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Estimation of Stability Margins for the Closed-Loop Air Charge Control of an Internal Combustion Engine Using Sinusoidal DisturbancesSundelin, Victor, Jussila, Filip January 2021 (has links)
The vehicle industry have for many years improved the design of car motors and iterated the control systems associated with it. The systems have become very complex and hard to understand because of this work process. It is today very difficult to perform evaluations of the engine's performance or components theoretically at Powertrain Engineering Sweden (PES). This thesis proposes a test method to estimate the robustness, in terms of stability margins, of the air charge throttle control loop using measurement data. Alternative test methods are also presented, for example system identification performed with MATLAB's SITB. The proposed test method superimposes a sine wave upon the control signal in a closed loop system. The control signal is measured after it is superimposed and after it have made one round trip around the loop. These two signals is regarded as sine in and sine out. The phase shift and relation in amplitude are estimated from the measurements and the robustness is presented by Bode plots. The method finds the phase shift from the time difference between the zero-crossings of the input- and output signal. The relation in amplitude is found by looking at the total sum of the absolute value sine wave. Extensive testing with different tunings of the P-part of the air charge controller shows that the proposed method correctly identifies if the systems stability margins have become larger or smaller. For nine measurements with different P-tunings it is seen that the magnitude curves stay separate throughout the whole Bode plot. It is also shown that the gain margins are decreasing for every increase in P-value. The overall results and findings in this thesis are promising and can act as a foundation for future thesis' work to come.
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QUANTIFYING THE EFFECT OF EXERCISE- INTERVENTIONS ON GAIT STABILITY IN POST STROKE POPULATION.Osman, Hala Elsir Mustafa January 2021 (has links)
No description available.
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Efficient Image Processing Techniques for Enhanced Visualization of Brain Tumor MarginsKoglin, Ryan W. January 2014 (has links)
No description available.
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Multicategory psi-learning and support vector machineLiu, Yufeng 18 June 2004 (has links)
No description available.
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Climate change and vascular plant species interactions on sub-Antarctic Marion islandLe Roux, Peter Christiaan 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (PhD (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Shifts in species ranges are an important consequence of climate change, and
can affect the composition, structure and functioning of ecosystems. Generally, in
response to rising temperatures, species have increased their altitudinal and latitudinal
distributions along their cooler boundaries, although there has been large variation
between species. However, in addition to climatic factors, species range limits are also
sensitive to biotic interactions. Therefore, interspecific interactions may be able to
influence the impact of climate change on species distributions. In this thesis climate
change, range shifts and spatial variation in plant-plant interactions are documented to
examine the potential for biotic interactions to mediate climate-driven altitudinal
range shifts on sub-Antarctic Marion Island.
The climate on Marion Island changed considerably between 1949 and 2003,
with significant trends in biologically-relevant parameters encompassing average
climatic conditions, variability in climate parameters and extreme weather events.
Combining these trends showed that while environmental conditions have ameliorated
for some species, they have become more abiotically stressful for others (e.g.
hygrophilous species). Concurrent with changes in the island’s climate, there have
been rapid changes in the elevational distribution of Marion Island’s native vascular
flora. On average species ranges expanded upslope (as predicted in response to the
warming experienced on the island), although individual range expansion rates varied
greatly. As a result of the idiosyncratic expansion rates, altitudinal patterns of species
richness and community composition changed considerably. Therefore, both speciesand
community-level changes occurred in the flora of Marion Island, demonstrating
the community’s sensitivity to climate change.
To determine the potential for interspecific interactions to have mediated these
changes in species elevational ranges, spatial variation in the balance of positive and
negative plant-plant interactions were examined. Increasing spatial association
between four dominant species along an altitudinal severity gradient suggested that
the intensity of facilitation, relative to the intensity of competition, is greater under
more severe conditions. While, interaction strength varied between species pairs, the
nature of relationship was consistent across the species. At a broader spatial scale, the
performance of the grass Agrostis magellanica was compared in the presence and in the absence of the cushion plant Azorella selago along the entire altitudinal range of
both species. The influence of the cushion plant on A. magellanica switched from
negative to positive with increasing environmental severity, reaching a positive
asymptote under extreme environmental conditions. Therefore, on Marion Island the
spatial variation in the nature of biotic interactions is related to environmental
severity, and facilitative interactions can be strong under extreme environmental
conditions.
These results show that positive biotic interactions are important at higher
elevations on Marion Island, and could thus accelerate upslope range expansions in
response to climate change. Nonetheless, competitive inhibition of upslope species
movement, especially in areas of dense vegetation (i.e. mid or low altitudes), could
have the opposite result, acting antagonistically with the effect of rising temperatures.
This research highlights the importance of considering interspecific interactions when
examining the biotic implications of climate change, both for affecting the rate at which species ranges change and the extent of species distributions. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die verskuiwing van spesies se verspreidingspatrone is ‘n belangrike gevolg
van klimaatsverandering en kan die samestelling, struktuur en funksionering van
ekosisteme affekteer. Oor die algemeen, in reaksie op verwarming, kom spesies op
hoër hoogtes bo seespieël en hoër breedtegrade voor, alhoewel daar groot verskille
tussen spesies in hierdie aspek is. Behalwe vir klimatologiese faktore, is spesies se
verspreidingslimiete ook sensitief vir biotiese interaksies met ander spesies. Daarom
kan interaksies tussen spesies die effek van klimaatsverandering op spesiesverspreiding
verder beïnvloed. In hierdie verhandeling word klimaatsverandering,
verandering in verspreiding van spesies en geografiese variasie in plant-plant
interaksies ondersoek. Dit word gedoen ten einde die moontlikheid te toets dat
biotiese interaksies die verandering in verspreidingspatrone van klimaat gedrewe
spesies op sub-Antarktiese Marion Eiland beïnvloed.
Marion Eiland se klimaat het aansienlik tussen 1949 en 2003 verander, met
betekenisvolle neigings in biologies-relevante parameters, insluitend gemiddelde
klimaatstoestande, variasie in klimaat en uiterste weerstoestande. As die veranderinge
saam beskou word, wys dit dat, terwyl omgewingstoestande vir sommige spesies
verbeter het, toestande vir ander spesies abioties meer ongunstig geword het (bv.
akwatiese plantsoorte). Tesame met die veranderinge in die eiland se klimaat, het die
hoogte bo seespieël verspreiding van Marion Eiland se inheemse vaatplante vinnig
verander. Gemiddeld het spesies-verspreiding se hoogte bo seespieël na hoër hoogtes
verskuif (soos voorspel in reaksie op verwarming), alhoewel die tempo van
verskuiwing na hoër hoogtes tussen spesies verskil het. As gevolg van hierdie
idiosinkratiese reaksies, het die aantal en samestelling van plant spesies op
verskillende hoogtes op die eiland aansienlik verander. Die sensitiwiteit van Marion
Eiland se flora ten opsigte van klimaatsverandering word deur hierdie verandering
gedemonstreer.
Om te bepaal of die interaksies tussen spesies verspreidingspatrone kan
beïnvloed, is die geografiese variasie in die balans van positiewe en negatiewe
interaksies ondersoek. Vier dominante vaatplante het meer geassosieerd geraak hoe
hoër hulle bo seespieël voorgekom het. Dit is ‘n aanduiding dat die sterkte van die positiewe interaksies (fasilitering), relatief tot die sterkte van die negatiewe reaksie
(kompetisie), groter onder uiterste omgewingstoestande is. Die sterkte van die
interaksie het verskil tussen spesies pare, maar die verhouding tussen
omgewingstoestande en die sterkte van die interaksie was dieselfde vir alle spesies.
Op ‘n breër geografiese vlak is die opbrengs van die gras Agrostis magellanica in die
teenwoordigheid en afwesigheid van die polsterplant Azorella selago op alle hoogtes
waar die plante saam voorkom vergelyk. Die invloed van A. selago op A. magellanica
was negatief op lae hoogtes bo seespieël, maar het meer positief geraak met ‘n
toename in hoogte bo seespieël, tesame met omgewingshardheid. Die invloed van die
polsterplant op die gras het ‘n positiewe asimptoot onder uiterste omgewingstoestande
bereik. Dus, op Marion Eiland is die geografiese variasie in biotiese interaksies
verwant aan omgewingstoestande, en positiewe interaksies kan selfs onder die uiterste
omgewingstoestande sterk wees.
Hierdie resultate wys dat positiewe biotiese interaksies tussen plante belangrik
is by hoër hoogtes bo seespieël op Marion Eiland. Die interaksies kan dus die
opwaartse verspreiding van spesies in reaksie op klimaatsverandering versnel.
Nogtans kan negatiewe interaksies die teenoorgestelde effek hê aangesien kompetisie
tussen plante, veral in plekke met digte plantegroei (d.w.s. lae of middel hoogtes bo
seespieël) opwaartse verskuiwing van spesies kan verhinder. Hierdie navorsing dui
aan hoe belangrik dit is om interaksies tussen spesies in ag te neem, aangesien die
interaksies die tempo en omvang van veranderinge in verspreiding kan beïnvloed.
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L'expérience des "jeunes de la rue" (faqman) à Dakar : entre marginalisation et reconnaissance sociale / The experience of "street youth" (faqman) in Dakar : between marginalization and social recognitionDiack, Safietou 20 June 2017 (has links)
À Dakar (Sénégal), des enfants et des jeunes ont investi des recoins abandonnés de l’espace public. Ils vivent de mendicité, de récupération, de petits commerces, mais également de pratiques à la limite de la légalité (vols, consommation de stupéfiants…). Communément désignés sous le terme de faqman (fugueur), ces jeunes quittent domicile ou daara (écolecoranique) pour la rue. Leur apparence, leurs comportements, leurs activités, mais surtout la perception qu’en ont les populations, leur valent d’être mis en marge et stigmatisés. Leur présence dans la rue est réprimée par les autorités publiques quand des acteurs de l’humanitaire de leur côté proposent de venir à leur secours pour les « réinsérer » dans la société.Qualifiés de marginaux qui quittent les cadres sociaux conventionnels pour développer dans la rue des « contre-valeurs », les faqman continuent pourtant de partager avec leurs concitoyens un même univers moral et symbolique. En s’intéressant au sens subjectif que ces jeunes donnent à leur présence dans la rue par une ethnographie de l’expérience qu’ils font dans cet espace,cette thèse propose un décloisonnement de la figure du faqman jusque-là cantonné aux statuts de victime et de déviant. / In Dakar, Senegal, children and young people have taken over abandoned corners of public space. They live by begging, recycling, small shops, but also practices at the limit of legality (theft, consumption of narcotics ...). Commonly referred to as faqman (runaway), these young people leave home or daara (Koranic school) to invest the street. Their appearance, theirbehavior, their activities, but especially the perception that the populations have of them, are worth marginal and stigmatized. Their presence on the street is repressed by the public authorities when humanitarian actors on their side propose to come to their aid for their rehabilitation into society.Qualified as marginals who leave the conventional social frameworks to develop in the street of the "counter-values", faqmans nevertheless continue to share with their fellow citizens the same moral and symbolic universe. By taking an interest in the subjective sense that these young people give to their presence in the street with an ethnography of the experience they make in this space, this thesis proposes an exploration of the figure of the faqman to break with his usual status of victim and deviant.
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Les incidences des politiques de commerce extérieur et de change sur les échanges commerciaux des pays du Mashrek (Liban, Syrie Jordanie et Egypte) / The impact of foreign trade and exchange policies on commercial exchanges of some Mashreq countries (Lebanon, Syria, Jordan and Egypt)Al Habbaki, Patricia 06 May 2014 (has links)
En dépit du renforcement de leur ouverture commerciale, le commerce extérieur des pays du Mashrek a presque toujours affiché des chiffres plutôt négatifs. Selon la littérature, l'ouverture commerciale est une des conditions permettant une croissance vigoureuse d'un pays. Néanmoins, la tendance constatée à la lumière des données du commerce de ces pays, traduirait une réalité alarmante. L'ouverture ne s'est pas traduite par une accélération des niveaux des investissements, ni par une création d'emplois. Est-ce que les politiques commerciales et de change menées par les pays du Mashrek sont responsables de cette persistance des déficits commerciaux ? Motivée par l’aggravation remarquable du solde de la balance commerciale libanaise survenue dans le profil global des échanges extérieurs du Liban, la présente recherche examine le comportement dynamique des exportations et importations libanaises en comparaison avec ses pays voisins (la Syrie, l’Egypte et la Jordanie) dans un contexte économique régional et international en mutation, en proposant une analyse empirique des déterminants des flux commerciaux ayant pour objet d’établir dans quelle mesure la politique commerciale et de change seraient responsables des faits stylisés observés. / Despite the strengthening of their commercial openness, the Mashreq countries trade has rather always displayed negative results. According to the literature, opening up trade is one of the conditions leading to any country’s vigorous growth. Nevertheless, the trend found in the light of these countries’ trade data, indicates an alarming reality. The openness was neither translated into accelerated levels of investments nor created new job opportunities. Are the trade and exchange rate policies pursued by the Mashreq countries responsible for this persistence in trade deficits ? Motivated by outstanding worsening deflection of the trade balance in the overall Lebanese external trade profile, the current research examines the dynamic behavior of the Lebanese exports and imports compared to its neighboring countries (Syria, Egypt, and Jordan) in a regional and international changing economic context. An empirical analysis of the trade flows determinants was adopted in order to establish to what extent the trade and Exchange policies would be responsible for the observed stylized facts.
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Dynamic efficiency, price volatility and margin policy: evidence from Hong Kong stock market and Hang Seng Index futures market.January 1994 (has links)
Wong Hau Man, Ben. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-89). / Abstract / Acknowledgment / Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2. --- Introduction to the Hang Seng Index Futures Market --- p.9 / Chapter Chapter 3. --- Dynamic Efficiency --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1 --- The Potential Lead/Lag Relationship between the Stock Index Futures price and the Stock Index --- p.18 / Chapter 3.2 --- Empirical Evidence of the Lead/Lag Relationship -the US experience --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3 --- Granger and Engle's Error-Correction Model --- p.21 / Chapter 3.4 --- Error-Correction Model for the Hang Seng Index Futures Price and Hang Seng Index --- p.25 / Chapter 3.5 --- Simultaneous Error-Correction Model --- p.30 / Chapter Chapter 4. --- Price Volatility --- p.38 / Chapter 4.1 --- Why Volatility Matters --- p.38 / Chapter 4.2a --- Theoretical Foundation of the relationship between Futures Trading and Cash Market Volatility --- p.39 / Chapter 4.2b --- Empirical Evidence of Futures Trading and Cash Market Volatility - the US experience --- p.40 / Chapter 4.3 --- The Schwert Estimation Method --- p.42 / Chapter 4.4 --- Hang Seng Index Volatility and Cash Market Trading Volume --- p.47 / Chapter 4.5 --- Hang Seng Index Volatility and Futures Trading Activities --- p.48 / Chapter 4.6 --- Hang Seng Index Volatility and Contract Life Cycle --- p.50 / Chapter Chapter 5. --- Margin Policy --- p.56 / Chapter 5.1 --- The Economic Role of Futures Margin --- p.57 / Chapter 5.2a --- Theoretical Foundation of the relationship between Margin Requirement and Futures Volatility --- p.58 / Chapter 5.2b --- Empirical Evidence of Margin Requirement and Price Volatility --- p.59 / Chapter 5.3 --- HSI Futures Margin Requirement and Probability of Exhaustion --- p.61 / Chapter 5.4 --- HSI Futures Margin Requirement and HSI Futures Volatility --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4a --- Event-Study Approach --- p.64 / Chapter 5.4b --- Alternative Method --- p.66 / Chapter 5.5 --- HSI Futures Leverage and Price Volatility --- p.70 / Chapter Chapter 6. --- Conclusions --- p.81 / REFERENCES --- p.85 / APPENDIX 1. - Data Description --- p.90 / APPENDIX 2. - FIGURES --- p.92 / Chapter - --- Figure 1. Trend of HSI from May 86 to Dec93 --- p.93 / Chapter - --- Figure 2. Trend of HSI Futures Price from May 86 to Dec93 --- p.94 / Chapter - --- Figure 3. Volatility of HSI from May 86 to Dec93 --- p.95 / Chapter - --- Figure 4. HSI Futures Margin and Futures Volatility (Futures volatility is measured in daily change in contracts value) --- p.96
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Restauration structurale de la tectonique salifère de la partie centrale du bassin de Santos et des implications pour les systèmes pétroliers / 3D structural restoration of halokinesis in the central portion in the Santos Basin. Implications for the Petroleum SystemsDe melo garcia, Savio francis 14 September 2012 (has links)
The present thesis consists in a real complex case study of halotectonic deformation in the central portion of the Santos Basin passive margin, investigating the complex interactions between deformation and sedimentation and evaluating its impacts on the petroleum systems.Seismic data set and exploration wells were input to the study, which cover an area where halokinetics affect the active petroleum systems. The thickest depocenter of the Santos basin is partially in the study area. The sedimentary infilling history is associated with the Cabo Frio Fault development, linked with a gap of tens of kilometers in the Albian sediments occurrence. Minibasins are under halotectonic compression towards deep waters. The challenges of this work consists in find methods to build and then to restore the structural model in an effective way.Fifteen interpreted horizons were used to build a surface model. Five geological cross-sections were restored and interpolated to get salt and overburden volumes. The restoration successively removes the uppermost layer and decompacts the remaining layers through sedimentary unloading. Restoration also considers the unloading isostatic compensation by flexure of an elastic weak layered lithosphere. The isostasy plays an important role in the tectono-sedimentary control. Its interaction with bathymetry, faults geometry and deposition surface profile constrains the local and regional subsidence. Biostratigraphic data and seismic pattern defined trough time the absolute paleobathymetry.The cross-section restoration has differentiated the major rift phase sequence deformation from three other drift phase sequences above the sal layer.Several 1D geo-histories were reconstructed for different points along the main direction of transport, to control the thickness variations in the 2D sections. 1D and 2D restorations clearly show that salt moves out of the study area and that there is strong coupling between the halotectonic dynamic and the change in the accommodation space.The extrapolation of the restoration results to 3D allows a better compartmentalization between the hemigrabens in the rift phase; highlights the role of structural high in the center of the investigated area and confirms the relation between structural evolution and sedimentation. Two major depocenters were amalgamated by salt deposition over the accentuated relief inherited from the larger vertical tectonic subsidence of the rift phase. The sedimentary infilling reveals the temporal relations of NE-SW and NNW-SSE oriented structures within the higher subsidence compartment in the western sector of the area. Two different ways to restore the sections allowed the uncertainty estimation of the bathymetry and isostatic relationships.The salt layer material conservation assumption, an operational tool, was consistent with the results. The salt volume balance over time showed a good correlation to lateral extension of the continental drift stage.The implications of the restoration scenario on the petroleum systems were only qualitatively interpreted and then compared to the classical backstripping approach. Three main sectors appear: the proximal shelf, the slope and the deepwater sector of the continental rise. The relatively early halotectonics of the proximal sector induces a more fast and short generation whereas, beyond the continental slope region, the petroleum systems is distally more heterogeneous, develops slower, dissipated and differentiated by the halokinesis, with longer refills fronts. The direct impact of salt restoration on the maturity evaluation is actually relatively small, because about 90% of ductile deformation occurred before 65 Ma and a significant part of the generation is ongoing after 65 Ma. On the other hand, the halotectonic restoration is fundamental regarding its impact on the petroleum systems. / Ce travail étudie la déformation salifère dans la partie centrale du Bassin de Santos sur la marge Atlantique brésilienne et examine l'interaction complexe entre cette déformation et la sédimentation, ainsi que ses effets sur les systèmes pétroliers. Les données sismiques et les puits disponibles couvrent une zone où l'halocinèse affecte les systèmes pétroliers actifs. Le principal dépôt-centre du bassin est partiellement dans la zone d'étude. L'histoire de remplissage sédimentaire est liée au développement de la faille de Cabo Frio, qui induit un absence des sédiments de l'Albien sur des dizaines de kilomètres. Des mini-bassins dus à la compression salifère se produisent dans la partie la plus distale.Il s'agit dans ce travail de trouver une méthode effective de construire et de restaurer le modèle structural. Quinze horizons stratigraphiques ont été interprétés. Cinq coupes géologiques ont été restaurées et interpolées pour analyser l'évolution temporelle des volumes du sel et des unités encaissantes. La restauration enlève successivement la couche la plus récente et décompacte les couches sous-jacentes en fonction de la charge enlevée. La procédure de restauration prend aussi en compte la compensation flexurale d'une lithosphère élastique et peu épaisse. L'isostasie joue un rôle important dans le contrôle tectono-sédimentaire. Son interaction avec la profondeur d'eau, la géométrie des failles et la surface de dépôt contrôle la subsidence locale et régionale. Des données des puits et les facies sismiques aident à calibrer la paléo-profondeur d'eau.La restauration de coupes différencie la déformation verticale de la phase anté sel des trois autres séquences qui ont été déposées au-dessus du sel. Plusieurs reconstructions 1D illustrent différentes situations le long de la direction principale de transport et permettent de contrôler l'épaisseur des coupes restaurées. Les restaurations 1D et 2D ont clairement montré que le sel s'échappe vers l'est au-delà de la région d'étude. La dynamique du sel se corrèle fortement avec l'espace d'accommodation disponible. L'extrapolation de la restauration au domaine 3D a permis de mieux configurer les demi-grabens de la phase rift, a accentué le rôle des hauts structuraux au centre de la zone étudiée et a montré comment les relations structurales contrôlent la sédimentation. Deux dépôt-centres ont été unis par le déposition de sel sur une topographie escarpée héritée du rifting. Le remplissage du compartiment le plus subsident à l'ouest du modèle a permis des interprétations temporelles par rapport aux structures orientées NE-SW et NNW-SSE. Deux façons de restaurer les coupes ont permis d'évaluer l'incertitude sur la paléo-profondeur d'eau et ses relations avec l'isostasie. L'hypothèse d'une préservation volumique du sel s'est avérée cohérente avec les résultats, puisqu'elle a montré une bonne corrélation avec la distension latérale lors de la dérive continentale.Les implications du scénario restauré sur les systèmes pétroliers ont été interprétées qualitativement et comparées ensuite avec l'approche classique de backstripping. Trois secteurs sont distingués : plateforme, pente et l'eau profonde. La tectonique salifère relativement précoce a induit une génération plus rapide et plus courte pour le secteur plus proche tandis que, au-delà de la pente continentale les systèmes pétroliers distaux sont plus hétérogènes avec un développement ralenti, dissipé et différencié par l'halocinèse, avec de recharges sur des temps plus longs. L'impact direct de la restauration de sel sur l'évaluation de la maturité est relativement faible, puisque 90% de la déformation ductile se produit avant 65 Ma et une partie importante de roches mères ont maturé plus tard. Mais la restauration de la tectonique salifère est essentielle par son impact sur le système pétrolier post déformation.
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From rifting to collision : the evolution of the Taiwan Mountain BeltLester, William Ryan 10 October 2013 (has links)
Arc-continent collisions are believed to be an important mechanism for the growth of continents. Taiwan is one of the modern day examples of this process, and as such, it is an ideal natural laboratories to investigate the uncertain behavior of continental crust during collision. The obliquity of collision between the northern South China Sea (SCS) rifted margin and Luzon arc in the Manila trench subduction zone allows for glimpses into different temporal stages of collision at different spatial locations, from the mature mountain-belt in central-northern Taiwan to the 'pre-collision' rifted margin and subduction zone south of Taiwan. Recently acquired seismic reflection and wide-angle seismic refraction data document the crustal-scale structure of the mountain belt through these different stages. These data reveal a wide rifted margin near Taiwan with half-graben rift basins along the continental shelf and a broad distal margin consisting of highly-extended continental crust modified by post-rift magmatism. Magmatic features in the distal margin include sills in the post-rift sediments, intruded crust, and a high-velocity lower crustal layer that likely represents mafic magmatism. Post-rift magmatism may have been induced by thermal erosion of lithospheric mantle following breakup and the onset of seafloor spreading. Geophysical profiles across the early-stage collision offshore southern Taiwan show evidence the thin crust of the distal margin is subducting at the Manila trench and structurally underplating the growing orogenic wedge ahead of the encroaching continental shelf. Subduction of the distal margin may induce a pre-collision flexural response along the continental shelf as suggested by a recently active major rift fault and a geodynamic model of collision. The weak rift faults may be inverted during the subsequent collision with the continental shelf. These findings support a multi-phase collision model where the early growth of the mountain belt is driven in part by underplating of the accretionary prism by crustal blocks from the distal margin. The wedge is subsequently uplift and deformed during a collision with the continental shelf that involves both thin-skinned and thick-skinned structural styles. This model highlights the importance of rifting styles on mountain-building. / text
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