Les données de sismique réflexion sont une source d'information essentielle pour la modélisation tridimensionnelle des structures du sous-sol dans l'exploration-production des hydrocarbures. Ce travail vise à fournir des outils de visualisation pour leur interprétation. Les défis à relever sont à la fois d'ordre qualitatif et quantitatif. Il s'agit en effet de considérer (1) la nature particulière des données et la démarche d'interprétation (2) la taille des données. Notre travail s'est donc axé sur ces deux aspects : 1) Du point de vue qualitatif, nous mettons tout d'abord en évidence les principales caractéristiques des données sismiques, ce qui nous permet d'implanter une technique de visualisation volumique adaptée. Nous abordons ensuite l'aspect multimodal de l'interprétation qui consiste à combiner plusieurs sources d'information (sismique et structurale). Selon la nature de ces sources (strictement volumique ou volumique et surfacique), nous proposons deux systèmes de visualisation différents. 2) Du point de vue quantitatif, nous définissons tout d'abord les principales contraintes matérielles intervenant dans l'interprétation, ce qui nous permet d'implanter un système générique de gestion de la mémoire. Initialement destiné au couplage de la visualisation et des calculs sur des données volumiques massives, il est ensuite amélioré et spécialisé pour aboutir à un système dynamique de gestion distribuée de la mémoire sur cluster de PCs. Cette dernière version, dédiée à la visualisation, permet de manipuler des données sismiques à échelle régionale (100-200 Go) en temps réel. Les problématiques sont abordées à la fois dans le contexte scientifique de la visualisation et dans le contexte d'application des géosciences et de l'interprétation sismique / Seismic reflection data are a valuable source of information for the three-dimensional modeling of subsurface structures in the exploration-production of hydrocarbons. This work focuses on the implementation of visualization techniques for their interpretation. We face both qualitative and quantitative challenges. It is indeed necessary to consider (1) the particular nature of seismic data and the interpretation process (2) the size of data. Our work focuses on these two distinct aspects : 1) From the qualitative point of view, we first highlight the main characteristics of seismic data. Based on this analysis, we implement a volume visualization technique adapted to the specificity of the data. We then focus on the multimodal aspect of interpretation which consists in combining several sources of information (seismic and structural). Depending on the nature of these sources (strictly volumes or both volumes and surfaces), we propose two different visualization systems. 2) From the quantitative point of view, we first define the main hardware constraints involved in seismic interpretation. Focused on these constraints, we implement a generic memory management system. Initially able to couple visualization and data processing on massive data volumes, it is then improved and specialised to build a dynamic system for distributed memory management on PC clusters. This later version, dedicated to visualization, allows to manipulate regional scale seismic data (100-200 GB) in real-time. The main aspects of this work are both studied in the scientific context of visualization and in the application context of geosciences and seismic interpretation

The demand for high-performance and power scalable DSP processors for telecommunication and portable devices has increased significantly in recent years. The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) computation is essential to such designs. This work presents a switch-based architecture to design radix-2 FFT processors. The processor employs M processing elements, 2M memory arrays and M Read Only Memories (ROMs). One processing element performs one radix-2 butterfly operation. The memory arrays are designed as single-port memory, where each has a size of N/(2M); N is the number of FFT points. Compared with a single processing element, this approach provides a speedup of M. If not addressed, memory collisions degrade the processor performance. A novel algorithm to detect and resolve the collisions is presented. When a collision is detected, a memory management operation is executed. The performance of the switch architecture can be further enhanced by pipelining the design, where each pipeline stage employs a switch component. The result is a speedup of Mlog2N compared with a single processing element performance. The utilization of single-port memory reduces the design complexities and area. Furthermore, memory arrays significantly reduce power compared with the delay elements used in some FFT processors. The switch-based architecture facilitates deactivating processing elements for power scalability. It also facilitates implementing different FFT sizes. The VLSI implementation of a non-pipeline switch-based processor is presented. Matlab simulations are conducted to analyze the performance. The timing, power and area results from RTL, synthesis and layout simulations are discussed and compared with other processors. / text

Οι σημερινές εφαρμογές έχουν ολοένα και μεγαλύτερες ανάγκες επεξεργαστικής ισχύος προκειμένου να εκτελεστούν σε συντομότερο χρονικό διάστημα. Για να την ικανοποίηση αυτών των χρονικών περιορισμών απαιτείται η ανάπτυξη βελτιστοποιημένων τεχνικών σχεδιασμού. Το αντικείμενο της παρούσας διατριβής σχετίζεται με την ανάπτυξη αρχιτεκτονικών και τεχνικών μεταφραστών με σκοπό την γρηγορότερη τροφοδότηση του επεξεργαστή με δεδομένα από την ιεραρχία μνήμης. α) Μεθοδολογία επιτάχυνσης εκτέλεσης εφαρμογής πολλαπλασιασμού πινάκων Παρουσιάζεται μία μεθοδολογία που βασίζεται στην τοπικότητα των δεδομένων με σκοπό την επιτάχυνση εκτέλεσης του πολλαπλασιασμού πινάκων. Μετά από διερεύνηση, παράγεται ο βέλτιστος τρόπος χρονοπρογραμματισμού των προσπελάσεων στη μνήμη λαμβάνοντας υπόψη την τοπικότητα των δεδομένων και τα μεγέθη των επιπέδων ιεραρχίας μνήμης. Ο χρόνος διερεύνησης είναι σύντομος καθώς απορρίπτονται όλες οι μη-βέλτιστες λύσεις. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία συγκρίνεται με άλλες υπάρχουσες και παρατηρείται αύξηση της απόδοσης μέχρι 55%. β)Mεθοδολογία αποδοτικής υλοποίησης του Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) Παρουσιάζεται μια νέα μεθοδολογία, που επιτυγχάνει βελτιωμένη απόδοση στην υλοποίηση του FFT, έχοντας ως γνώμονα την ελαχιστοποίηση των προσπελάσεων που πραγματοποιούνται στα δεδομένα. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία έχει σημαντικά πλεονεκτήματα. Πρώτον, την πλήρη αξιοποίηση της παραγωγής και της κατανάλωσης των αποτελεσμάτων των πεταλούδων του FFT αλγορίθμου, της επαναχρησιμοποίησης δεδομένων και της συμμετρίας των twiddle συντελεστών του FFT αλγορίθμου. Δεύτερον, η βέλτιστη λύση χρονοπρογραμματισμού βρίσκεται λαμβάνοντας υπόψη τόσο τον αριθμό των καταχωρητών, όσο και το μέγεθος της κρυφής μνήμης κάθε επιπέδου, αναζητώντας μόνο τον αριθμό του επιπέδου του tiling του FFT. Τρίτον, ο χρόνος μετάφρασης και το μέγεθος του πηγαίου κώδικα είναι πολύ μικροί συγκρινόμενοι με την SOA βιβλιοθήκη υλοποίησης του FFT αλγορίθμου, την FFTW. Η προτεινόμενη μεθοδολογία επιτυγχάνει αύξηση της απόδοσης μέχρι και 63% σε σχέση με την βιβλιοθήκη FFTW. γ)Ανάπτυξη Αρχιτεκτονικών για Διαχείριση Μνήμης Παρουσιάζεται μια αποσυζευγμένη αρχιτεκτονική επεξεργαστών με μια ιεραρχία μνήμης που αποτελείται μόνο από μνήμες scratch-pad, και μια κύρια μνήμη. Η αρχιτεκτονική αυτή εκμεταλλεύεται τα οφέλη των scratch-pad μνημών και τον παραλληλισμό μεταξύ της επεξεργασίας δεδομένων και υπολογισμού διευθύνσεων. Η αρχιτεκτονική συγκρίνεται στην απόδοση με την αρχιτεκτονική MIPS με cache και με scratch-pad ιεραρχίες μνήμης και παρουσιάζεται η υψηλότερη απόδοσή της. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι η απόδοση αυξάνεται μέχρι 3,7 φορές. Στη συνέχεια γίνεται περαιτέρω έρευνα σε αρχιτεκτονικές με Scratch-pad μνήμες. Παρουσιάζεται μια αρχιτεκτονική που είναι σε θέση να παρέχει πληροφορίες για το ακριβές περιεχόμενο δεδομένων της scratch-pad, κατά τη διάρκεια της εκτέλεσης και μπορεί επίσης να εκτελέσει όλες τις απαραίτητες ενέργειες για την τοποθέτηση των νέων δεδομένων στη scratch-pad. Με αυτόν τον τρόπο, αξιοποιείται η επαναχρησιμοποίηση δεδομένων που εμφανίζεται τυχαία και δεν μπορεί να προσδιοριστεί από το μεταγλωττιστή. Συγκρίνεται με αρχιτεκτονική MIPS που περιέχει cache και με scratch-pad μνήμες και αναδεικνύεται η μεγαλύτερη απόδοσή της. Τα πειραματικά αποτελέσματα δείχνουν ότι η απόδοση αυξάνεται μέχρι 5 φορές έναντι των αρχιτεκτονικών με scratch-pad και 2.5 φορές έναντι των αρχιτεκτονικών με cache. / Modern applications have indence needs in processing power in order to be executed in short time. For satisfying the time limits, there have to be generated new techniques for optimizing the designs. The object of the present thesis is about developing new compiler techniques and hardware architectures which aim to transfer data faster, from the memory hierarchy to the CPU. a) Methdology for accelerating the execution of matrix multiplications A new methodology using the standard MMM algorithm is presented, achieving improved performance by focusing on data locality (both temporal and spatial). This methodology finds the scheduling which conforms with the optimum memory management. The scheduling used for the tile level is different from the element level’s one, having better data locality, suited to the sizes of memory hierarchy. Its exploration time is short, because it searches only for the number of the level of tiling used for finding the best tile size for each cache level. Compared with the best existing related work, which we implemented, better performance up to 55% β)Methodology for increasing performance on Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) A new methodology is presented based on minimizing the memory accesses for FFT. It exploits, the production and comsumption of the FFT batterfly results and the reuse of data. The optimum scheduling solution is found taking into account the number of registers and the cache memory size. The compile time and source code size are short comparing to SOA library. The methodology performance gains are up to 63% comparing to FFTW library. γ)Ανάπτυξη Αρχιτεκτονικών για Διαχείριση Μνήμης A decoupled processors architecture with a memory hierarchy is presented consisting only of scratch–pad memories, and a main memory. This architecture exploits both the benefits of scratch-pad memories and the parallelism between address computation and application data processing. The architecture is compared in performance with the MIPS architecture with cache and with scratch-pad memory hierarchies and with the existing decoupled architectures showing its higher normalized performance. Experimental results show that the performance is increased up to 3.7 times. Continuing, more research is done on Scratch-pad memories. We present an architecture that is able to provide information about the exact data contents of scratch-pad during execution and can also do all the necessary operations for placing the new data blocks in scratch-pad. Thereby, the temporal locality which occurs randomly and can not be identified by the compiler is exploited. It is compared with the MIPS architecture with cache and with scratch-pad memories showing its higher normalized performance. Experimental results show that the performance is increased up to 5 times compared to cache architectures and 2,5 times compared to existing scratch-pad architectures.

Cette thèse traite des performances des serveurs de données en multi-cœur. Plus précisément nous nous intéressons au passage à l'échelle avec le nombre de cœurs. Dans un premier temps, nous étudions le fonctionnement interne d'un support d'exécution événementiel multi-cœur. Nous montrons tout d'abord que le faux-partage ainsi que les mécanismes de communications inter-cœurs dégradent fortement les performances et empêchent le passage à l'échelle des applications. Nous proposons alors plusieurs optimisations pour pallier ces comportements. Dans un second temps, nous comparons les performances en multi-cœur de trois serveurs Web chacun représentatif d'un modèle de programmation. Nous remarquons que les différences de performances observées entre les serveurs varient lorsque le nombre de cœurs augmente. Après une analyse approfondie des performances observées, nous identifions la cause de la limitation du passage à l'échelle des serveurs étudiés. Nous présentons une proposition ainsi qu'un ensemble de pistes pour lever cette limitation. / This thesis studies the performances of data servers on multicores. More precisely, we focus on the scalability with the number of cores. First, we study the internals of an event-driven multicore runtime. We demonstrate that false sharing and inter-core communications hurt performances badly, and prevent applications from scaling. We then propose several optimisations to fix these issues. In a second part, we compare the multicore performances of three Webservers, each reprensentative of a programming model. We observe that the differences between each server's performances vary as the number of cores increases. We are able to pinpoint the cause of the scalability limitation observed. We present one approach and some perspectives to overcome this limit.

A virtualização é uma tecnologia chave para a computação em nuvem que permite fornecer recursos computacionais, em forma de máquinas virtuais, para o consumo de serviços de computação. Nos ambientes de computação em nuvem, é importante manter sob controle a alocação de máquinas virtuais nos servidores físicos. Uma alocação adequada implica na redução de custos com hardware, energia e refrigeração, além da melhora da qualidade de serviço. Hipervisores recentes implementam mecanismos para reduzir o consumo de memória RAM através do compartilhamento de páginas idênticas entre máquinas virtuais. Esta dissertação apresenta um novo algoritmo de alocação de máquinas virtuais que busca o equilíbrio no uso dos recursos de CPU, memória, disco e rede e, sobretudo, considera o potencial de compartilhamento de memória entre máquinas virtuais. Através de simulações em cenários distintos, verificou-se que o algoritmo é superior à abordagem padrão na questão do uso equilibrado de recursos e que, considerando o compartilhamento de memória, houve um ganho significativo na disponibilidade deste recurso ao final das alocações. / Virtualization is a key technology for cloud computing, it provides computational resources as virtual machines for consumption of computing services. In cloud computing environments it is important to keep under control the allocation of virtual machines in physical servers. A good allocation brings benefits such as reduction costs in hardware, power, and cooling, also improving the quality of service. Recent hypervisors implement mechanisms to reduce RAM consumption by sharing identical pages between virtual machines. This dissertation presents a new algorithm for virtual machines allocation that seeks the balanced use of CPU, memory, disk, and network. In addition, it considers the potential for sharing memory among virtual machines. Simulations on three distinct scenarios demonstrate that it is superior to the standard approach when considering the balanced use of resources. Considering shared memory, there was an appreciable gain in availability of resources.

Notre recherche propose un enrichissement du paradigme expérientiel en s’intéressant aux conséquences de l’expérience. Nous soutenons la thèse qu’une approche par le souvenir de l’expérience peut, en partie, pallier les limites de la satisfaction pour comprendre la relation unissant le consommateur à l’enseigne. Notre revue de la littérature s’intéresse à l’articulation existant entre expérience, souvenir de l’expérience et expérience de souvenir. La conduite de deux études longitudinales permet de : [1]. conceptualiser les dimensions constitutives du souvenir de l’expérience de magasinage ; [2]. de comprendre l’évolution du souvenir au fil du temps ; et [3]. d’étudier ses effets sur la satisfaction du client, son attitude et son attachement à l’enseigne, ainsi que sur ses comportements. Nos résultats confirment que le souvenir de l’expérience semble être un meilleur prédicteur de la relation à l’enseigne que ne l’est la satisfaction, que l’expérience soit vécue dans un magasin, un centre commercial ou sur un site internet. Notre travail se termine par la suggestion de pistes opérationnelles permettant d’aider les enseignes dans leur « management du souvenir de l’expérience client » (Customer Experience Memory Management - CEMM). / Our research proposes an enrichment of the experiential paradigm by focusing on the consequences of experience. We support the view that an approach by the memory of the experience can partly compensate for the limitations of satisfaction in understanding the retailer-customer relationship. Our literature review leads us to a better understanding of the relationship between experience, memory of the experience and remembered experience. The completion of two longitudinal studies helps to: [1]. conceptualize dimensions of the memory of the shopping experience; [2]. understand the evolution of memory over time; [2]. study its effects on satisfaction, retailer attitude, retailer commitment, and consumer behaviors. Our results confirm that the memory of the experience seems to constitute a better predictor of the retailer-customer relationship than satisfaction, no matter whether the experience occurs in a store, in a mall or on a website. Our work concludes on the suggestion of operational avenues to assist retailers in their “customer experience memory management” (CEMM).

This thesis deals with the designing of a garbage collector for the PNtalk virtual machine. It describes and rates the approaches and algorithms for an automatic memory management. Four algorithm families ale presented: mark-sweep, mark-compact, copying algorithms and reference counting. At first it describes sequential forms, that pauses running of the main program (mutator), then it describes parallel and concurent forms, that do not pauses the mutator. The thesis also presents generational model of garbage collecting. The following sections briefly introduces object orientated Petri nets. The result of this thesis is the design of the generational garbage collector for the PNtalk virtual machine.

This masters thesis deals with a real-time low vegetation rendering in 3D space. The low vegetation means grass and shrub. At first it looks on a implementation of vegetation in a 3D games that already exist and there investigate characteristics notable while playing and after that it comes to a evaluation of visual qualities. As next will follow design of solution of this problems and description of implementation. In final part will be summary of achieved product.

Key-Value Stores (KVSs) are a type of non-relational databases whose data is represented as a key-value pair and are often used to represent cache and session data storage. Among them, Memcached is one of the most popular ones, as it is widely used in various Internet services such as social networks and streaming platforms. Given the continuous and increasingly rapid growth of networked devices that use these services, the commodity hardware on which the databases are based must process packets faster to meet the needs of the market. However, in recent years, the performance improvements characterising the new hardware has become thinner and thinner. From here, as the purchase of new products is no longer synonymous with significant performance improvements, companies need to exploit the full potential of the hardware already in their possession, consequently postponing the purchase of more recent hardware. One of the latest ideas for increasing the performance of commodity hardware is the use of slice-aware memory management. This technique exploits the Last Level of Cache (LLC) by making sure that the individual cores take data from memory locations that are mapped to their respective cache portions (i.e., LLC slices). This thesis focuses on the realisation of a KVS prototype—based on Intel Haswell micro-architecture—built on top of the Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK), and to which the principles of slice-aware memory management are applied. To test its performance, given the non-existence of a DPDKbased traffic generator that supports the Memcached protocol, an additional prototype of a traffic generator that supports these features has also been developed. The performances were measured using two distinct machines: one for the traffic generator and one for the KVS. First, the “regular” KVS prototype was tested, then, to see the actual benefits, the slice-aware one. Both KVS prototypeswere subjected to two types of traffic: (i) uniformtraffic where the keys are always different from each other, and (ii) skewed traffic, where keys are repeated and some keys are more likely to be repeated than others. The experiments show that, in real-world scenario (i.e., characterised by skewed key distributions), the employment of a slice-aware memory management technique in a KVS can slightly improve the end-to-end latency (i.e.,~2%). Additionally, such technique highly impacts the look-up time required by the CPU to find the key and the corresponding value in the database, decreasing the mean time by ~22.5%, and improving the 99th percentile by ~62.7%. / Key-Value Stores (KVSs) är en typ av icke-relationsdatabaser vars data representeras som ett nyckel-värdepar och används ofta för att representera lagring av cache och session. Bland dem är Memcached en av de mest populära, eftersom den används ofta i olika internettjänster som sociala nätverk och strömmande plattformar. Med tanke på den kontinuerliga och allt snabbare tillväxten av nätverksenheter som använder dessa tjänster måste den råvaruhårdvara som databaserna bygger på bearbeta paket snabbare för att möta marknadens behov. Under de senaste åren har dock prestandaförbättringarna som kännetecknar den nya hårdvaran blivit tunnare och tunnare. Härifrån, eftersom inköp av nya produkter inte längre är synonymt med betydande prestandaförbättringar, måste företagen utnyttja den fulla potentialen för hårdvaran som redan finns i deras besittning, vilket skjuter upp köpet av nyare hårdvara. En av de senaste idéerna för att öka prestanda för råvaruhårdvara är användningen av skivmedveten minneshantering. Denna teknik utnyttjar den Sista Nivån av Cache (SNC) genom att se till att de enskilda kärnorna tar data från minnesplatser som är mappade till deras respektive cachepartier (dvs. SNCskivor). Denna avhandling fokuserar på förverkligandet av en KVS-prototyp— baserad på Intel Haswell mikroarkitektur—byggd ovanpå Data Plane Development Kit (DPDK), och på vilken principerna för skivmedveten minneshantering tillämpas. För att testa dess prestanda, med tanke på att det inte finns en DPDK-baserad trafikgenerator som stöder Memcachedprotokollet, har en ytterligare prototyp av en trafikgenerator som stöder dessa funktioner också utvecklats. Föreställningarna mättes med två olika maskiner: en för trafikgeneratorn och en för KVS. Först testades den “vanliga” KVSprototypen, för att se de faktiska fördelarna, den skivmedvetna. Båda KVSprototyperna utsattes för två typer av trafik: (i) enhetlig trafik där nycklarna alltid skiljer sig från varandra och (ii) sned trafik, där nycklar upprepas och vissa nycklar är mer benägna att upprepas än andra. Experimenten visar att i verkliga scenarier (dvs. kännetecknas av snedställda nyckelfördelningar) kan användningen av en skivmedveten minneshanteringsteknik i en KVS förbättra förbättringen från slut till slut (dvs. ~2%). Dessutom påverkar sådan teknik i hög grad uppslagstiden som krävs av CPU: n för att hitta nyckeln och motsvarande värde i databasen, vilket minskar medeltiden med ~22, 5% och förbättrar 99th percentilen med ~62, 7%.

Memory management errors in concurrent software running on multi-core architectures can be difficult and costly to detect and repair. Examples of errors are usage of uninitialized memory, memory leaks, and data corruptions due to unintended overwrites of data that are not owned by the writing entity. If memory management errors could be detected at an early stage, for example when using a simulator before the software has been delivered and integrated in a product, significant savings could be achieved. This thesis investigates and develops methods for detection of usage of uninitialized memory in software that runs on a virtual hardware platform. The virtual hardware platform has models of Ericsson Radio Base Station hardware for baseband processing and digital radio processing. It is a bit-accurate representation of the underlying hardware, with models of processors and peripheral units, and it is used at Ericsson for software development and integration. There are tools available, such as Memcheck (Valgrind), and MemorySanitizer and AddressSanitizer (Clang), for memory management error detection. The features of such tools have been investigated, and memory management error detection algorithms were developed for a given processor’s instruction set. The error detection algorithms were implemented in a virtual platform, and issues and design considerations reflecting the application-specific instruction set architecture of the processor, were taken into account. A prototype implementation of memory error presentation with error locations mapped to the source code of the running program, and presentation of stack traces, was done, using functionality from a debugger. An experiment, using a purpose-built test program, was used to evaluate the error detection capability of the algorithms in the virtual platform, and for comparison with the error detection capability of Memcheck. The virtual platform implementation detects all known errors, except one, in the program and reports them to the user in an appropriate manner. There are false positives reported, mainly due to the limited awareness about the operating system used on the simulated processor / Minneshanteringsfel i parallell mjukvara som exekverar på flerkärniga arkitekturer kan vara svåra att detektera, samt kostsamma att åtgärda. Exempel på fel kan vara användning av ej initialiserat minne, minnesläckage, samt att data blir överskrivna av en process som inte är ägare till de data som skrivs över. Om minneshanteringsfel kan detekteras i ett tidigt skede, t ex genom att använda en simulator, som körs innan mjukvaran har levererats och integrerats i en produkt, skulle man kunna erhålla signifikanta kostnadsbesparingar. Detta examensarbete undersöker och utvecklar metoder för detektion av ej initialiserat minne i mjukvara som körs på en virtuell plattform. Den virtuella plattformen innehåller modeller av delar av den digitala hårdvara, för basband och radio, som finns i en Ericsson radiobasstation. Modellerna är bit-exakta representationer av motsvarande hårdvarublock, och innefattar processorer och periferienheter. Den virtuella plattformen används av Ericsson för utveckling och integration av mjukvara. Det finns verktyg, exempelvis Memcheck (Valgrind), samt MemorySanitizer och AddressSanitizer (Clang), som kan användas för att detektera minneshanteringsfel. Egenskaper hos sådana verktyg har undersökts, och algoritmer för detektion av minneshanteringsfel har utvecklats, för en specifik processor och dess instruktioner. Algoritmerna har implementerats i en virtuell plattform, och kravställningar och design-överväganden som speglar den tillämpnings-specifika instruktionsrepertoaren för den valda processorn, har behandlats. En prototyp-implementation av presentation av minneshanteringsfel, där källkodsraderna samt anropsstacken för de platser där fel har hittats pekas ut, har utvecklats, med användning av en debugger. Ett experiment, som använder sig av ett för ändamålet utvecklat program, har använts för att utvärdera feldetektions-förmågan för de algoritmer som implementerats i den virtuella plattformen, samt för att jämföra med feldetektions-förmågan hos Memcheck. De algoritmer som implementerats i den virtuella plattformen kan, för det program som används, detektera alla kända fel, förutom ett. Algoritmerna rapporterar också falska felindikeringar. Dessa rapporter är huvudsakligen ett resultat av att den aktuella implementationen har begränsad kunskap om det operativsystem som används på den simulerade processorn.