Zugl.: Hamburg, Hochsch. für Angewandte Wissenschaften, Diplomarbeit, 2008

Le rattachement de la liberté de manifestation à la liberté d’expression, la qualification sociologique de la manifestation comme « expression politique », son exercice par les citoyens depuis plus de deux siècles sont autant de facteurs qui unissent cette liberté à la démocratie. C’est à partir d’une étude théorique puis juridique de la liberté de manifestation, que ce rapport complexe, n’excluant pas le conflit, a été étudié. Comme cette liberté n’a pas d’objet défini, il est apparu nécessaire de s’interroger sur sa fonction (et ses limites) à l’intérieur du « système » de droits des démocraties occidentales, en s’appuyant sur une méthodologie de type interdisciplinaire. Les hypothèses ainsi dégagées ont servi de point d’appui pour une lecture comparée à plusieurs entrées : droits français, allemand et américain, d’une part, droit européen des droits de l’homme de l’autre. Cette comparaison a permis de dégager certaines convergences prévisibles et quelques différences. Celles-ci tiennent surtout aux positions et aux méthodes originales des juges nationaux et européens. La réflexion s’est donc portée sur le rôle des juges dans la réalisation du droit à la liberté de manifestation, ce qui a conduit à dégager un certain nombre d’enseignements de portée générale sur les rapports ente libéralisme et démocratie. / The link between the Freedom of Assembly and the Freedom of Speech, the sociological acceptance of demonstration as a political way to express oneself, the fact it has been put into practice by the citizens for more than two centuries, are as many factors binding this liberty together with the Democracy. This complex connection, occasionally conflicting, has been studied starting from theoretical analysis toward a juridical approach of the freedom of assembly. Since this Freedom has no particular object, it seemed necessary to question ourselves about its functions (and its limits) within the western democracies law system, using an interdisciplinary methodology. The resulting different hypotheses served as a base for a comparative study: French, German and American Law on one side, European Human Rights System on the other side. This comparison led to some predictable points of convergence, and to a few differences. These differences are mainly due to the original stances and methods of the national and European judges. Our reflection was then oriented towards the role of the judges in the achievement of the Freedom of Assembly, from which we have drawn a few lesson of general application about the links between Liberalism and Democracy.

Soil liquefaction continues to be one of the leading causes of ground failure during earthquakes, resulting in significant damage to infrastructure around the world. The study presented herein aims to develop improved methodologies for predicting liquefaction triggering and the consequent damage potential such that the impacts of liquefaction on natural and built environment can be minimized. Towards this end, several research tasks are undertaken, with the primary focus being the development of a framework that consistently and sufficiently accounts for the mechanics of liquefaction triggering and surface manifestation. The four main contributions of this study include: (1) development of a framework for selecting an optimal factor of safety (FS) threshold for decision making based on project-specific costs of mispredicting liquefaction triggering, wherein the existing stress-based "simplified" model is used to predict liquefaction triggering; (2) rigorous investigation of manifestation severity index (MSI) thresholds for distinguishing cases with and without manifestation as a function of the average inferred soil-type within a soil profile, which may be employed to more accurately estimate liquefaction damage potential at sites having high fines-content, high plasticity soils; (3) development of a new manifestation model, termed Ishihara-inspired Liquefaction Severity Number (LSNish), that more fully accounts for the effects of non-liquefiable crust thickness and the effects of contractive/dilative tendencies of soil on the occurrence and severity of manifestation; and (4) development of a framework for deriving a "true" liquefaction triggering curve that is consistent with a defined manifestation model such that factors influential to triggering and manifestation are handled more rationally and consistently. While this study represents significant conceptual advance in how risk due to liquefaction is evaluated, additional work will be needed to further improve and validate the methodologies presented herein. / Doctor of Philosophy / Soil liquefaction continues to be one of the leading causes of ground failure during earthquakes, resulting in significant damage to infrastructure around the world (e.g., the 2010-2011 Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand, 2010 Maule earthquake in Chile, and the 2011 Tohoku earthquake in Japan). Soil liquefaction refers to a condition wherein saturated sandy soil loses strength as a result of earthquake shaking. Surface manifestations of liquefaction include features that are visible at the ground surface such as sand boils, ejecta, cracks, and settlement. The severity of manifestation is often used as a proxy for damage potential of liquefaction. The overarching objective of this dissertation is to develop improved models for predicting triggering (i.e., occurrence) and surface manifestation of liquefaction such that the impacts of liquefaction on the natural and built environment can be minimized. Towards this end, this dissertation makes the following main contributions: (1) development of an approach for selecting an appropriate factor of safety (FS) against liquefaction for decision making based on project-specific consequences, or costs of mispredicting liquefaction; (2) development of an approach that allows better interpretations of predictions of manifestation severity made by the existing models in profiles having high fines-content, high plasticity soil strata (e.g., clayey and silty soils), given that the models perform poorly in such conditions; (3) development of a new model for predicting the severity of manifestation that more fully accounts for factors controlling manifestation; and (4) development of a framework for predicting liquefaction triggering and surface manifestation such that the distinct factors influential to each phenomenon are handled more rationally and consistently.

L’île du Putuoshan (archipel de Zhoushan, Zhejiang) accueille chaque année des dizaines de milliers de voyageurs venus de toute l’Asie pour rendre un culte au bodhisattva de la compassion Guanyin, dans l’espoir de bénéficier de ses faveurs, d’obtenir des réponses miraculeuses et d’assister à une manifestation divine. Haut-lieu bouddhique depuis le Xe siècle, le Putuoshan est au cœur de projets de développement initiés à la fin de la Révolution Culturelle qui visent à transformer les paysages et les pratiques de pèlerinage. Ces mutations ont reconfiguré le champ religieux local lequel intègre désormais une pluralité d’acteurs, avec chacun leurs objectifs et leurs stratégies ; ainsi les communautés monastiques cherchent à accroître l’influence du site, une ambition partagée par les autorités politiques qui encouragent également les initiatives touristiques des entreprises privées et des administrations en charge de la culture, tout en opérant, comme il est de mise partout en Chine, un contrôle sur les activités des temples. Microcosme insulaire, le Putuoshan est un espace où se croisent nombre de personnes qui projettent sur l’île de Guanyin leurs propres visions du lieu. Elles les façonnent à partir des récits mythologiques et des discours relayés par les media bouddhiques et la littérature touristique, qui font du site, un lieu à la fois dans et hors du monde. Avec leur savoir-faire et leur savoir-être bouddhistes, ils inventent leur pèlerinage et leur relation à Guanyin dont la présence leur est tantôt suggérée, donnée à voir, mise en scène à travers différents dispositifs. Se rendre sur l’île (de) Guanyin, c’est ainsi « faire l’expérience » de Guanyin, un bodhisattva aux multiples facettes, capable de prendre toutes sortes de formes et de faire des miracles. À partir d’enquêtes de terrain et de l’analyse des matériaux édités localement, cette thèse propose d’analyser dans une perspective anthropologique, la combinaison des différents aspects religieux, économiques, politiques et sociaux qui fondent le site et son pèlerinage. / Putuoshan Island (Zhoushan archipelago, Zhejiang) welcomes every year thousands of travelers coming from all over Asia to worship Guanyin, the Bodhisattva of Compassion, and to express their wishes to be blessed, to receive miraculous responses and to see divine manifestations. Well known as a major Buddhist site since the tenth century, Putuoshan is by now the focus of many development projects, initiated at the end of the Cultural Revolution, that aim to transform the landscapes and to change the pilgrimage’s practices. These changes have reconfigured the local religious field that includes a plurality of actors each of them having their own goals and strategies. The monastic communities seek to increase the influence of the site; a goal that is shared by the political authorities, that encourage also the touristic initiatives taken by private companies, and by administrations in charge of cultural affairs. Of course, by the while, they mean to control the temples’ activities, as they do everywhere in China. Many different people project their own visions of the place onto Putuoshan, this insular microcosm, the island of Guanyin. They shape them by listening to the mythological narratives and discourses relayed by Buddhist media, as well as by reading the tourist literature that make the site become a place both in and out of the world. With their knowledge of Buddhist practices, they invent their own pilgrimage and their own relationship to Guanyin, whose presence is sometimes suggested, sometimes showed to them, or even staged through various theatrical sets. So that going to the island of Guanyin is properly to ”experience” Guanyin, this multifaceted bodhisattva able to take any existing form and performing miracles and marvels. Based on an ethnographic fieldwork research and on the analysis of local publications, this thesis means to analyze from an anthropological perspective, the various religious, economic, political and social aspects, that shape the site and its pilgrimage.

This observational study of 100 dogs naturally infected with Babesia rossi determined whether severity of parasitaemia was associated with outcome of infection and documented the relative distribution of parasitised red blood cells (pRBC) in capillary and venous circulation. The association between increased parasitaemias and outcome with a clinically compromised circulation was also investigated. Outcome was defined as either hospitalisation with death, or hospitalisation with eventual recovery or treatment as an outpatient. Dogs were enrolled if large babesias were found on stained thin capillary blood smears made from an ear prick. Thin venous smears were prepared from jugular or cephalic blood. Parasitaemias were manually counted and expressed as the percent pRBC. Ten dogs died, 50 recovered after hospitalisation and 40 were treated as outpatients. Venous sampling site did not affect venous parasitaemia (P = 0.6). Both capillary and venous parasitaemias of dogs that died were significantly higher than those of dogs that recovered after hospitalisation (P = 0.002) and dogs that were treated as outpatients (P < 0.0001). When assessing the whole group, capillary parasitaemia (median 0.61%, range <0.05-71.6%, interquartile range (IQR) 0.22-3.75%) was significantly higher than venous parasitaemia (median 0.14%, range 0-30.6%, IQR 0.046–0.52%) with P < 0.0001. The 21 dogs with a clinically compromised circulation were more likely to die (P <0.0001) and had significantly higher capillary (median 5.98%, range 0.09-71.6%, IQR 2.44-19.41%) and venous (median 2.81%, range <0.05-30.6%, IQR 0.17-9.03%) parasitaemias than the 79 dogs with a clinically normal circulation (capillary median parasitaemia 0.38%, range <0.05-12.87%, IQR 0.16-1.42%; venous median parasitaemia 0.096%, range 0-6.13%, IQR <0.05-0.33%; P < 0.0001). This study shows that high parasitaemia is significantly associated with death in B rossi infected dogs. Unfortunately, there was a wide overlap in the parasitaemias of the three outcome groups with the result that neither capillary nor venous parasitaemias appear prognostically useful. The previous clinical suspicion that capillary parasitaemias are usually higher than venous parasitaemias is confirmed. Thus capillary samples are the most appropriate diagnostic samples. Prior observations that a clinically compromised circulation is associated with death are confirmed. This association provides a rapid means of identifying patients in need of intensive monitoring and treatment. Despite the highly significant association between compromised circulation and higher parasitaemia, it is thought unlikely that parasite burden is the sole trigger for circulatory collapse. Copyright 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria. Please cite as follows: Bohm, M 2006, The comparative assessment of capillary and venous Babesia rossi parasitaemias on thin blood smears and their association with disease manifestation, MMedVet dissertation, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-05042007-154527 / > / Dissertation (Master of Veterinary Medicine (Small Animal Medicine))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Companion Animal Clinical Studies / unrestricted

京都大学 / 新制・論文博士 / 博士(医学) / 乙第13555号 / 論医博第2284号 / 新制||医||1067(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 森信 暁雄, 教授 中本 裕士, 教授 永井 純正 / 学位規則第4条第2項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

Clostridium difficile est la principale cause de diarrhées nosocomiales liées à la prise d'antibiotiques. La souche hypervirulente NAP1/027 est apparue récemment et a causé de nombreuses épidémies en Amérique du Nord et en Europe. On considère généralement que cette souche produit plus de toxines, sporule davantage, provoque des infections plus sévères menant à des complications et est souvent associée aux cas de récurrence. Toutefois, des études récentes ont montré des données contradictoires à ce sujet. L'objectif de mes travaux de recherche est donc de déterminer si l'issue clinique des infections à C. difficile (ICD) peut être prédite en fonction du génotype et de certains phénotypes bactériens associés à la virulence, comme la production de toxines et la sporulation. Pour ce faire, 21 isolats cliniques associés à des ICD de sévérité différente (légère à modérée, sévère, compliquée) ont été caractérisés par des méthodes de typage courantes, incluant le ribotypage par PCR, le typage des répétitions en tandem, l'analyse de loci multiples de répétitions en tandem polymorphe, la détection des toxines A, B et CDT, ainsi que le séquençage du gène tcdC. Les taux de sporulation et la production des toxines A et B ont aussi été évalués in vitro, de même que la résistance des isolats à certains antibiotiques. La mobilité, la sensibilité des isolats à certains bactériophages et leur contenu en prophages ont aussi été étudiés. Les résultats de mes travaux démontrent que les méthodes de typage utilisées ne permettent pas de prévoir avec certitude le phénotype bactérien ni de prédire la sévérité des ICD. En effet, les souches NAP1/027 peuvent autant provoquer des ICD non-sévères que mener à des complications. Le phénotype n'est pas non plus nécessairement un indice de la sévérité. Les souches NAP1/027 produisent généralement plus de toxines, mais ne possèdent pas forcément la capacité de sporulation qu'on leur attribue généralement. Par conséquent, les généralisations à propos des souches NAP1/027 devraient être évitées.

- Legal actions Jakub Skřejpek Key words: Legal actions, manifestation of the will, interpretation Legal actions are generally classified as legal facts, which have effect on the creation, modification and termination of legal actions. Legal actions occur in the sphere of civil law. Legislation of legal actions is included in the current Civil Code, which also provides what conditions must be satisfied to make a legal act valid and vice versa, which is an invalid legal act, either absolutely or relatively. To be valid, a legal act must be a manifestation of the will, which is directed specifically to the creation, modification or termination of a legal relationship and the law must connect such a manifestation of the will with legal consequences. This legal specification is in the Civil Code. In the current draft of the new Civil Code, however, such a definition of legal actions is missing, and are specified only the consequences of legal actions. You can expand, that the validity of any legal action depends on the expression of the will of the acting person, which must be capable of acquiring rights and duties. The validity of the legal action is necessary for the expression of the will of the person to be free, serious, specific and comprehensive enough. It must not be done in distress or under...

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Thesis (M.A.) - Carleton University, 2006. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 41-49). Also available in electronic format on the Internet.