Syftet med denna litteraturstudie är att ta reda på vad den senaste forskningen säger om lärares korrigering av uttal hos elever i engelskundervisningen. Detta är viktigt då eleverna behöver ett funktionellt tal för att göra sig förstådda på målspråket och vissa uttalsfel kan försvåra begripligheten. Studien är baserad på sju artiklar som valts ut genom sökning i databaser. Artiklarna har systematiskt analyserats genom att ett kategoriseringsschema skapats med olika begrepp för att kunna identifiera mönster. Förr i tiden skulle alla fel alltid korrigeras eftersom målet var att uppnå ett modersmålsliknande uttal. På grund av alla olika modersmål och dialekter är detta i stort sett omöjligt och därför har man kommit fram till att det viktigaste är att eleverna förvärvar ett begripligt, funktionellt tal. Det ställs höga krav på lärare då de ofta ställs inför svåra dilemman. Lärare måste många gånger fatta snabba beslut angående vilken typ av feedback de ska ge sina elever vid uttalsfel i engelska. Det kan vara svårt att veta hur mycket och när lärare ska korrigera elevernas fel och vad är det egentligen som ska korrigeras. Resultatet påvisade många strategier för korrigering men att alla inte är så effektiva. Det bästa för eleverna är en trygg lärmiljö och att försöka framkalla självkorrigering genom att läraren ställer frågor och uppmanar eleverna till att tänka själva och komma fram till rätt svar. Detta kräver att eleverna har goda kunskaper om språkregler vilket även ställer krav på lärare att introducera dessa i de tidiga åldrarna. Lärare måste också analysera vilka fel eleverna gör för att kunna korrigera dem så effektivt som möjligt. Eleverna kan göra fel men också misstag. Fel ska hanteras direkt när de uppstår, det krävs även då en förklaring för att eleverna ska förstå språkreglerna. Misstag kan ignoreras då det oftast handlar om felsägningar. Det framkom även i studien att många lärare känner en osäkerhet om intonation och betoning men som är mycket viktigt för att ord ska få rätt betydelse. Att ge feedback och korrigera elevernas uttal är inte enkelt och kan vara väldigt känsligt. Därför är det viktigt att lärare är medvetna om hur effektiva deras korrigeringstekniker är och hur dessa tas emot av eleverna.

Sudarydami sandorius asmenys siekia tam tikro teisinio rezultato: sukurti naujas, pakeisti ar panaikinti turimas civilines teises ir pareigas. Laisva asmenų valia ir sutikimas su visomis konkretaus sandorio sąlygomis yra esminė kiekvieno sandorio galiojimo prielaida. Tačiau tai yra tik siekiamybė, kadangi praktikoje ne visuomet ir ne visi sandoriai sudaromi esant teisingai išreikštai šalių valiai dėl sandorio objekto, terminų, atlygintinumo, sandorio įvykdymo pobūdžio ar kitų būtinųjų sąlygų. Nors kiekviena demokratinė teisinė valstybė įstatymais ir kitais teisės aktais stengiasi užtikrinti sandorių bei tarp sandorio šalių susiklosčiusių civilinių teisinių santykių stabilumą, ji taip pat privalo nustatyti sąlygas, kuriomis šalis, sandoriu neišreiškusi tikrosios savo valios ar išreiškusi ją klaidingai, įgyja teisę visiškai ar iš dalies atsisakyti ir paties sandorio, ir iš jo kylančių teisių bei pareigų. Tiek civilinės teisės tradicijos valstybėse, tiek ir bendrosios teisės tradicijos valstybėse tarp tokių sandorio pripažinimo negaliojančiu pagrindų kaip apgaulė, prievarta, asmens neveiksnumas, įgaliojimų viršijimas bei kitų yra ir vienos ar abiejų sandorio šalių suklydimas. Kaip ir kitų sandorio pripažinimo negaliojančiu pagrindų atveju, taip ir esant suklydimui, teismo sprendimas priklauso ne tik nuo teisingo faktinių aplinkybių nustatymo ir įvertinimo, bet ir nuo tinkamo aktualių teisės normų išaiškinimo bei pritaikymo. Suklydimo doktriną ir jos sąsają su sandorių... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / When entering into contracts persons expect some kind of legal result: either to create new civil rights and duties, or to change or withdraw those they already have. Free will of the persons and consent towards all provisions set out in a particular contract is the essence of the validity of that contract. However, it can only be considered to be an aim, whereas in practice not each and every contract is concluded having as a pre-condition correctly expressed will with regard to the object, terms, nature of execution or other material provisions of the contract. Even though each democratic judicial state is aiming at securing the stability of contracts, civil rights and duties of persons, it also has to determine rules when and under what conditions persons having mistakenly expressed their will are entitled to fully or partially rescind the contract as well as rights and duties arising out of it. Both, civil law countries and common law countries among such grounds as fraud, duress, incapability, entitling one to make the contract voidable, also have a ground called mistake, whether it be unilateral or mutual. Law with regard to doctrine of mistake is very complex and not always clear. Courts not just have to interpret and apply those unclear laws correctly, they also have to find the balance between two conflicting basic statutory principles: principle stating that “contract is valuable, therefore if there is a possibility not to declare it invalid, it should be left as... [to full text]

(Mistake in civil law) The submitted diploma thesis deals with the problematic of mistake in civil law as a form of vitiated consent. Pivotal provisions are present in § 583-585 of the act No. 89/2012 Coll., civil law. In the introduction of the thesis we can find general issues of legal action, with more detailed description of will, its characteristics, manifestation of the will and their relation to each other, as these essentials of legal actions are instrumental for the purpose of this thesis. Next chapter focuses on the main issue, mistake as it defines it in two separate ways, that is discrepancy between the genuine will of the acting person and manifestation of the will, secondly as a defect of the will. Main focus of the thesis lies within the latter case, discrepancy between genuine will of the acting person is only mentioned briefly. Afterwards the thesis focuses on different types of mistake as corresponding to the provisions in the act No. 89/2012 Coll., civil law. Special focus is put on the term decisive circumstance, necessity of participation of other party and excusable mistake, as well as extract about the mistake induced by deception. Following chapter is centred around subsidiary circumstance and how to distinguish it from a decisive one. Afterwards the thesis mentions other...

We address the problem of the DNA sequences developing a "dynamical" method based on the assumption that the statistical properties of DNA paths are determined by the joint action of two processes, one deterministic, with long-range correlations, and the other random and delta correlated. The generator of the deterministic evolution is a nonlinear map, belonging to a class of maps recently tailored to mimic the processes of weak chaos responsible for the birth of anomalous diffusion. It is assumed that the deterministic process corresponds to unknown biological rules which determine the DNA path, whereas the noise mimics the influence of an infinite-dimensional environment on the biological process under study. We prove that the resulting diffusion process, if the effect of the random process is neglected, is an a-stable Levy process with 1 < a < 2. We also show that, if the diffusion process is determined by the joint action of the deterministic and the random process, the correlation effects of the "deterministic dynamics" are cancelled on the short-range scale, but show up in the long-range one. We denote our prescription to generate statistical sequences as the Copying Mistake Map (CMM). We carry out our analysis of several DNA sequences, and of their CMM realizations, with a variety of techniques, and we especially focus on a method of regression to equilibrium, which we call the Onsager Analysis. With these techniques we establish the statistical equivalence of the real DNA sequences with their CMM realizations. We show that long-range correlations are present in exons as well as in introns, but are difficult to detect, since the exon "dynamics" is shown to be determined by theentaglement of three distinct and independent CMM's. Finally we study the validity of the stationary assumption in DNA sequences and we discuss a biological model for the short-range random process based on a folding mechanism of the nucleic acid in the cell nucleus.

Submitted by Daniella Santos (daniella.santos@ufma.br) on 2017-11-23T12:47:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ThyagoFerreira.pdf: 3641580 bytes, checksum: 3b4d34126632e0ce0039022e1b95aa44 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-11-23T12:47:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ThyagoFerreira.pdf: 3641580 bytes, checksum: 3b4d34126632e0ce0039022e1b95aa44 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-28 / CAPES / Recognize the problems and central errors completed by High school students in explaining Probability problems is the paper’s main aim. It analyzed errors in OBMEP’s second step - Level 3 between 2015 and 2016 years in Maranh~ao. Therefore, it was elaborated by seven chapters, talking about: a short history and teaching about robability’s studies; The establishing measures of error classification will be analyze in resolution of OBMEP’s mistakes probability tests - Level 3 in 2015 and 2016 years of Maranh~ao and in the most frequent errors types analyzes about probability inquiries. In Cury’s (2008, 2009 and 2010) studies assurances the errors analysis on the students written records, established on the questions analysis of OBMEP’s probability content tests (Public Schools’ Brazilian Mathematics Olympiad) 2015 and 2016 years, from the floating reading steps of all material, union and categorization answers and management results. / O presente trabalho tem por objetivo principal identificar as dificuldades e os principais erros cometidos pelos alunos do Ensino Médio na resolução de problemas de Probabilidade, mediante análise e classificaçãao de erros nas provas da segunda fase da OBMEP { Nível 3 nos anos 2015 e 2016 no estado do Maranhão. Para tanto, está composto de sete capítulos, os quais versar~ao sobre: um breve histórico sobre o desenvolvimento dos estudos acerca da probabilidade, bem como do seu ensino; o estabelecimento dos critérios de classificação de erros a serem analisados nas resoluções dos problemas de probabilidade nas provas da OBMEP { Nivel 3 nos anos 2015 e 2016 no estado do Maranhão e as análises dos tipos de erros mais frequentes nas resoluções de questões de probabilidade. Tendo como principal aporte teórico e metodológico os trabalhos de Cury (2008, 2009 e 2010), os quais garantem a análise de erros sobre os registros escritos dos alunos, a partir da análise de questões que abordaram o conteúdo de probabilidade nas provas da OBMEP (Olimpíada Brasileira de Matemática das Escolas Públicas) dos anos de 2015 e 2016, a partir das etapas de leitura flutuante de todo material, unitarização e categorização das respostas e tratamento dos resultados.

Magistro darbe nagrinėjami sandorių, sudarytų dėl apgaulės ir suklydimo, pripažinimo negaliojančiais teoriniai ir praktiniai aspektai. Lietuvos teisinėje literatūroje nagrinėjama tema nepakankamai analizuota, tačiau tema aktuali, kadangi vienas dažniausių teismų praktikoje pasitaikančių sandorių nuginčijimo pagrindų yra būtent sandorių sudarymas apgaulės ar suklydimo įtakoje. Darbe aptariama sandorio negaliojimo samprata, negaliojančių sandorių klasifikacija, analizuojamos sandorių sudarytų dėl suklydimo ir apgaulės pripažinimo negaliojančiais galimybės bei šių sandorių negaliojimo teisinės pasekmės. Pateikiama sandorių sudarytų dėl suklydimo ir sandorių sudarytų dėl apgaulės takoskyra. Daug dėmesio darbe skiriama teismų praktikos nagrinėjamu klausimu analizei, apibendrinama Lietuvos Aukščiausiojo Teismo praktika, susijusi su darbo tema. Kartu atskleidžiamos teisinio sureguliavimo problemos, iškylančios sandorių, sudarytų suklydimo ir apgaulės įtakoje, pripažinimo negaliojančiais metu. Naudojant lyginamąjį metodą, darbe atskleidžiama Lietuvos ir užsienio valstybių - Vokietijos, Prancūzijos, Italijos, Lenkijos ir Rusijos - sandorių, sudarytų suklydimo ir apgaulės įtakoje, teisinis reglamentavimas. Darbo pabaigoje pateikiamos autoriaus išvados ir pasiūlymai dėl atitinkamų įstatymo normų tobulinimo. / This magistrate's study deals with theoretical and practical aspects of invalidity of transactions concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud. This theme has not been discussed enough in Lithuanian legal literature, but it is topical because one of the most common grounds to contest the transaction are mistake and fraud. This study analyse the concept of invalid transaction, the general classification of such transactions, possibilities to avoid a transaction concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud, also the differences of transactions which are concluded under the influence of mistake and which are concluded under the influence of fraud. Much attention is devoted to analysis of interpretation and application of legal rules found in Lithuanian Supreme Court's decisions. Moreover this study deals with the generalization of court decisions concerned to this study, also unclose of problems of law regulation during avoidance of transactions concluded under the influence of mistake and fraud. Comparative method is used to compare legal regulation of invalidity of transactions concluded under the influence of a mistake and fraud in Lithuania and other countries, like Germany, France, Italy, Poland and Russia. Finally author gives the conclusions and proposals to improve laws.

Thesis (LL. M.)--University of Toronto, 2007. / Source: Masters Abstracts International, Volume: 45-06, page: 2918.

We start by showing that in an active learning setting, the Perceptron algorithm needs $\Omega(\frac{1}{\epsilon^2})$ labels to learn linear separators within generalization error $\epsilon$. We then present a simple selective sampling algorithm for this problem, which combines a modification of the perceptron update with an adaptive filtering rule for deciding which points to query. For data distributed uniformly over the unit sphere, we show that our algorithm reaches generalization error $\epsilon$ after asking for just $\tilde{O}(d \log \frac{1}{\epsilon})$ labels. This exponential improvement over the usual sample complexity of supervised learning has previously been demonstrated only for the computationally more complex query-by-committee algorithm.

Perhaps Dreikurs' most significant contribution to Individual Psychology was the formulation of the four goals for children's misbehavior (see Dreikurs, 1940; Dreikurs and Soltz, 1964/1990). The formulation of the four goals was originally developed for heuristic purposes; however, they have become the basis for effective assessments in familly therapy, problem behaviors within educational settings, and group counseling, to name a few. While children's mistaken goals always occur within an interactive context, the goals that motivate adult responses to children's misbehavior have yet to be fully delineated within an Adlerian framework. This article describes the teleology of adult patterned responses to children's misbehavior and provides a foundation for understanding the interactive processes in which children and adults engage.

No / As growing numbers of scholars become disaffected by the research traditions laid down by leadership psychology, there is a steady turn towards treating leadership as a discursive phenomenon. In response, leadership researchers are increasingly adopting interpretive and observational methods in the search for the practices of leadership in everyday life. This article suggests that while there are many advantages to an interest in discourse and action, there are also many subtle difficulties in making leadership observable and knowable in the field. Taking Louis Pondy's notion of leadership as a language-game as its starting point, this article argues that leadership studies as a discipline suffers from a persistent category mistake; a category mistake that some recent interpretive studies of leadership reveal, but inadvertently reproduce in the search for leadership's essential character. Instead, this article takes Pondy's thesis to its logical conclusion and outlines a programme of research that confronts this category mistake, whilst demonstrating the potential for, and limitations of, treating leadership as a language-game.