorities, the settlers perceive their presence inthose areas as legal occupants, which have caused land tenure conflicts with formalauthorities over the last decades. The continual land tenure conflict has weakenedinstitutional arrangement for reducing vulnerability to landslides in the informalsettlements. The thesis paper is prepared based on the findings of a case study on thelandslides which occurred in 2007 in Chittagong city. The fieldwork of the study wascarried out using qualitative tools such as individual interviewing of organisationalrespondents and a focus group interview in Matijarna informal settlement to examinewhat institutional changes have occurred for reducing social vulnerability of informalsettlers to landslides in Chittagong city. The study finds that the institutional changeshave occurred as short-term mitigation policies like establishing structural measuresalong hillslopes for adjustment and relocation of the most vulnerable informal settlers.Anchoring on institutional change theory, the study suggests that new policies mayreduce social vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides through addressing thefollowing issues. First, previous institutional arrangements and how those shapedpresent vulnerability of informal settlers to landslides must be understood. Second,land tenure security of the informal settlers must be well incorporated in currentmitigation policies. Third, organisational coordination should be strengthened fromnational to local level, as well as, between government agencies and otherorganisations like NGOs and civil society to facilitate policy implementation process.