The formation of ego identity in Asian American late adolescents attending Virginia Tech was examined within the frameworks of Erikson's psychosocial theory and Berry, Trimble, and Olmedo's model of acculturation. Ego identity was measured using the Achieved sub-scale of the Revised Version of the Extended Objective Measure of Ego Identity Status, an instrument based on the theoretical constructs of Erikson. Ethnic identity was measured using the Multigroup Ethnic Identity Measure and American Identity was measured using the American Identity Measure, both developed by Phinney. It was hypothesized that ethnic identity and American identity would be significant predictors of ego identity status. One hundred students of Asian descent attending Virginia Tech participated in this study. There were significant results for the T-test comparisons between the Asian-born and American-born subgroups for the variables ego identity, ethnic identity, and American identity. This study revealed that American-born respondents had higher average scores on the three identity measures. It also revealed that ethnic identity and American identity are significant predictors of ego identity for this group of individuals, supporting the hypothesis. / Master of Science

Yes / In this paper we introduce Morgan’s (1986, 1997) eight metaphors for making sense of entrepreneurs’ motives and their view of ‘reality’. Employing Burrell and Morgan’s (1979, 2003) four paradigms for the analysis of organisational theory, we propose a methodology to capture the ‘longitudinal’ journey of minority ethnic entrepreneurs’ original motives for setting up business; and, current and future perceived image. We use a deductive approach by developing a multiple-choice questionnaire based on eight metaphors. The data is collected from 30 small business owner managers/entrepreneurs based in Bradford, West Yorkshire. Our initial findings show that the assumptions of most of the respondents conform to the “functionalist” paradigm that place emphases on order, objectivity, rationality and tangible view of ‘reality’. Accordingly most of the respondents selected the functionalist metaphors like ‘Brain’, ‘Machine’ and ‘Psychic Prison’. Interestingly, most of the respondents selected and re-selected functionalist paradigm to indicate their past and future aspirations, perhaps due to their need for business stability and to subside any insecurity feelings with regards to their future. However, interestingly many respondents selected “radical Humanist” or “interpretivist” paradigms to map their current situation. These paradigms portray relatively more entrepreneurial and explorative mindset, perhaps mimicking unease with the current situation and a desire by the respondents to introduce some kind of a change in their current business and social settings. We believe that their metaphorical assumptions could determine their decision making, policy and strategy setting, and, actions. In our view our research instrument is appropriate for conducting ‘longitudinal’ studies for eliciting past, current and future assumptions of entrepreneurs.

This qualitative case study investigates the discrepancies between theory, school policy, and practices within educational settings, particularly concerning minority students. Grounded in the persistent racial achievement gaps documented in educational literature, the study aims to understand the challenges and successful strategies for bridging these gaps. Drawing upon Critical Race Theory (CRT), Intergroup Contact Theory, and Stereotype Threat as conceptual frameworks, the research explores the experiences of eight participants through thematic analysis. Three overarching themes emerged: challenges aligning theories, policies, and practices; successful strategies for alignment; and unsuccessful strategies. Findings underscore the importance of culturally responsive curriculum, teacher professional development, student- teacher relationships, and parental engagement in narrowing achievement gaps. Additionally, the study identifies barriers such as language obstacles, resource inadequacies, and discriminatory policies. The implications of these findings extend to educational research, practice, and policy- making, emphasizing the need for equitable opportunities, teacher training, inclusive environments, and community involvement. By addressing the disconnect between theory and practice, this study contributes to promoting educational diversity and fostering student success in diverse classrooms. Key words: achievement gaps, minority groups, educational disparities

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No / As several studies indicate, the National Health Service (NHS) in the United Kingdom is one of the largest employers for Black and minority ethnic (BME) people. Despite many positive action (PA) initiatives to support disadvantaged groups, only a handful of people have managed to progress to senior management. This article considers published literature in relation to BME leadership in NHS and the specific types of PA activities that have been set up to address some issues around inequality. In addition to PA activities, the article also considers the U.K. equality framework. Positive action is allowed under the U.K. legislation for organizations to recruit people from underrepresented communities on merit. It allows organizations to create different initiatives for people to gain appropriate qualifications, skills, and experience to compete for promotions or for better job opportunities.

Yes / The increasing heterogeneity of the population of older people is reflected in an increasing number of people with dementia and carers drawn from minority ethnic groups. Data from the IDEAL study are used to compare indices of 'living well' among people with dementia and carers from ethnic minority groups with matched white peers. We used an exploratory cross-sectional case-control design to compare 'living well' for people with dementia and carers from minority ethnic and white groups. Measures for both groups were quality of life, life satisfaction, wellbeing, loneliness, and social isolation and, for carers, stress, relationship quality, role captivity and caring competence. The sample of people with dementia consisted of 20 minority ethnic and 60 white participants and for carers 15 and 45 respectively. People with dementia from minority ethnic groups had poorer quality of life (-4.74, 95% CI: -7.98 to -1.50) and higher loneliness (1.72, 95% CI: 0.78-2.66) whilst minority ethnic carers had higher stress (8.17, 95% CI: 1.72-14.63) and role captivity (2.00, 95% CI: 0.43-3.57) and lower relationship quality (-9.86, 95% CI: -14.24 to -5.48) than their white peers. Our exploratory study suggests that people with dementia from minority ethnic groups experience lower quality of life and carers experience higher stress and role captivity and lower relationship quality than their white peers. Confirmatory research with larger samples is required to facilitate analysis of the experiences of specific minority ethnic groups and examine the factors contributing to these disadvantages. / Economic and Social Research Council. National Institute for Health and Care Research. Grant Number: ES/L001853/2

Evidence has shown that Multisystemic Therapy (MST) an intensive family- and community-based intervention has been particularly effective in the treatment of youth with antisocial behaviour from ethnically diverse backgrounds. Although the process of change within MST has been explored, there is a dearth of research in looking at this for families from ethnic minority backgrounds. The current research aimed to address this gap by exploring the experiences of a sample of London based caregivers who had completed an MST intervention. A qualitative approach was adopted, using grounded theory methodology to explore ethnic minority caregiver experiences of MST and generate a model of the processes of engagement and change based on participants' accounts. Seven semi-structured interviews were carried out with caregivers from two London sites. The emergent model consisted of seven interacting theoretical codes. Three of these codes were organised around the process of engagement; deciding to engage with MST, becoming therapeutically aligned and considering cultural difference, and four related to the process of change; working within a safe and trusting relationship, therapist acting as cultural broker, empowering the parent and increased communication within and outside the family. The author makes novel suggestions relating to the specific mechanisms that are thought to underlie the process of engaging with MST, and highlights the importance of considering cultural difference in the initial stages of the MST intervention.

Thesis advisor: Paul Poteat / Sexual minorities (e.g., lesbian, gay, and bisexual individuals) are at higher risk for mental and physical health disparities than heterosexuals, and research has related some of these disparities to minority stressors such as institutional heterosexism, sexual prejudice, and discrimination. Yet, there is a dearth of research elucidating factors that predict the development of these health risks, and factors that protect and promote resiliency against them. Building on the minority stress model, the present study utilized relational cultural theory to situate sexual minority health disparities within a relational framework. Specifically, the study examined the mediating and moderating factors between the deleterious effects of distal stressors (i.e., heterosexist relational disconnections such as discrimination and victimization) and proximal stressors (i.e., self-disparaging relational images such as internalized homophobia, sexual orientation concealment) on mental and physical health for sexual minorities. Among 719 sexual minority adults, structural equation modeling analyses were used to test three models of: the relations between minority stressors and health; mediating effects of diminished agency, loneliness, and shame on the relations between minority stressors and health; and the moderated-mediation effects of growth-fostering relationships with peers, mentors, and community on the mediating pathways between minority stressors and health. Results indicated that heterosexist distal and proximal minority stressors predicted poor mental health (i.e., depression, anxiety, and suicidality) and physical health (i.e., cardiovascular disease risk, distressing physical symptoms). The relations between proximal minority stressors and health were mediated by diminished sense of agency, loneliness, and shame, and there were mixed results for the relations between distal stressors and health. Although the direct effects of growth-fostering relationships were significant in predicting lower levels of diminished agency, loneliness, and shame, these factors had mixed moderating effects. Findings have research, practice, and policy implications that underscore the possible mechanisms by which sexual minority stressors lead to poor health. Researchers and practitioners need to addresses and advocate against societal forces contributing to heterosexist relational disconnections and for sexual minority health policies and research. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2014. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental, and Educational Psychology.

Chui Wai-yin Raymonod. / Thesis (M.B.A.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1994. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 57-58). / ABSTRACT --- p.i / TABLE OF CONTENTS --- p.ii / ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS --- p.iii / Chapter / Chapter I. --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Background Information --- p.1 / Purpose of the Study --- p.2 / Methodology --- p.3 / Limitations --- p.4 / Chapter II. --- CORPORATE GOVERNANCE --- p.5 / Introduction --- p.5 / Why is Corporate Governance Important --- p.6 / Chapter III. --- The CURRENT STOCK MARKET IN Hong Kong --- p.9 / Characteristics --- p.9 / Governing Body --- p.11 / Rules and Regulations --- p.13 / Chapter IV. --- MINORITY SHAREHOLDERS' PROTECTION --- p.16 / Insider trading --- p.16 / Introduction of Independent Directors --- p.21 / Foreign Domiciled Companies --- p.23 / Director's Remuneration --- p.25 / Interim Results Announcement --- p.26 / Responsibility of Auditors --- p.27 / Privatization --- p.28 / Profit Projections --- p.29 / Disclosure Requirement --- p.30 / Financial Statement --- p.31 / Trigger Level --- p.31 / Chapter V. --- QUESTIONNAIRES --- p.32 / Objective --- p.32 / Findings --- p.33 / Chapter VI. --- INTERVIEW --- p.36 / Purpose --- p.36 / Findings --- p.36 / Chapter VII. --- RECOMMENDATIONS --- p.37 / Insider Dealing --- p.37 / Foreign Domiciled Companies --- p.38 / Introduction of Independent Directors --- p.39 / Director's Remuneration --- p.40 / Chapter VIII. --- CONCLUSIONS --- p.41 / APPENDIX --- p.42 / Chapter I. --- Market Capitalization of the Hong Kong Stock Exchange --- p.42 / Chapter II. --- Percentage of Shares Owned by Major Shareholders --- p.43 / Chapter III. --- PRC Domiciled Companies Listedin the Hong Kong Stock Exchange --- p.44 / Chapter IV. --- Statistics on Director's Remuneration --- p.45 / Chapter V. --- Questionnaires sent to Directors --- p.46 / Chapter VI. --- List of Companies to which Questionnaires were sent --- p.55 / BIBLIOGRAPHY --- p.57