Monitoring the accuracy of memory is an automatic but essential process of memory encoding and retrieval. Retrospective memory confidence judgments are making effective and efficient decisions based on one's memories. The neural processes involved in retrospective confidence ratings were investigated with EEG and fMRI using a recognition memory task designed such that participants also rated their confidence in their memory response. Correct trials (hits and correct rejections) were examined for differences related to the participants' level of confidence in their response. There were significant differences in electrophysiological activity (in the FN400 and the late parietal component) associated with confidence rating, with mean deflection increasing as confidence decreased. fMRI analysis revealed activity that appeared to be specific to the process of confidence rating. Activity was found to increase in the medial frontal, lateral frontal, and lateral parietal cortices as confidence decreases, but only for hits. In the lateral frontal, lateral parietal, and medial parietal cortices, activity decreased as confidence increased. These data indicate that there are neural mechanisms specifically related to making retrospective memory confidence judgments.

Age differences in metamemory accuracy obtained for episodic memory – new information – compared to semantic memory – general knowledge information were compared in this study. Younger and older adults with no known cognitive impairments viewed pictures of famous faces for semantic memory and nonamous faces for episodic memory. Participants then viewed the faces again and had to provide the name for either semantic or episodic memory. After attempting recall for each face, participants made a Feeling-of-Knowing prediction about future recognition. Finally, each face was presented with the correct answer and three alternative answers. A gamma correlation was used to calculate prediction accuracy. Younger and older adults were equally accurate at predicting their recognition for semantic and episodic memory. The findings demonstrate that using the same materials and a within-subjects design, older adults do not show deficits in metamemory accuracy, even when predicting a type of memory that is typically impaired with age.

Accurate self-assessment of memory is important for everyday function. Self-rating accuracy may be affected by several factors in aging, and especially in Parkinson’s disease (PD), but these putative influences have rarely been examined in the same study to determine their relative importance and the potential interactions among them. We examined self-ratings of memory in healthy older adults and people with PD. We used two metamemory scales: the relatively comprehensive Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ) and the more brief Structured Telephone Interview for Dementia Assessment (STIDA). We took into account three key influencing variables: depression, personality variables (especially neuroticism and conscientiousness), and executive functions. The MMQ ability scale and the STIDA were moderately correlated for controls whereas this relationship failed to reach significance for patients after a Holm–Bonferroni correction. The difference between these correlations in the two groups was statistically significant. In both groups, objective memory performance and self-assessment of memory (assessed by MMQ ability, MMQ Satisfaction, and STIDA) were not significantly correlated. Conscientiousness and the interactions of group with conscientiousness and executive function were the strongest predictors of memory self-assessment as measured by MMQ ability. Our results suggest that memory self-assessment is not accurate, and is better predicted by conscientiousness and executive functions than by memory itself. Clinicians should know about the potential lack of accuracy of memory self-assessment when screening for memory impairment. Memory concerns reported by patients may not translate in objective memory impairment. At the opposite, confidence in memory may not reflect normal memory functioning.

Este trabalho investigou processos metamnemônicos de monitoramento e controle, bem como conhecimento e desempenho de memória em diversas condições. O Capítulo I apresenta um paradigma experimental de aprendizado associativo de pares de palavras para avaliação da metamemória. No Capítulo II observou-se que julgamentos de aprendizagem (JOL) tardios foram mais precisos do que imediatos, porém apenas para adultos jovens, em comparação a adultos de idade intermediária. Adultos jovens contaram mais com seus JOLs e seu desempenho de memória prévios para alocação de tempo de estudo (STA), porém apenas na condição JOLs tardios. No Capítulo III, os grupos de pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral e controles não se diferenciaram significativamente quanto ao funcionamento metamnemônico. Contudo, uma análise de séries de casos revelou heterogeneidade dos casos e associações e dissociações funcionais entre memória e metamemória, além de uma dissociação dupla entre monitoramento e controle de memória, indicando que lesões à esquerda comprometem o monitoramento, enquanto lesões à direita o controle. / This work investigated metamemory processes of memory monitoring, control, as well as memory knowledge and performance in several conditions. Chapter I presents a paired-words associative learning experimental paradigm to assess metamemory. In Chapter II we observed that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) were more accurate than immediate JOLs, however only for young adults compared to intermediate age adults. Young adults relied more on theirs previous JOLs and memory performance for the allocation of study-time (STA), though only in the delayed JOLs condition. In Chapter III a group analysis showed no significant differences for metamnemônic measures between stroke patients and controls. Nevertheless, a case series analysis revealed inter-case heterogeneity and functional associations and dissociations between memory and metamemory, in addition to a double dissociation between memory monitoring and control, which suggested that left hemisphere lesions impair the monitoring while right hemisphere lesions impair the control.

The internet is a consistent presence in people's daily lives. As people upload, download, and offload information to and from this cloud mind, the line between people's own minds and the cloud mind of the internet may become increasingly blurry. Building on the theory of transactive memory, the current research uses 2 pilot studies and 6 experiments to explore the possibility that using the internet to access information may cause people to become one with the cloud--to lose sight of where their own minds end and the mind of the internet begins, and to lose track of which memories are stored internally and which are stored online. These experiments explore three key factors that may lead to blurred boundaries between the self and the cloud: accessing the internet through a familiar access point or transactive memory partner (i.e., Google), having the "feeling of knowing" that often accompanies internet search, and experiencing the "knew it all along" effect when this feeling of knowing is falsely confirmed. These factors are often present when accessing information online, and may lead people to misattribute internet-related outcomes and characteristics to the self. / Psychology

Este trabalho investigou processos metamnemônicos de monitoramento e controle, bem como conhecimento e desempenho de memória em diversas condições. O Capítulo I apresenta um paradigma experimental de aprendizado associativo de pares de palavras para avaliação da metamemória. No Capítulo II observou-se que julgamentos de aprendizagem (JOL) tardios foram mais precisos do que imediatos, porém apenas para adultos jovens, em comparação a adultos de idade intermediária. Adultos jovens contaram mais com seus JOLs e seu desempenho de memória prévios para alocação de tempo de estudo (STA), porém apenas na condição JOLs tardios. No Capítulo III, os grupos de pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral e controles não se diferenciaram significativamente quanto ao funcionamento metamnemônico. Contudo, uma análise de séries de casos revelou heterogeneidade dos casos e associações e dissociações funcionais entre memória e metamemória, além de uma dissociação dupla entre monitoramento e controle de memória, indicando que lesões à esquerda comprometem o monitoramento, enquanto lesões à direita o controle. / This work investigated metamemory processes of memory monitoring, control, as well as memory knowledge and performance in several conditions. Chapter I presents a paired-words associative learning experimental paradigm to assess metamemory. In Chapter II we observed that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) were more accurate than immediate JOLs, however only for young adults compared to intermediate age adults. Young adults relied more on theirs previous JOLs and memory performance for the allocation of study-time (STA), though only in the delayed JOLs condition. In Chapter III a group analysis showed no significant differences for metamnemônic measures between stroke patients and controls. Nevertheless, a case series analysis revealed inter-case heterogeneity and functional associations and dissociations between memory and metamemory, in addition to a double dissociation between memory monitoring and control, which suggested that left hemisphere lesions impair the monitoring while right hemisphere lesions impair the control.

Este trabalho investigou processos metamnemônicos de monitoramento e controle, bem como conhecimento e desempenho de memória em diversas condições. O Capítulo I apresenta um paradigma experimental de aprendizado associativo de pares de palavras para avaliação da metamemória. No Capítulo II observou-se que julgamentos de aprendizagem (JOL) tardios foram mais precisos do que imediatos, porém apenas para adultos jovens, em comparação a adultos de idade intermediária. Adultos jovens contaram mais com seus JOLs e seu desempenho de memória prévios para alocação de tempo de estudo (STA), porém apenas na condição JOLs tardios. No Capítulo III, os grupos de pacientes pós-acidente vascular cerebral e controles não se diferenciaram significativamente quanto ao funcionamento metamnemônico. Contudo, uma análise de séries de casos revelou heterogeneidade dos casos e associações e dissociações funcionais entre memória e metamemória, além de uma dissociação dupla entre monitoramento e controle de memória, indicando que lesões à esquerda comprometem o monitoramento, enquanto lesões à direita o controle. / This work investigated metamemory processes of memory monitoring, control, as well as memory knowledge and performance in several conditions. Chapter I presents a paired-words associative learning experimental paradigm to assess metamemory. In Chapter II we observed that delayed judgements of learning (JOLs) were more accurate than immediate JOLs, however only for young adults compared to intermediate age adults. Young adults relied more on theirs previous JOLs and memory performance for the allocation of study-time (STA), though only in the delayed JOLs condition. In Chapter III a group analysis showed no significant differences for metamnemônic measures between stroke patients and controls. Nevertheless, a case series analysis revealed inter-case heterogeneity and functional associations and dissociations between memory and metamemory, in addition to a double dissociation between memory monitoring and control, which suggested that left hemisphere lesions impair the monitoring while right hemisphere lesions impair the control.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.