With increasing of economic scale, demography change, and life style improvement enhancement, the importance of civic education has been emphasized based on public issue aspect. It is essential for military training instructor to face the challenge to be more professional or make a transform for better change. The aim of the study is develop solutions for military training instructor to deal with the challenge of renew military class and civic education. Instead of image of authority, military training instructor should also learn how to empower self-concept and role function and obtain concurrence from both the students and society. The study participants were 600 individual who were recruited in the trial. The primary data for this study were obtained from random samples, conducted in three medical management junior colleges in the southwest Taiwan. Total 600 questionnaires were equally divided to three medical management junior colleges The gender was spilt by 134 male (23.7%) and 431 female (76.3%).Valid 565 responses for questionnaires for this program were from 600 students for a response rate of 94.2%. To investigate the issues of civic education and military class, the survey included sociodemographic measures and the concepts of cognition, emotion and affection, and behavior. Statistical analyses were performed by SPSS, Version11.5 statistic software, using frequency distribution, chi-square test, t-test, and crosstable analysis. Significance was accepted at the 0.05 level (two-tailed). Conclusions¡G 1.The investigation of the concept of cognition show that overall 41.6% of students acknowledged the background and history of military class. The majority of students (72.3%) would agree the roles function of military training instructor . 2.The investigation of the concept of emotion and affection showed that the majority of students (66.7%) agreed that military training instructors would assist student for medical assistances and accident management. However, overall 32.2% of students agreed that military training instructors have sufficient affiliations to keep a good relationship with students, because military training instructors were still lake of ability of consulting and stayed in the image of rectifying deviant behaviors. 3.The investigation of the concept of behavior showed that even the image of authority is so strong, only few students obtained strong influence from military training instructors in democracy (35.0%), personality empowerment (38.2%), and patriotism (32.2%) from military class. Suggestions¡G 1.To decrease loading of military training instructor by promoting effectiveness of civic education in the class. 2.The interaction between military training instructor and students should be more involved with expectation, appreciation, and forgiveness. 3.It is essential for military training instructor to empower in specialty of military and civic education to deal with the challenge of new century civic education.

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XX a. 3-iajame dešimtmetyje Lietuvos kariuomenės kovinio rengimo įgyvendinimui buvo naudojamas Varėnos poligonas, kurio buvo atsisakyta 1931 m. įsteigus Gaižiūnų poligoną. Pastarasis poligonas buvo įkurtas Vyriausiojo štabo viršininko gen. št. plk. P. Kubiliūno ir kariuomenės inspektoriaus plk. O. Urbono pastangomis. Netoli nuo Jonavos miesto steigiamam poligonui reikalingi žemės plotai buvo išperkami iš privačių savininkų pagal specialiai tam parengtus įstatymus, kurių įgyvendinimas buvo vykdomas per visą poligono funkcionavimo laikotarpį. Įkūrus Gaižiūnų poligoną buvo suformuota administracinė įstaiga – poligono komendantūra, užtikrinusi karinės teritorijos tinkamą funkcionavimą ir priežiūrą. Karinių pratybų laikotarpiu, kuris buvo skiriamas gegužės – rugsėjo mėnesiais, poligone veikė jo vadovybė ir štabas, atlikę organizacines pratybų funkcijas. Gaižiūnų poligono įrengimo darbai buvo orientuoti į teritorijos parengimą vadovaujančio personalo darbui ir karių gyvenimo sąlygų sudarymą bei pritaikymą karinių pratybų vykdymui. Atsižvelgiant į tai, poligono teritorijoje buvo atliekami medžių kirtimo ir žemės drenavimo darbai, susisiekimo infrastruktūros sutvarkymas, buvusių pastatų remontas bei naujų įvairios paskirties pastatų statyba buvo įrenginėjamos šaudyklos. Šie poligono įrengimo darbai buvo atliekami per visą Gaižiūnų poligono funkcionavimo laikotarpį, t. y. iki 1939 m. spalio 31 d., kuomet patvirtinus poligono perleidimą Sovietų Sąjungos kariams, buvo nurodyta poligono... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / “Gaižiūnai firing range of the first army of the Republic of Lithuania in 1930–1939” Varėna firing range was used to realization of combat training of Lithuanian army in the 3rd decade of XX century. It was refused in 1939 when Gaižiūnai firing range was established. It was founded by chief of staff general colonel P. Kubiliūnas and army inspector colonel O. Urbonas. The necessary territories for near Jonava city founded range were redeemed from private owners by special prepared law implementation of which was filled during whole period of working of firing range. Founding the Gaižiūnai firing range an administrative office – commandant headquarter of firing range vouchsafed the right working and supervision of military territory. In period of military exercises which was named in May – September, command and staff operated in range which performed functions of organizational exercises. Installation work of Gaižiūnai firing range was oriented to preparation of territory for work of managing staff, making of living conditions of soldiers and fitting of military exercises. In this context deforestation, land drainage works, transaction of transport infrastructure, repair of previous buildings and construction of new buildings of various purposes and shooting-ranges were made in the territory of range. The installation work was made during whole period of working of Gaižiūnai range until the 31st of October 1939, when transfer of range to Soviet soldiers was confirmed, it was... [to full text]

The purpose of the following study was to re-address the energy requirements of Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) during training in a cold winter environment. Twenty CAF personnel were recruited to participate in a 5-day winter training exercise at Canadian Forces Base Meaford in Ontario, Canada. Energy expenditure (n=10) and body composition (n=14) were measured via the doubly labelled water (DLW) method and the deuterium isotope dilution technique, respectively. Mean total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) was 4900±693 kcal·day-1 with no significant differences observed between sexes. Body mass and body composition of CAF personnel changed significantly (p < 0.05) across the 5-day exercise. This decrease was associated with a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in fat mass. Despite these losses, participants were able to maintain high physical activity level (PAL) values (2.6) and high TDEE levels throughout the study period. It is recommended to increase the caloric content of the rations via additional supplements that provide energy-dense foods in bar format that can be easily consumed at the convenience of the individual. / February 2016

In this thesis, two qualitative methods based on phenomenology are introduced at the theoretical level - the Method of Explication (EM) and the Descriptive Phenomenological-Psychological Method (DFPM). EM assists the researcher in obtaining qualitative data, while DFPM is adapted to process it. The integration of these methods thus seems to be a way to overcome the incompleteness and limitations of solely EM or DFPM application. The next section, therefore, introduces the Attention-Description-Ideation-Application method (ADIA) based on the integration of EM and DFPM. The most important contribution of the new ADIA method is the detailed practical guidance that a researcher can follow to explore their own direct experience with the world - the researcher can become the subject of their own psychological research. The emerging method was used from the outset to examine the author's own experience of basic military training (BMT), leading to a constant review of the theoretical and methodological conclusions about 3PA and to improvements in its structure. The results of this research are presented at the end of this thesis which has a dual focus and potentially two benefits: on the one hand, it suggests a relatively comprehensive 3PA method designed for direct experience research, while secondly...

Virtual reality (VR) is not part of the curriculum of explosives for the Swedish Armed Forces (SAF) today. According to the research department at the Swedish EOD and Demining Centre (SWEDEC), this study is the first step in introducing VR to modernize the educational system for explosives within the SAF. This study investigates why VR is not used as a complement in the education of explosives for the SAF and finds the potential benefits and risks of implementing it. Qualitative data was collected through the survey method `case study research' where experts in the field of explosives tried a VR prototype made specifically for this study before being interviewed. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the results from the interviews.This study shows that VR is not part of the curriculum of explosives today because the older generation who decides either has a reluctant mindset or lacks the knowledge and awareness to see what it has to offer. The interviewees agree on the potential benefits of implementing VR in this field, the main benefits are cost reduction, safety, and logistics.  If the quality of the program is poor, the safety aspect and learning behaviors could be jeopardized because a user is treating the program like a game. To implement VR as a complement in the education of explosives for the SAF has more potential benefits than potential risks, and the potential risks can be reduced by using a program with quality assurance. There is an overwhelming interest among the interviewees where all participants agree that the education in explosives could benefit from implementing VR.

[pt] Os combates modernos acontecem cada vez mais dentro das cidades, muitas vezes dentro de casa, becos, galpões, em ambientes com um espaço restrito onde tudo acontece de maneira muito rápida e com adversários que não são fáceis de serem identificados. Em uma situação dessa, a identificação positiva do alvo se torna imprescindível para que o soldado possa decidir da maneira correta se deve ou não atirar no que ele está vendo. Esse é um dos desafios que o Corpo de Fuzileiros Navais enfrenta: preparar seu soldado para nova realidade de maneira segura e com baixos custos. Por esse motivo a Realidade Virtual pode ser uma solução plausível para esse problema, preparar o militar no seu processo decisório e de maneira eficiente para uma situação de combate em ambiente confinado. O presente trabalho foi baseado em dois ambientes virtuais, o primeiro é uma sala de treinamento e o segundo, uma situação de combate em ambiente confinado (CQB - Close Quarters Battle). Em ambas as situações, 8 instruendos foram avaliados por 4 instrutores, onde obtivemos resultados positivos referentes a possibilidade do emprego do sistema no adestramento de CQB para o ensino da identificação positiva do alvo, além de propostas de estudos futuros. / [en] Modern combat increasingly takes place inside cities, often indoors, alleys, sheds, in environments with a restricted space where everything happens very quickly and with opponents that are not easy to identify. In such a situation, positive identification of the target becomes essential so that the soldier can correctly decide whether or not to shoot what s/he is seeing. This is one of the challenges that the Marine Corps faces: to prepare the soldier for a new reality in a safe and low-cost way. For this reason, Virtual Reality can be a plausible solution to this problem, preparing the military in its decision-making process and efficiently for a combat situation in a confined environment. The present work was based on two virtual environments, the first one is a training room, and the second a Close Quarters Battle (CQB). In both situations, 8 trainees were evaluated by 4 instructors, where we obtained positive results regarding the possibility of use of the system in CQB training to teach positive target identification, in addition to proposals for future studies.

Army first responders, specifically Combat Medics and Combat Lifesavers, provide medical intervention while in the field. Didactic as well as hands-on training helps to prepare these first responders, and one module they receive involves bleeding control. First responders are taught to use the Combat Application Tourniquet® (CAT® ) to stop bleeding from limbs subjected to severe injury such as amputation, gunshot, or severe lacerations. A training aid like the Multiple Amputee Trauma Trainer™ (MATT™) simulator provides tourniquet training using a lifelike bilateral lower limb amputee. In addition, MATT™ combines movement and resistance while the first responder applies the tourniquet, mimicking conditions one would see in a real situation. This research describes tourniquet history, appropriate usage, field tourniquet review, surgical tourniquet, CAT® bleeding intervention procedures, bleeding physiology and complications, prehospital tourniquet use in recent conflicts, medical simulation fidelity, and a review of the value of animatronic movement during tourniquet simulation-based training. I then evaluate the effectiveness of animatronic movement during tourniquet training using the Advanced MATT in an experiment using Army first responders. The control group experienced no movement while the experimental group experienced movement when applying a tourniquet during the lab-training. Each group then alternately experienced Advanced MATT movement during an immersive scenario along with fog, strobe lights, and battle sounds. It was hypothesized that 1) In the immersive scenario, the experimental groups (i.e., those who were trained on a moving simulator) would have a faster reaction time as compared to those participants who did not receive training on the moving Advanced MATT simulator; 2) In the iv lab-based training, the experimental groups would have a slower reaction time; 3) In the immersive scenario, the experimental groups would have a faster tourniquet application time when subjected to movement while in the lab-based training, but the experimental groups would also have a slower tourniquet application time when initially subjected to movement in the laboratory-based training; finally, 4, 5, and 6) Participants who completed lab-based tourniquet training on the Advanced MATT simulation with animatronic movement would report higher perceived realism scores than participants who complete the training on a static version of the Advanced MATT and participants who completed a tourniquet training immersive scenario on the Advanced MATT simulation with movement would report higher perceived realism, presence, and self-efficacy scores than participants who complete the training on a static version of the Advanced MATT. The empirical results show a significant overall training effect of the Advanced MATT simulator (with or without movement). For reaction time and tourniquet application time, involving simulator movement was significant over varying scenarios. A small reduction in reaction and tourniquet application time on the battlefield may be extremely beneficial on the battlefield. Participants who received movement generally gave more positive reactions than those who did not received movement, although these results failed to reach statistical significance. Participants who received movement, followed by a scenario without movement rated the subjective ratings the lowest, suggestive of the lack of movement. Furthermore, despite the order movement was received, no large drops in performance occurred in any condition, indicating that negative training was avoided

The School of the Americas (SOA), currently known as the Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation (WHINSEC), is a Latin American training program run by the U.S. army since 1946. While the U.S. claimed they were training young men to serve as security personnel for South America, the trainees were often violent, acting more like CIA-trained terrorists, killing innocent people and serving as leaders in some of the worst South American dictatorial regimes. Most of these regimes heavily utilized rape as a key tactic of repression rising to the level of genocide, such as reported by other researches in both the Peruvian and Guatemalan civil wars where rape was used by SOA graduates against Indigenous populations to physically and psychologically damage the populace. While the functions of rape in civil conflicts have been identified by research and witnessed in the actions of SOA graduates, I find hesitant evidence that sexual assault was a legitimate torture and counterinsurgency tool taught at the SOA.

The purpose of this research was to increase understanding of ecology and control of cogongrass (Imperata cylindrica (L.) Beauv.) to assist with management of this invasive grass. To address different aspects of cogongrass management, I examined factors that affect spread of cogongrass, effects of cogongrass on native plant communities, and use of three native species to suppress cogongrass. Relative susceptibility of pine-bluestem and pine-shrub vegetation associations to vegetative encroachment and seed dispersal of cogongrass were evaluated. Vegetative encroachment into burned and unburned areas of these two vegetation associations also was measured. Effects of infestation size on vegetative growth of cogongrass and relationships between military activity and establishment and growth of cogongrass on military firing points were investigated. I also compared frequency of cogongrass infestation and vegetative growth rates for unpaved roads with different levels of traffic and maintenance. Native plant richness, diversity, and abundance were compared between cogongrass infestations and in uninfested adjacent areas for longleaf pine-bluestem and ruderal, cleared areas. Morella cerifera (L.) Small, Chamaecrista fasciculata (Michx.) Greene, and Panicum virgatum L. were tested for their ability to suppress cogongrass re-growth after treatment with a herbicide. Mean vegetative encroachment of cogongrass was < 2 m/yr for both habitat types regardless of burning. Vegetative encroachment was more than double in burned plots compared to unburned plots. Spikelets of cogongrass consistently dispersed farther into pine-bluestem (x¯ =17.3 m) forests compared to pine-shrub forests (x¯ = 9.4 m). Vegetative encroachment was not affected by size of infestation for cogongrass patches on firing points (x¯ < 1 m/yr) (P > 0.643). In areas of soil disturbance from military equipment, vegetative expansion rates of 7-10 m/yr were recorded. There was a positive relationship between military troop use and cogongrass establishment for one of the 2 years of the study (P = 0.023). Growth and establishment of cogongrass did not vary for unpaved roads with differing levels of maintenance and traffic (P > 0.173). Species diversity and abundance of herbaceous vegetation was less in cogongrass infestations compared to uninfested adjacent areas. Complete suppression of cogongrass was not evident for any of three native species tested.