This study investigated three issues problematic to the state of knowledge on mentoring. These issues were: (a) lack of scientifically derived operational definitions in use in research on mentoring; (b) lack of agreement about how common mentoring is; and (c) lack of agreement about whether or not alternate forms of career support are more efficient than mentoring. The information collected to address each of these issues was acquired in two phases: a literature survey followed by a sample survey. The literature survey addressed the first issue. It resulted in the formulation of an operational definition of mentoring which was based on an empirical profile of an "ideal" mentoring relationship. Formulation of the profile was a major focus of this study.

The topic of this thesis focuses on various legal professions within the Czech Republic, such as attorneys, notaries, bailiffs and judges. These occupations are often associated with civil judiciary process. The purpose of this thesis is to define the foundations of their legal status, including the scope of their activities, and how they differ. Additionally, the thesis focuses on the role of individual professions. Firstly, important elements, such as confidentiality, independence, autonomy or responsibility will be analyzed. Secondly, the thesis will address significant problems in defining the role of the legal profession. Finally, the thesis will include several challenges lawyers face in the 21st century, for example, the provision of legal services by non-professionals. Powered by TCPDF (www.tcpdf.org)

Étonnamment méconnues du grand public et de nombreux avocats, qu’elles ont pourtant vocation à servir, les caisses de règlements pécuniaires des avocats (CARPA) sont indissociables du paysage juridique et judiciaire français. Créées au milieu du siècle dernier pour contrôler la comptabilité des avocats auxquels les pouvoirs publics venaient de donner le droit de manier des fonds au nom et pour le compte de leurs clients, puis autorisées à mener une activité spéculative pour financer leur fonctionnement, les CARPA sont par ailleurs devenues gestionnaires de fonds publics affectés à la rétribution des avocats prenant en charge des missions d’aide juridique. D’une efficacité certaine, les caisses n’en sont pas moins confrontées à de multiples défis et à une relative incertitude quant à leur avenir. L’évolution de la criminalité économique et financière, l’inefficacité du service public de l’accès à la justice, la baisse du rendement de leur activité spéculative et les perspectives de réformes les concernant pourraient effectivement menacés la pérennité du concept CARPA jusque dans ses fondements. Émanations des ordres qui les ont institués, symboles de discipline, de probité et de rigueur, les CARPA œuvrent dans l’intérêt de la profession d’avocat, des valeurs que celle-ci défend et de l’intérêt général. Les caisses de règlements pécuniaires n’ayant jamais fait l’objet d’une étude d’ensemble, leur évolution passée et à venir impose de faire un état de lieu de leur statut juridique en droit positif avant de formuler des propositions qui pourraient en accroître l’efficience en droit prospectif. / Surprisingly unknown to the general public and many lawyers, despite being intended to serve them; the Special Lawyers’ Litigation Fund's (CARPA) are inextricable from the French legal and judicial landscape. The CARPA’s were created in the middle of last century to inspect the accounts of the lawyers who had just been given the right, by the government, to manage funds in the name and on behalf of their clients. They have since then been allowed to conduct speculative activity to finance their operations. The CARPA’s have, furthermore, become managers of the public funds allocated towards the remuneration of the lawyers that support the legal aid mission. Of an unquestionable efficiency, the CARPA’s are none the less facing multiple challenges and suffer from a relative uncertainty regarding their future. The evolution of economic and financial crimes, the effectiveness of the public service guaranteeing access to justice, as well as declining returns from their speculative activity and the prospect of reforms could actually threaten to shake the concept of CARPA’s to its very core. Emanations of the orders that set them up as symbols of discipline, probity and rigor, the CARPA’s work in the interest of the legal profession, the values that it stands for and of the general interest. The Special Lawyers’ Litigation Fund never having been the object of a comprehensive study, their past and future evolution dictates that we analyze their legal status within positive law before formulating proposals that could improve their efficiency in prospective law.

A presente tese examina a atuação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), por meio de sua instância diretiva máxima, o Conselho Federal, entre 1945 e 1964. A ação pública do órgão, neste período, pode ser decomposta em três fases. Em meados da década de 1940, o Conselho Federal engajou-se profundamente na oposição ao Estado Novo. Na década de 1950, forçado pelas transformações que atingiam a advocacia, o organismo centrou-se numa agenda eminentemente corporativa. Finalmente, no início da década de 1960, o Conselho retomou uma postura fortemente politizada para combater o governo Goulart. Destacam-se, no trabalho, quatro eixos temáticos: 1.) o perfil da elite dirigente da OAB; 2.) a relação da Ordem dos Advogados com o Estado; 3.) a relação da Ordem com a sociedade civil; 4.) a relação da Ordem com a categoria profissional que representava. / The present thesis examines the performance of OAB (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil), through its highest authority, Federal Council, between 1945 and 1964. The public action of the organ, in this period, can be decomposed in three phases. In the middle of the 1940s, Federal Council was deeply engaged in the opposition to the New State. In the 1950s, forced by the changes that reached the advocacy, the organism was centered in an eminently corporate agenda. Finally, in the beginning of 1960s, the Council recovered a strongly politicized posture to fight Goulart administration. Four themes are accentuated in the work: 1.) the profile of OAB elite; 2.) the relationship between OAB and the State; 3.) its relationship with the civil society; 4.) its relationship with the professional category that it represented.

Thesis. 1976. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Political Science. / Microfiche copy available in Archives and Dewey. / Bibliography: leaves 240-243. / Ph.D.

Relying on interviews of Indian rights lawyers as well as archival research, this collective history excavates a missing page in the history of the modern tribal sovereignty movement. At a time when vocal Native American political protests were raging from Washington State, to Alcatraz Island, to Washington, D.C., a small group of newly graduated lawyers started quietly resurrecting Indian rights through the law. Between 1964 and 1974, these non-Indian and Native American lawyers litigated on behalf of Indians, established legal assistance programs as part of the War on Poverty efforts to provide American citizens with equal access to a better life, and founded institutions to support the protection of tribal rights. In the process, they would also inadvertently create both a profession and an academic field—Indian law as we know it today—which has since attracted an increasing number of lawyers, including Native Americans. This story is an attempt at reconstituting a major dimension of the rise of tribal sovereignty in the postwar era, one that has until now remained in the shadows of history: how Indian rights, considered obsolete until the 1960s, gained legitimacy by seizing a series of opportunities made available in part through ‘accidents’ of history. The work done by this new generation of Indian rights lawyers between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s recast definitions of tribal sovereignty in Indian Country as well as the practice and teaching of Indian law. At its core, this project seeks to realize three aspirations: First, to explain where Native American rights come from and how they interact, engage, and fit in with American law; second, to dissect the uses and limitations of law as an avenue for the pursuit of social justice; and third, to probe the question of whether the United States can function as a plural state capable of hosting multiple visions of politics, law, and culture.

A presente tese examina a atuação da Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil (OAB), por meio de sua instância diretiva máxima, o Conselho Federal, entre 1945 e 1964. A ação pública do órgão, neste período, pode ser decomposta em três fases. Em meados da década de 1940, o Conselho Federal engajou-se profundamente na oposição ao Estado Novo. Na década de 1950, forçado pelas transformações que atingiam a advocacia, o organismo centrou-se numa agenda eminentemente corporativa. Finalmente, no início da década de 1960, o Conselho retomou uma postura fortemente politizada para combater o governo Goulart. Destacam-se, no trabalho, quatro eixos temáticos: 1.) o perfil da elite dirigente da OAB; 2.) a relação da Ordem dos Advogados com o Estado; 3.) a relação da Ordem com a sociedade civil; 4.) a relação da Ordem com a categoria profissional que representava. / The present thesis examines the performance of OAB (Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil), through its highest authority, Federal Council, between 1945 and 1964. The public action of the organ, in this period, can be decomposed in three phases. In the middle of the 1940s, Federal Council was deeply engaged in the opposition to the New State. In the 1950s, forced by the changes that reached the advocacy, the organism was centered in an eminently corporate agenda. Finally, in the beginning of 1960s, the Council recovered a strongly politicized posture to fight Goulart administration. Four themes are accentuated in the work: 1.) the profile of OAB elite; 2.) the relationship between OAB and the State; 3.) its relationship with the civil society; 4.) its relationship with the professional category that it represented.

Avocats, notaires et huissiers de justices ont-ils les moyens structurels de se regrouper tout en maintenant leurs spécificités ?Tel est l'enjeu d'une certaine réflexion sur les différents modes de regroupement de professions juridiques. Car ces professionnels ont des fonctions différentes mais complémentaires et des statuts certainement compatibles au vu de leur dénominateur commun qui est la réglementation de leurs professions. Le cœur de leurs métiers réside pour chacun dans le respect de règles strictes - notamment d'une déontologie - et le service aux clients.Les structures classiques que sont les groupements de personnes comme l'association, la société civile de moyens, ou le groupement d'intérêt économique, peuvent correspondre à un premier objectif de mise en commun de moyens, mais de véritables sociétés de capitaux ont été mises à la disposition des professions juridiques pour favoriser leur croissance, par la création des sociétés d'exercice libéral en 1990, puis de véritables sociétés holding que sont les sociétés de participation financière de professions libérales en 2001, et enfin de sociétés pluriprofessionnelles d'exercice en 2015.L'évolution législative en la matière a été longue et finalement hésitante tant le rôle des professions juridiques est loin du commerce.Le législateur s'est attaché depuis 1990 à préserver l'indépendance des professionnels du droit, mais peu à peu, les verrous nécessaires ont lâché pour laisser place aujourd'hui à une ouverture financière et d'exercice qui paraît inadaptée au respect de l'essence-même de ces professions.La volonté récurrente de constituer une "grande profession du droit" ou une profession unifiée n'a pas abouti, mais les outils viennent d'être donnés sans "mode d'emploi" pour parvenir insidieusement à ce que la finance encourage la naissance d'une profession unique sous couvert d'un regroupement nécessaire à la survie des structures. L'interprofessionnalité est en marche, mais à quel prix ? / Have lawyers solicitors and bailiffs the structural ways to group together while maintaining their specificities?Such is the stake in a certain reflection on the various modes of regroupement of law occupations. Because these professionals have different but complementary functions and certainly compatible statutes in view of their common denominator which is the regulations of their occupations. The heart of their jobs lives for each in the respect for strict rules - in particular of a business ethics - and the service to the customers.The classic structures that are the groupings of people as the association, the civil society of ways, or the economic interest group, can correspond to a first objective of pooling of ways, but real societies of capital were put at the disposal of law occupations to favor their growth, by the creation of the societies of liberal exercise in 1990, then the real holding companies that are the societies of financial participation of liberal professions in 2001, and finally pluriprofessionnelles societies of exercise in 2015.The legislative evolution on the subject was long and finally hesitating so much the role of law occupations is far from trade. The legislator attempted since 1990 to protect the independence of the professionals of the right, but little by little, the necessary bolts broke to give way to a financial opening and of exercise today which seems unsuitable for the respect for the gasoline of these occupations.The recurring will to constitute a " big profession of the law " or a unified profession did not succeed, but tools have just been given without "instructions for use" to reach insidiously that the finance encourages the birth of a unique profession on behalf of a grouping necessary for the survival of the structures. The interprofessionalism is underway, but at what price ?

The success of firm lawyers depends largely upon their ability to develop a clientele. Naturally, access to potential clients and the relationships between lawyers and their clients and potential clients are exceedingly important for client development. Various factors likely play into relationships between lawyers and business leaders, two important factors being homophily and in-group preferences. Both homophily and in-group preferences mechanisms would predict that law firms are more likely to assign clients to associates who bear certain similarities to those clients. Accordingly, associates who are more similar to the business community they serve are more likely to be assigned clients and awarded responsibility. In this way, a lawyers' success depends in part on the composition of the business community in which they operate. In making partnership decisions, law firms value associates' aptitude for client relations, thus incorporating these effects into promotion evaluations. This study asks the question: at the state level, to what extent does the success of female-owned businesses correlate to the success of female lawyers who work at law firms? Using a national survey of lawyers seven years after admission to the bar, logistic regression demonstrates that it is not the percentage of businesses in a state that are female-owned that influences the likelihood of making partner for female associates. Rather, the results show that the percentage of sales generated by female-owned businesses is the influential variable: as women generate a greater percent of a state's economic activity, female lawyers are in turn more likely to achieve the status of partner.

Growing numbers of America's 1,281,432 active licensed attorneys open their own law firms due to strained employment opportunities. With 50% of small businesses failing within 5 years, and solo law offices accounting for 75% of attorneys in private practice, there is a need for preparing solo criminal law practitioners for business success. Some solo criminal law practitioners do not understand the critical business performance variables that impact small business success. The total population for this quantitative correlational study included solo criminal law practitioners from the Philadelphia Bar Association Legal Directory and Pennsylvania Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers members. Barney's resource-based theory (RBV) and Lussier's nonfinancial success-failure business prediction model were the foundational frameworks of this study. I used Lussier's nonfinancial success-failure questionnaire to collect data via a self-administered survey. A Kendall tau correlation was used to determine the relationship between Lussier's 16 independent variables measuring success or failure and a single dependent variable of 'level of profits' for the 31 participants. 31 participants (4%) is a very low response rate. Increased participation is needed for better research results. Fifteen of the 16 variables showed no relationships with the level of success. Only 1 hypothesis showed a relationship between the type of start-up plan developed by the firm and the level of success (Ï? = .322, p = .032). The findings from this study support the Small Business Association's definition of a business plan as a living roadmap for business success. The implications for positive social change include the potential to increase employment opportunities by directly impacting the economy in creating economic expansion.