Abordé sous la forme d’une étude de cas, ce travail se situe à la croisée des trois domaines de recherche que sont l’architecturologie (l’étude du processus de création appliquée au domaine de l’architecture), l’histoire de l’architecture moderne et l’histoire du Japon moderne. Il se propose de cerner le processus de conception architecturale par lequel l’architecte tchèque naturalisé américain Antonin Raymond (1888-1976) a réalisé une synthèse entre un modernisme occidental emblématique des années 1920 et 1930 et l’habitat vernaculaire japonais, produit d’une tradition ancienne de la conception de l’espace et de la construction. Organisée en trois parties, la thèse s’ouvre sur une biographie présentant le parcours qui mène Raymond de sa Bohême natale jusqu’au Japon, en passant par les États-Unis. Elle se poursuit avec l’étude des circonstances dans lesquelles il s’établit en tant qu’architecte indépendant à Tokyo, en rendant compte de l’acquisition d’un certain nombre de moyens humains et techniques nécessaires à la pratique architecturale dans le contexte japonais. Enfin, une sélection de dix-sept villas réalisées à Tokyo et des destinations de villégiatures environnantes entre 1921 et 1938 est présentée. L’analyse architecturale détaillée de ces habitations réalisées pour une clientèle d’élite japonaise et occidentale permet d’observer les étapes du développement du processus de création architecturale qui ont permis à Antonin Raymond de proposer une architecture à dimension universelle ancrée dans un contexte local. Par le biais de l’architecture, ce travail illustre ainsi une partie des problématiques et des enjeux soulevés par le processus de modernisation qui caractérise l’histoire du Japon dans la première moitié du XXe siècle. / In the form of a case study, this thesis is set at the crossroads of history of modern architecture, history of modern Japan and architecturologie (the study of the creative process applied to the field architecture). The purpose of this research is to define the design process through which Czech born American architect Antonin Raymond (1888-1976) carried out a synthesis between some of the most iconic forms of 1920s and 1930s Western modernism, and Japanese vernacular residential architecture inherited from a long tradition of space conception and construction. The thesis is structured in three parts. Starting with a biographical account of the architect’s first 32 years, the first part deals with the educational and professional journey that led Raymond from his native Bohemia to Japan, via the United States. The second part explores the circumstances of his establishment as an independent architect in Japan, and examines the human and technical means he implemented in order to set up his professional practice in the Japanese context of the 1920s. The third part gives a detailed analysis of a selection of seventeen houses designed and built between 1921 and 1938 for members of the Japanese and international elite community in Tokyo and its surrounding resort destinations. The detailed architectural analysis of these works illustrates the various stages and dimensions of Raymond’s design process, and provides insight into his own proposal for an architecture encompassing both universal and local dimensions. Through the subject of architecture, this study deals with a number of problematics and challenges brought by the process of modernisation in Japan during the first half of the 20th century.

A dissertação investiga a hipótese urbana de Le Corbusier para a cidade de São Paulo, realizada durante sua viagem à América Latina em 1929 - enfocando no diálogo entre arquitetura e paisagem suscitada pela proposta. O trabalho inscreve o contexto da viagem de Le Corbusier, remontando os principais conflitos políticos e estéticos em que o arquiteto franco-suíço estava envolvido na Europa, durante os anos que precedem imediatamente sua vinda ao continente sul-americano. Na leitura formal do plano, destaca-se a perspicaz leitura que Le Corbusier realizou da geomorfologia e geografia do sítio de São Paulo - contrastante tanto com as práticas urbanísticas em exercício na Europa quanto os estudos desenvolvidos por técnicos e engenheiros na cidade de São Paulo no mesmo período. O imaginário do projeto será reconstruído em conjugação com a caracterização das premissas materiais de sua formulação através de três fontes: a pesquisa histórica dos projetos urbanísticos de larga escala existentes para São Paulo até o episódio da visita - a fim de caracterizar os problemas sociais e urbanos que a cidade atravessava, comparando-os com os objetivos da hipótese de Le Corbusier; a análise das referências de monumentos da antiguidade levantadas pelo arquiteto na descrição do projeto - remetendo ao constante conflito na sua obra entre signos do passado e a modernidade; e por fim, a análise da função técnica e poética da visão aérea no processo de elaboração do plano de Le Corbusier, associando o projeto a uma complexa cultura visual que estava se inaugurando naquele período. / The dissertation investigates the Le Corbusier\'s plan for São Paulo developed during his Latin America\'s trip in 1929 - focusing on the dialogue between architecture and landscape raised by the proposal. Le Corbusier\'s voyage to South America is inscribed the major political and aesthetic conflicts that the architect was involved in Europe during the years that immediately preceding this trip. In the formal reading of the plan, Le Corbusier\'s insightful reading of São Paulo\'s geomorphology and geography is noteworthy - contrasting with both urban practices at that moment in Europe and the studies developed by technicians and engineers in São Paulo. We attempt to reconstruct the project\'s imagery in conjunction with the material conditions of its formulation, and through three research sources. The first is the historical survey of the existing projects for the city of São Paulo. It reveals the urban and social problems that the city was undergoing. Moreover, the facts showed in the survey serve as a means of comparison with the aims of Le Corbusier\'s hypothesis. Second, the analysis of historical references that Le Corbusier lists on the project\'s description - such as the aqueduct of Segovia and the Pont du Gard - is relevant to understand why and how these infrastructural elements are present in the plan. Finally, the analysis of the technical and poetic function of the aerial view in the elaboration process of Le Corbusier\'s plan inscribes this project in a complex visual culture that was being established at that moment.

A dissertação investiga a hipótese urbana de Le Corbusier para a cidade de São Paulo, realizada durante sua viagem à América Latina em 1929 - enfocando no diálogo entre arquitetura e paisagem suscitada pela proposta. O trabalho inscreve o contexto da viagem de Le Corbusier, remontando os principais conflitos políticos e estéticos em que o arquiteto franco-suíço estava envolvido na Europa, durante os anos que precedem imediatamente sua vinda ao continente sul-americano. Na leitura formal do plano, destaca-se a perspicaz leitura que Le Corbusier realizou da geomorfologia e geografia do sítio de São Paulo - contrastante tanto com as práticas urbanísticas em exercício na Europa quanto os estudos desenvolvidos por técnicos e engenheiros na cidade de São Paulo no mesmo período. O imaginário do projeto será reconstruído em conjugação com a caracterização das premissas materiais de sua formulação através de três fontes: a pesquisa histórica dos projetos urbanísticos de larga escala existentes para São Paulo até o episódio da visita - a fim de caracterizar os problemas sociais e urbanos que a cidade atravessava, comparando-os com os objetivos da hipótese de Le Corbusier; a análise das referências de monumentos da antiguidade levantadas pelo arquiteto na descrição do projeto - remetendo ao constante conflito na sua obra entre signos do passado e a modernidade; e por fim, a análise da função técnica e poética da visão aérea no processo de elaboração do plano de Le Corbusier, associando o projeto a uma complexa cultura visual que estava se inaugurando naquele período. / The dissertation investigates the Le Corbusier\'s plan for São Paulo developed during his Latin America\'s trip in 1929 - focusing on the dialogue between architecture and landscape raised by the proposal. Le Corbusier\'s voyage to South America is inscribed the major political and aesthetic conflicts that the architect was involved in Europe during the years that immediately preceding this trip. In the formal reading of the plan, Le Corbusier\'s insightful reading of São Paulo\'s geomorphology and geography is noteworthy - contrasting with both urban practices at that moment in Europe and the studies developed by technicians and engineers in São Paulo. We attempt to reconstruct the project\'s imagery in conjunction with the material conditions of its formulation, and through three research sources. The first is the historical survey of the existing projects for the city of São Paulo. It reveals the urban and social problems that the city was undergoing. Moreover, the facts showed in the survey serve as a means of comparison with the aims of Le Corbusier\'s hypothesis. Second, the analysis of historical references that Le Corbusier lists on the project\'s description - such as the aqueduct of Segovia and the Pont du Gard - is relevant to understand why and how these infrastructural elements are present in the plan. Finally, the analysis of the technical and poetic function of the aerial view in the elaboration process of Le Corbusier\'s plan inscribes this project in a complex visual culture that was being established at that moment.

A leitura comparativa das arquiteturas de Oscar Niemeyer e Le Corbusier aponta para a existência de um diálogo. Os três encontros ocorridos entre os arquitetos em 1936 no Rio de Janeiro, em 1947 em Nova York e 1955 em Paris prestam-se como cenário para uma troca de experiências estéticas caracterizada por uma relação de influência e contra-influência. Nos projetos que sucedem seu primeiro encontro com Le Corbusier na cidade do Rio de Janeiro em 1936, Niemeyer estrutura sua própria linguagem no instante em que, expande à escala do edifício, os elementos de caráter compositivo que Le Corbusier preserva internos a um esquema plástico-gráfico de matriz pictórica. A crescente emancipação da forma de traçado curvilíneo com relação aos pressupostos puristas apregoados por Le Corbusier em seus projetos realizados durante a década de 1920, além de representar a autonomia formal da arquitetura de Oscar Niemeyer, sinaliza uma perspectiva plástica para a própria obra de Le Corbusier, justamente no momento em que o arquiteto franco-suíço, em 1947, na cidade de Nova York, é apresentado, pelas mãos do arquiteto brasileiro, às fotografias dos edifícios da Pampulha. No início de 1955, ano em que inicia uma severa auto-crítica com relação aos seus procedimentos projetuais, Niemeyer realiza sua primeira viagem à Europa e reencontra Le Corbusier, dessa vez, no atelier do mestre em Paris. Ao ser apresentado aos estudos de Le Corbusier para os palácios de Chandigarh, Niemeyer encontra o nexo entre síntese plástica e monumentalidade que será incorporado em seus projetos para os palácios de Brasília. Oscar Niemeyer arma seu universo estético a partir de um raciocínio dialético que oscila entre o respeito e a ruptura com relação aos postulados corbusianos. Ao extravasar a dimensão expressiva da plástica arquitetônica para além dos parâmetros reguladores dos modelos de Le Corbusier, Niemeyer revigora os sentidos da superfície, da forma e do espaço na arquitetura moderna, assimilando o projeto como um desenho da própria paisagem. / The comparison between Oscar Niemeyers and Le Corbusiers architectures points out to the existence of a dialog. The three meetings that took place in Rio de Janeiro in 1936, New York in 1947 and Paris in 1955, provides a scenario for an aesthetic interchange of experiences, characterized by a relation of influence and counter-influence. In the works that come after Niemeyers first meeting with Le Corbusier in the city of Rio de Janeiro in 1936, he structures his own language at the same time that he expands and reaches the building scale, the compounded elements Le Corbusier preserved inside a plastic/graphic scheme of pictorial source. The growing curved line trace freedom with regard to the purist presupposes divulged by Le Corbusier in his projects realized during the 1920s, besides representing the formal autonomy of Niemeyers architecture, points to a plastic perspective in Le Corbusiers own works, just in the moment when the French-Swiss architect in 1947, in New York city, is introduced, through the Brazilian architect, to Pampulha building photographs. Early of 1955, the year he initiates a strong self-criticism of his design procedures, Niemeyer travels to Europe for the first time and meets Le Corbusier again, at the masters atelier in Paris. Introduced to Le Corbusiers plan for Chandigarh Palaces, Niemeyer finds the connection between plastic syntheses and monumentality, which would be incorporated in his works for Brasilia Palaces. Oscar Niemeyer builds his aesthetic universe from a dialectical thought that oscillates between respect and rupture with regard to the Corbusian postulates. Extroverting the expressive dimension of architecture plastics to beyond the regulator parameters of Le Corbusiers models, Niemeyer revives the surface, form and space senses in modern architecture, incorporating the design project as a drawing from landscape itself.

A produção de Le Corbusier a partir da década de 1930 sofre grande mudança se for comparada ao período das \"casas brancas\". Na historiografia não há consenso na análise do referido período, ou mesmo aqueles que tecem as análises extensivas ao racionalismo corbusiano para este período tem certa dificuldade. Partindo desta constatação, este trabalho oferece alternativas de interpretação através da vínculação da produção arquitetônica e urbanística com a produção artística de Le Corbusier. / Le Corbusier\'s production since the thirties passes through great transformation when compared with the period of the \"white houses\". There is no agreement between historians in their analysis of the period and even those who try to analyse it through the optics of the corbusian rationalism have difficulties. This work offers alternative interpretations linking Le Corbusier\'s architectural and urban production with his artistic production.

Após iniciar sua trajetória como pintor junto às vanguardas parisienses do cubismo e do purismo, Le Corbusier cessa em 1923, aos olhos do público, tal atividade, mantendo-a regular e sistemática como um trabalho exclusivo seu. Afora algumas poucas exposições menores e discretas, Le Corbusier permanece cerca de 30 anos pintando sem expor até que, em 1948, inicia o redescobrimento do que veio a chamar de seu \"labor secreto\". Esse processo de retomada da pintura como a \"virtude profunda\" de sua arquitetura e de seu urbanismo converge, em 1953, para uma grande exposição em Paris, quebrando definitivamente o seu silêncio de três décadas. Nesse percurso, analisou-se não apenas as fases de sua pintura, como seu significado enquanto formalização discursiva do trabalho conceitual de Le Corbusier, valorizando-se a relação entre pintura e urbanismo, em especial, a partir de suas viagens para a América do Sul. / After beginning his trajectory as a painter in the Parisian cubist and purist avant-garde movements, Le Corbusier halts his painting activity to the eyes of the public, keeping it regularly and systematically just for himself. Aside from a few small and discreet exhibitions, Le Corbusier spends 30 years painting without exhibiting until 1948, when he begins the rediscovery of what was to be called his \"secret labor\". This process of recovery of his painting as a \"profound virtue\" of his architecture and urbanism culminates in a huge exhibition in Paris, in 1953, breaking once and for all his 30-year silence. In this piece, not only the phases of Le Corbusier\'s painting were analyzed, but also its meaning as a discursive formalization of his conceptual work.

Proefschrift--Toegepaste Wetenschappen--Gent, 2004. / Mention parallèle de titre ou de responsabilité : Iannis Xenakis : ingénieur et architecte : une analyse thématique de l'oeuvre... Résumé en néerlandais. Bibliogr. p. 537-559.

Diss.--Philosophie--Stanford, Calif.--Univ., 1992. / Bibliogr. p. 362-399. Index.

The present study focuses on the cinematographic and television production of and on Le Corbusier, realized during his lifetime. Long ignored from photography and publishing as an instrument of communication for architecture and urban planning, this filmic work remains little known and recognized. The thesis is built in two parts: a catalogue volume of the filmic work, forming the corpus of the study, and a reflexive volume, which questions various aspects of creation and diffusion of this production.The first challenge of the thesis was to study the mass of archives relating to the various film projects in order to fill the gap of this aspect of Le Corbusier's production, to include it fully in his artistic production. The catalogue is the result of a transdisciplinary research, which required an investigation into three research domains: architecture, cinema and television, taking into account the specificities of each discipline. Each project or production of a documentary is described from its phase of intention to reception until its valorisation today, including technical data and contemporary references to films. This volume makes it possible to measure the importance of the quantity of cinematographic and televised documents that Le Corbusier undertook during his life or for which he was solicited. No other architect has been so frequently involved in documentary projects.The second research, reflexive, analyses the modalities of communication and representation of the architecture and urbanism of Le Corbusier through cinema and television. From crossing transdisciplinary theories - reception, diffusion, socio-economic, semiotic and rhetorical – with Le Corbusier's cinematographic and televised work, three hypotheses result: transmission, transposition and transcription.The study begins by questioning the mechanisms of transmission. By this is understood any mechanism of mediation of Le Corbusier through the documentaries - and by extension the television interviews. Crossing the results of the corpus with the theories of reception, diffusion and marketing, builds insights into the effectiveness or inefficiency of certain documentaries as tools for communication and even promotion.In a second stage, the knowledge about Le Corbusier's creation process, both in terms of the representation of architecture and in terms of the construction of discourse in cinematographic documentaries, is deepened. The principle of transposition begins with the observation that cinematographic documents maintain close links with their photographic contemporaries. The research uses semiotic theories to analyse how Le Corbusier composes with the imaginary and techniques of photography to design his film projects.The third principle, transcription, focuses on Le Corbusier's cinematographic argument. Here the analysis starts from the observation that Le Corbusier's writings on cinema and the thoughts he emanated, do not stick with the cinematographic reality and the necessities of a cinema of communication. His rhetoric in the cinema is analysed by taking the techniques described by the main theorists of rhetoric and compared to the examples from conferences and publications.This research allows to draw four conclusions. First of all, it turns out that film production is a very significant creative and functional production in Le Corbusier's work, which deserves to be valued. Then, reception by a large public, successful or not, seems intimately linked to the architect's efforts at the political level. Thirdly, Le Corbusier's way of promoting his work through film can be equated with marketing strategies. Finally, the analysis of the creative process of films has made it possible to understand the transversality of mediums, and to grasp even more the importance of a valorisation of this filmic work in the work of Le Corbusier. / Doctorat en Art de bâtir et urbanisme (Architecture) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

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