Cette thèse est centrée sur la caractérisation des traceurs des fluides qui interagissent avec les roches du socle et les roches sédimentaires dans les systèmes riftés hyper-amincis exposés dans la Téthys alpine, les Pyrénées et Ibérie-Terre Neuve. L’étude de ces fluides est basée sur les observations géologiques, les analyses géochimiques et les données géophysiques. Deux types de fluides ont été identifiés : les fluides associés à la croûte continentale, avec une signature caractérisée par Si et Ca, ainsi que les fluides liés au manteau en exhumation, avec une signature caractérisée par Si, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, Ni, Cr et V. La percolation des fluides est fortement liée à la formation des failles de détachement et à l’évolution des systèmes hyper-amincis. Le flux de fluides dans ces systèmes a des implications importantes pour les changements rhéologiques, pour la nature des sédiments et pour les modifications chimiques des réservoirs de la Terre. / This thesis focus in the identification of geochemical tracers and effects of fluid that interact with basement and sedimentary rocks in hyperextended systems. The investigation of such fluids is based on geological observation, geochemical analyses and geophysical data from fossil hyperextended rift systems exposed in the Alps and in the West Pyrenees, and the present-day distal margins of Iberia and Newfoundland. Two types of fluids were identified during this study. The first type, referred to as continental crust-related fluids, has a signature of Si and Ca. The second type, referred to as mantle-related fluids, has a signature of Si, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ca, Ni, Cr and V. The fluid percolation is strongly related to the formation of extensional detachment faults and the evolution of hyperextended systems. Fluid flow in these systems has major implications for the nature of sediments, rheological changes and chemical modifications of the Earth’s reservoirs throughout its evolution.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo a identificação de feições que permitam (1) a construção do arcabouço crustal profundo e da porção superior do manto em parte da Costa de Angola, (2) a comparação deste arcabouço com o embasamento aflorante e (3) a tentativa de adequar estes resultados aos modelos de ruptura continental já publicados. Para alcançar estes objetivos foi feita a interpretação de cinco linhas sísmicas de reflexão profundas (25 Km de profundidade) na costa de Angola, nas Bacias de Kwanza e Baixo Congo, adquiridas pela ION-GXT. As feições identificadas na sísmica de reflexão auxiliaram na determinação dos limites da crosta continental superior e inferior, no reconhecimento das camadas que compõem a crosta oceânica e na identificação da Descontinuidade de Mohorovicic (que marca o limite entre crosta e manto). A interpretação sísmica associada a dados da literatura (que proporcionaram valores de densidade para os pacotes identificados na interpretação sísmica) permitiram a realização de uma modelagem gravimétrica que foi comparada ao dado gravimétrico adquirido durante a aquisição sísmica. A modelagem gravimétrica serviu para validar a interpretação sísmica, atuando como um controle de qualidade para a interpretação. Caso a anomalia gravimétrica gerada pela modelagem não estivesse de acordo com a anomalia medida, a interpretação sísmica era revista na tentativa de um melhor ajuste entre o resultado modelado e o medido. Este ajuste, no entanto, sempre foi feito honrando os refletores que estavam bem marcados na sísmica. Somado a isto, ainda foi utilizado o dado magnético adquirido no campo, no auxilio da interpretação. O arcabouço crustal obtido com a utilização deste método permitiu a comparação dos resultados da interpretação com os modelos de evolução de margens passivas existentes na literatura, mostrando muitos pontos em comum aos modelos que defendem a possibilidade de ocorrência de manto exumado em margens passivas pobres em magmatismo. A interpretação final destes dados mostrou um domínio proximal marcado por uma crosta continental espessa porém pouco afinada em contato com um domínio distal marcado por uma crosta continental muito afinada (crosta hiper-estirada) e, em direção ao centro do oceano, uma região em que ocorre a exumação do manto. A passagem do domínio proximal para o distal ocorre de forma rápida em uma região denominada Zona de Estrangulamento. À oeste do manto exumado é possível identificar a crosta oceânica. O cruzamento dos resultados obtidos neste trabalho com dados do embasamento aflorante no continente africano sugerem um controle do deste nos valores finais de afinamento da crosta continental sob a bacia e nas regiões de manto exumado. Trabalhos recentes realizados na costa de Angola e do Brasil mostram feições semelhantes às identificadas nesta dissertação. / The main objectives of this study are to identify features on seismic data that allow (1) the building of a deep crustal framework and of the upper portion of the mantle, in part of the Angolan margin; (2) to compare this framework with the adjacent outcropping basement of the African continent and; (3) to try to fit these results to the published continental breakup models. In order to achieve these objectives, five deep reflection seismic lines (25 km of depth) situated in the in Kwanza and Lower Congo Basins on the passive margin of Angola were interpreted. The features identified on seismic were useful to recognize the tripartite division that caracterize the oceanic crust and in defining the Mohorovicic Discontinuity (that represents the limit between crust and mantle). The seismic interpretation associated with the data obtained from the scientific literature (that provided density values for the packages identified on seismic interpretation) allowed the establishment of a gravity modeling that was compared to the gravity data acquired during the seismic acquisition. The gravity model was useful to validate the seismic interpretation, acting as a quality control of the latter. In case of the gravity anomaly generated by the modeling not being in accordance with the measured anomaly, the seismic interpretation was revised in order to obtain a better adjustment between the modeled and the measured result. This adjustment, however, was always done honoring the reflectors that were clearly positioned on seismic. In addition, the magnetic data acquired on the field was used to help on interpretation. The crustal framework obtained by the methodology described above was compared with the passive margin evolution models found on scientific literature, showing some points in common with the models that postulate the occurrence of exhumed mantle in magma-poor passive margins. The final interpretation of these data showed the existence of a proximal domain characterized by a thick continental crust slightly thinned in contact with a distal domain marked by a hyper-extended continental crust. Oceanwards there is a region where the exhumation of the mantle took place. The passage of the proximal to the distal domain is abrupt, here termed as a Necking Zone. Oceanic crust is identified to the west of exhumed mantle. The comparison of the results obtained in this study with data from the outcropping basement on the African continent suggests a basement control on the vales of continental crust thinning attained under the basins and on the regions of exhumed mantle. Recent works done on the Angolan and Brazilian margins show features similar to the ones identified on this dissertation.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2017-11-21T11:45:58Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-21T11:45:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / O gerenciamento de riscos em uma instalação nuclear é necessário para a segurança de trabalhadores e de populações vizinhas. Parte desse processo é a comunicação dos riscos que propicia o diálogo entre gestores da empresa e moradores das áreas de risco. A população que conhece os riscos a que está exposta, como esses riscos são gerenciados e o que deve ser feito em uma situação de emergência tende a se sentir mais segura e a confiar nas instituições responsáveis pelo plano de emergência. Sem diálogo entre empresa e público, o conhecimento dos procedimentos a serem seguidos em caso de acidente não chega à população, ou quando chega, não há confiança dessas pessoas na sua eficácia. Em Angra dos Reis, no litoral sul do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, está a Central Nuclear Almirante Álvaro Alberto. No entorno dessa Central Nuclear existe uma população que, de acordo com o Plano de Emergência Externo (PEE/RJ), deverá ser evacuada ou ficar abrigada, caso ocorra um acidente na instalação. Um trabalho de comunicação de riscos entre esses moradores é necessário para que eles conheçam o plano de emergência e os procedimentos corretos para uma situação de emergência, além de buscar esclarecer dúvidas e mitos. Esse trabalho apresenta uma análise da comunicação dos riscos feita para a população local, a percepção que ela tem dos riscos e o grau de conhecimento do plano de emergência externo por parte dessas pessoas. / Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:52:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao-EdsonBrunoMarquesCosta.pdf: 6213037 bytes, checksum: a95446ec89758c52cc2add52c4965e82 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-22 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / An adaptive fuzzy digital PID controller design methodology via multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) based on robust stability criterion, is proposed. The plant to be controlled is modelled considering a Takagi-Sugeno (TS) fuzzy structure from input-output experimental data, by using the fuzzy C-Means clustering algorithm (antecedent parameters estimation) and fuzzy recursive least squares algorithm (consequent parameters estimation), respectively. An adaptation mechanism was formulated as a MOPSO problem for online tuning of the fuzzy digital PID controller parameters based on the fuzzy model parameters obtained recursively and the gain and phase margins specifications. Computational results for adaptive fuzzy digital PID control of a thermal plant with time varying delay is presented to illustrate the efficiency and applicability of the proposed methodology. / Nesta dissertação é proposta uma metodologia para controle PID fuzzy adaptativo com estabilidade robusta por enxame de partículas multiobjetivo, para sistemas dinâmicos não-lineares, com atraso puro de tempo. Uma estrutura de modelo fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno é definida para representação de sistemas dinâmicos não-lineares, com atraso puro de tempo, no domínio do tempo discreto. Os parâmetros do modelo fuzzy são estimados recursivamente a partir de dados experimentais, utilizando a técnica de agrupamento fuzzy C-Means (estimação do antecedente) e mínimos quadrados recursivos fuzzy (estimação do consequente). Uma estrutura de controle PID digital fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno é definida utilizando a estratégia de compensação paralela e distribuída. Um mecanismo de adaptação é formulado como um problema de otimização por enxame de partículas multiobjetivo, para ajuste online dos parâmetros do controlador fuzzy Takagi-Sugeno baseado em critério de estabilidade robusta (especificações de margem de ganho e fase). Resultados experimentais para controle PID fuzzy adaptativo baseado em critério de estabilidade robusta de um sistema térmico com atraso puro de tempo variante é apresentado para ilustrar a eficiência e aplicabilidade da metodologia proposta.

Cette thèse a pour but d’étudier l’évolution morpho-structurale et magmatique des marges distales pauvres en magma ainsi que leur réactivation. Cette étude est focalisée sur les marges fossiles distales de la Téthys Alpine. L’étude de la réactivation de ces domaines (l’Err et la Platta, Suisse) montre que les chevauchements alpins réactivent principalement d’anciennes structures de rift. L’Err peut ainsi être restaurée et correspond à un ancien domaine de croute hyper-amincie caractérisé par un système de failles de détachement qui évolue en séquence et conduit à la rupture continentale et à l’exhumation du manteau. La Platta correspond à un domaine de manteau sous continental exhumé associé à une augmentation des additions magmatiques syn-tectoniques dans les parties distales. Ce domaine est interprété comme la relique d’une structure en dôme coiffée par une faille de détachement et recoupée par des failles normales favorisant la mise en place de magma et de fluides. L’approche utilisée a permis de mieux contraindre l’architecture d’une marge distale pauvre en magma et de discuter les processus de formation et de la réactivation des limites de plaque. / The aim of this study is to investigate the morpho-structural and magmatic evolution of magma-poor distal rifted margins, as well as their reactivation. This study is focused on the fossil distal margins of the Alpine Tethys. The study of the reactivation of these domains, (Err and Platta, Switzerland) shows that alpine thrusts principally reworked former rift structures. The Err nappe can be restored as a hyper-extended domain characterized by a system of detachment faults with a complex architecture evolving in-sequence and leads to the continental crust separation and the exhumation of mantle. The Platta nappe corresponds to a subcontinental exhumed mantle domain associated to an increase of syn-tectonic magmatic additions oceanwards. The distal domain is interpreted as the relic of a dome-shaped structure capped by a detachment fault and crosscut by latter normal faults facilitating the emplacement of basalts and fluid circulations. The approach developed in this thesis enabled a better understanding of one distal and ultra-distal magma-poor rifted margin, as well as to discuss processes related to the formation and reactivation of plate boundaries.

Les modes de déformation des systèmes de rift hyper-étirés pauvres en magma évoluent dans le temps et dans l’espace. Ainsi les structures et architectures observées varient le long d’une section en profondeur ainsi que sur une carte. Cette étude vise à caractériser les modes de déformation des systèmes hyper-étirés et leur propagation en utilisant les exemples du sud de l’Atlantique Nord. L’architecture de la terminaison de la croûte continentale a été comparée à la théorie du prisme critique de Coulomb car sa forme est prismatique, la déformation finale est cassante/frictionnelle et ce prisme glisse sur un décollement basal. Cette théorie met en évidence le comportement distinct des deux marges conjuguées. De plus, elle contraint l’architecture crustale, permet l’intégration des failles contre-régionales et explique la formation des blocs allochtones dans un modèle de failles en séquence. L’intégration des modes de déformation dans un modèle évolutif 3D impose un contexte cinématique fiable, ce qui n’est pas le cas de l’ouverture océanique du sud de l’Atlantique Nord. Ceci est dû à l’interprétation de l’anomalie J comme un isochrone. L’investigation de cette anomalie indique une formation polygénique et polyphasée incohérente avec un isochrone ou une limite de domaine. Ainsi l’anomalie J est inutilisable pour les reconstructions cinématiques. L’évolution de la déformation de rift a été analysée grâce à une nouvelle reconstruction cinématique du sud de l’Atlantique Nord. Il apparait alors que la déformation de la croûte continentale est segmentée alors que la propagation de la croûte océanique forme un V. L’approche développée dans cette thèse pose également de nouvelles questions géodynamiques quant à l’influence de l’héritage et l’effet des points triple. / Deformation modes of magma-poor hyper-extended rift systems evolve through time and space. Hence the observed structures and architectures vary along a depth section as well as on a map. This study aims to characterize the deformation modes of hyper-extended systems and their propagation using the examples of the southern North Atlantic. The architecture of the continental crust termination has been compared to the critical Coulomb wedge theory because it has a wedge shape, the final deformation is brittle/frictional and this wedge is gliding over a basal detachment. This theory highlights the distinct behavior of the two conjugate margins. Moreover it constrains crustal architecture of the continental crust termination, integrates continentward dipping faults and explains the formation of extensional allochthons in a sequential faulting model. The integration of deformation modes in an evolving 3D model necessitates a reliable kinematic context, which is not the case for the opening of the southern North Atlantic Ocean. This is linked to the interpretation of the J-magnetic anomaly as an oceanic isochron. Re-investigations of this anomaly revealed its polygenic and polyphased formation, which is inconsistent for an oceanic isochrons or a domain boundary making it unusable for plate reconstruction. The evolution of rift deformation has been analyzed with a new plate reconstruction of the southern North Atlantic. It appears that the continental crust deformation is segmented whereas oceanic crust propagates in a V-shape. The approach developed in this thesis also asks new geodynamical questions on the influence of inheritance and the effect of triple junction.

Cette étude documente la succession de phases de rift qui se sont formées le long d'une marge continentale dont l'évolution géologique a été particulièrement longue. Ce type d'évolution géologique est bien admise dans la littérature mais reste encore peu comprise en terme de processus géologiques. Ici, il est spécifiquement étudié comment ce type de rifts peut évoluer au cours du temps et il est tout particulièrement mis en évidence les processus de réactivation de failles et la formation des éléments géologiques associés dans l'évolution des bassins en extension. Cette étude résume les résultats principaux de deux projets de recherche menés sur(1) le Bassin de Porcupine (offshore irlandais) qui s'est formé pendant la propagation du système de rift nord-atlantique et (2) la région de la Mer de Corail (Papouasie Nouvelle Guinée) dont l'évolution en contexte de supra-subduction est liée à l'affrontement des plaques Pacifique et Australie. Ces deux projets de recherche discutent spécifiquement de l'enregistrement sédimentaire et de l'évolution des failles à partir de données sismiques corrélées à des données de puits, de magnétisme ou de gravimétrie.Les deux bassins ont évolué en bordure d'orogènes depuis le Paléozoïque supérieur. Il est démontré que l'extension s'est initiée au long de structures anciennes qui ont été réactivées lors de l'étalement orogénique mis en évidence par la migration de dépocentres. L'extension s'est ensuite développée de façon discontinue au cours de divers épisodes extensifs pulsés. Les premiers épisodes montrent en général des bassins étroits, plus ou moins discrets et qui sont remplis de dépôts continentaux qui passent progressivement à des environnements marins. L'extension est d'abord diffuse puis localisée le long de failles bordières qui accommodent l'ensemble de l'extension et le boudinage de la croûte. Au fur et à mesure que l'extension progresse, l'influence structurale de la croûte continentale diminue et la déformation évolue vers l'océan avant le stade ultime de déchirure continentale de façon très localisée. Le rifting se termine en général dès que les conditions aux limites changent, résultant en la production de bassins océaniques en propagateur qui sont transversaux aux bassins néoformés. Dans les marges classiques de type atlantique (p.ex. Bassin de Porcupine), ceci est lié à la propagation de croûte océanique dans des bassins plus ou moins perpendiculaires tels que le Golfe deGascogne dont l'ouverture stoppe la déformation extensive. Dans les zones en supra-subduction (par ex. Mer de Corail), la fin de l'extension est plutôt liée à un changement dans la dynamique de subduction qui peut contrôler l'ensemble de la propagation de l'océanisation.Ainsi, il apparait que l'extension migre progressivement depuis une zone initiale en réactivant d'anciennes structures orogéniques quelles que soit les conditions géodynamiques initiales. Ici, il est proposé qu'une phase de déformation souligne un mégacycle extensif durant lequel des grabens individuels, des bassins riftés ou des systèmes de rifts se forment successivement et surimposent les uns aux autres. Chaque mégacycle peut se définir sédimentologiquement et tectoniquement. La surimposition montre en général une déformation qui évolue progressivement vers l'océan par la réactivation spécifique de structures pré-existantes.L'initiation de l'extension et le passage d'un mégacycle à un autre est en général lié par un changement des conditions aux limites. / This study documents the succession of rifting phases that evolve along continental margins of longstanding history. This type of evolution, well admitted in the literature, remains poorly understood in terms of geological processes. Herein, the way rifts evolve through is specifically studied to highlight the fault reactivation processes and the formation of associated geological elements during the evolution of extensional basins. This study summarises some principal results of two research projects focussing on (1) the Porcupine Basin (offshore Ireland) that formed from the North-Atlantic rift propagation and (2) the Coral Sea region (Papua New Guinea) which the evolution within a supra-subduction context links to the convergence of the Pacific and Australian lithospheric plates. These two research projects specifically discuss the sedimentary record and the faulting evolution from seismic data correlated to wells, magnetism and gravimetry.Both basins evolved from the Late Palaeozoic on sides of orogens since the Late Palaeozoic. It is demonstrated that extension initiated along old structures that were reactivated during a general orogenic collapse evidenced by migration of depocentres. Then, extension discontinuously developed during several rifting events that are usually internally pulsed. The first rift events are usually very narrow and discreet, and evolve in a continental domain. Deformation progressively passes to localized normal faulting implying that major bounding faults progressively accommodate the extension. As long as extension progresses, the influence of continental structures tend to decrease and the deformation evolves oceanward prior continental tear. Extension generally stops once boundary conditions change, resulting in oceanic crust that may propagate transversally (oceanic propagators).Along classical Atlantic-type margins (e.g. Porcupine Basin), this links to the propagation of the oceanic crust but internal crosscutting oceanic basins (e.g. Bay of Biscay) stop the deformation prior to seafloor spreading that form the overall oceanic crust.In supra-subduction zones (e.g. Coral Sea), it is rather related to a change in the dynamics of the subduction which may control the overall direction of the spreading propagation.Thus, extension migrates progressively away from the initial deformation core by reactivating pre-existing structures, whatever geodynamic conditions are but with a general decrease in the influence of old continental fabrics. Herein, it is proposed herein that a deformation phase expresses as an extensional megacycle during which graben, basins or rift settings develop successively and overprint the ones another. Each extensional megacycle may be defined sedimentologically and tectonically. Their overlap generally shows an oceanward migration which reactivates specific pre-existing structures. The initiation of extension and the evolution from a megacycle another is generally linked associated to a variation of the boundary conditions.

M.Comm. (Financial Management) / There is a wide perception that bank net interest margins (NIMs) in Sub-Saharan Africa in general and South Africa in particular, are higher compared to other regions. The study investigates four commercial banks in South Africa with the aim of identifying the relevant factors affecting the behaviour of NIMs in commercial banking in South Africa, and draws comparisons with other markets. The study employs the Classical Linear Regression Model (CLRM) using the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) data estimating technique to analyse net interest margins over the period 2000 to 2010. The study takes note of Ho and Saunders’s seminal work produced in 1981, and subsequent extensions and modification by other authors and researchers. Net interest margins are modeled in a single-step together with explanatory variables driven from the theoretical model. Using data obtained from the Bankscope data base, the variables examined in the study are; competitive structure of the market, average operating costs, management’s propensity for risk aversion, credit risk exposure, the quantum of the bank’s operations, short-term money market interest rate volatility, the opportunity cost of holding reserves and quality of management running the institution. The findings of the study suggest that market power, average operating costs, degree of risk aversion, credit risk exposure, and size of operations are major factors explaining the behaviour of NIMs in South Africa. These variables are major in terms of the number of banks that exhibit statistical significance. Market power, interest rate volatility and opportunity cost of holding reserves are also relevant factors, although they affect fewer banks than the major factors. Comparison of South African net interest margins determinants with those from other regions reveals some fundamental differences. These differences indicate that banks from different countries and regions are faced with different operating environments and risk profiles that drive net interest margins.

Thesis (Ph.D. (Agricultural Economics)) --University of Limpopo, 2016. / Refer to document

L’objectif général de la thèse était d’une part d’étudier le rôle de l’impact des politiques menées en matière de respect du droit aux choix et aux risques dans les EHPAD/EHPA sur l’émergence des libertés des résidents et d’autre part sur le choix de leur mode de vie.La première partie de la thèse visait à étudier l’état du vieillissement, le statut des personnes âgées en France et l’influence de nos représentations sociales sur leurs comportements. L’hypothèse d’une association entre les préjugés que porte la société sur les personnes âgées et la réduction de leur autonomie a été induite.La deuxième partie de la thèse visait à mieux comprendre les possibilités d’expression des résidents en EHPAD/EHPA et quels étaient les facteurs qui permettaient leur émergence dans des lieux normalisés. Nous avons fait l’hypothèse que, quel que soit le niveau de dépendance d’une personne (physique et/ou psychique), celle-ci possédera toujours des marges de liberté dont l’expression est déterminée par des facteurs externes et internes à elle.La troisième partie de la thèse s’est intéressée aux politiques de respect du droit aux choix et aux risques des personnes âgées et aux enjeux éthiques, médicaux et sociaux que cette notion soulève. L’hypothèse d’une association entre l’application de ces politiques et un contexte organisationnel a été soulevée.Enfin, dans la dernière partie de la thèse, nous avons étudié l’impact des politiques de respect du droit aux choix et aux risques des résidents sur la perception de leur qualité de vie. Pour cela, nous avons coproduit une grille d’indicateurs nous permettant de distinguer les institutions respectueuses des droits et des risques des personnes âgées avec des résidents. Les résultats que nous avons obtenus montrent l’importance de prendre en compte le respect et la dignité des personnes âgées tant au niveau individuel que contextuel dans l’étude des facteurs protecteurs de la qualité de vie. / The aim of this thesis was first to study how the liberty of the residents in nursing homes for elderly has been impacted by the policies led regarding the respect of the right to choose and to take risks. Secondly, we studied the impact they had on the way of living chosen by the elderly.The first part of the thesis aims at studying the state of the aging process and the status of the elderly in France and the influence of our own social representations, on their behavior. The hypothesis of a link between our Society’s prejudices on the elderly and the decrease in their autonomy is implicit.The second part of the thesis aims at better understanding the nursing homes residents’ expression possibilities. We also focused on the factors which would allow their emergence in standard places at all levels of social life.Our main hypothesis is that the dependency level of a person (physical and/or psychological) is no impediment to his or her capacity to bear in mind their liberty margin, which expression is determined by external and internal personal factors.The third part of the thesis tackles the policies put in place to respect the elderly rights to choose and take risks within their caring homes, as well as the ethical, medical and social stakes raised by this notion.The hypothesis of the link between the setting up of these policies and a certain organizational context has been emphasized.Finally, in the last part, we studied the impact the policies applied on the respect to choose and take risks had on the residents’ perception of their quality of life.An indicator grid has been co-produced to distinguish the institutions respect of their residents’ rights and risks.The results we obtained highlights the significance of taking into account the respect and the dignity of the elderly in the study of the protective factors of the quality of life, both at the individual and contextual level.