Abstract Title: “The effect of campaigns on behavioral change” – A Quantitative Investigation of Soft Measures Effect on The Choice of Transportation - Angelika Källström Reduction of the greenhouse gas emission caused from the transport section is one of the world’s biggest challenges. To reduce the greenhouse gas emission researchers has agreed that behavioral change that reduce car use is necessary. The purpose of this study is to examine the effects campaign has on attitude and behavior change after one year. In 2021 Luleå municipality held the campaign #engångföralla with purpose to raise awareness of the unnecessarily car travels and reduce private car use. To fulfil the aim empirical was collected by a quantitative survey targeting the participants. Because of the statistical loss the respondents only represent themselves. The study shows that the respondents after the campaign walks more and drive less. The respondents experience environmental and health factors to be the greatest motivators to walk instead of taking the car. There are overall few gender differences between the respondents, women have significant stronger beliefs that their own behaviour have a considerable impact on the climate change and drive less. The respondents believes that other participants are more likely to change their behaviour towards a sustainable mobility. In conclusion the study identifies that the campaign effects the respondent’s attitude and behaviour one year after its completion. However, the effect is limited and mostly affects those respondents who considered receptive to attitude and behaviour change. Campaigns such as #engångföralla may function as one of many tools on the path to a more sustainable transportation.

[pt] Os avanços nas tecnologias de redes de computadores, telecomunicações, e dispositivos móveis portáteis têm gerado uma demanda por aplicações e serviços que sejam apropriados para ambientes com conectividade intermitente e mobilidade dos dispositivos. Uma questão central para a viabilização de tais aplicações em ambientes como estes são as possíveis soluções para o Gerenciamento de Mobilidade, isto é, a manutenção automática da conectividade entre componentes de um sistema em cenários nos quais os dispositivos mudam de endereço IP dinamicamente, à medida que se reconectam a diferentes domínios de rede. Partindo de uma investigação inicial das principais soluções existentes, este trabalho apresenta a implementação de uma solução na camada de aplicação baseada no protocolo SIP. Em seguida, apresenta a adaptação de um sistema publish/subscribe existente para fazer com que o mesmo utilize a solução implementada, com o objetivo de prover suporte à mobilidade e à desconexão dos produtores e consumidores de eventos, bem como para a travessia de firewalls e NATs, permitindo que o sistema publish/subscribe possa ser usado na Internet, e não somente em redes locais. O modelo publish/subscribe foi escolhido como estudo de caso, pois oferece interações assíncronas e anônimas que se adéquam muito bem aos requisitos de um cenário de mobilidade. A adaptação deste sistema partiu da investigação de alguns dos principais requisitos que um sistema pub/sub deve atender para tratar mobilidade e desconexão de dispositivos. O referido sistema foi testado para diferentes cenários, e seu desempenho foi avaliado para diferentes configurações, e comparado ao do sistema publish/subscribe convencional. / [en] Advances in computer networks, telecommunications, and portable mobile devices have increased the demand for applications and services that are suitable for environments with intermittent connectivity and mobility of devices. A central question for the viability of such applications on environments like these are the possible solutions for Mobility Management, i.e., the automatic maintenance of the connectivity between system components in scenarios where the devices change their IP addresses dynamically as they reconnect to different network domains. Starting from an initial investigation of the main solutions for Mobility Management, this dissertation presents the development of a solution on the application layer based on the SIP protocol. Then, it presents the adaptation of an existing publish/subscribe system to make it use the developed Mobility Management solution, in order to provide support for the mobility and disconnection of event producers and consumers, and also NAT and firewall traversal, enabling the system to be used on the Internet, and not only on local networks. The publish/subscribe model has been chosen as a case study for the implemented solution, because it provides asynchronous and anonymous interactions that are very well suited to the requirements of a mobility scenario. The adaptation of the publish/subscribe system started from an investigation of the main requirements a system like this should meet in order to support mobility and disconnection of devices. The referred system has been tested for different scenarios, and its performance has been evaluated for different configurations, and it has been compared to the conventional publish/subscribe system.

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the use of the private car has developed throughout history and to describe options for private use of private cars. The study aimed to investigate how municipalities in Sweden encourage and support their residents away from private car ownership to reduce car traffic. The study is based on literature research and a survey which were sent to 30 municipalities in Sweden to study the work of shared use of vehicle, shared mobility, combined mobility and mobility management interventions which aims to, by changing travellers’ attitudes and behaviour reduce private car use. Private cars are a major source to anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide which contributes to climate change and global warming. Renewable fuels and fuel efficient vehicles are part of the solutions for reducing the emission of carbon dioxide, but also reduce private car use. The result of the survey showed that mobility management interventions were most common. More than half of the municipalities offered shared mobility, especially the larger municipalities. Combined mobility was not offered by the municipalities today. Municipalities state that they are both working on a strategy to reduce private car use along with various other projects. Challenges with the strategies to reduce private car use were reported to be the work of getting different actors to move in the same direction, toward reduced emissions from private car use.

O estudo centra-se na produção dos serviços do transporte público urbano de pessoas, visando o desenvolvimento de uma nova metodologia e modelo para sua gestão, sustentado na mobilidade urbana e princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta concepção compreende a formação de áreas urbanas orientadas pela multisetorialidade, estruturação de redes, distribuição de atividades geradoras de viagens, responsabilidade social, integração, inclusão social, e ênfase na geração de espaços saudáveis para os cidadãos. Com base na análise da situação atual do transporte urbano, os dados secundários mostram o esgotamento dos modelos tradicionais de tratamento para a gestão de services desta natureza, aliada a uma abordagem restrita, orientada por soluções setoriais e funcionalistas, onde o transporte aparece como um fim em si mesmo.. Por outro lado, a revisão do estado da arte aponta a abordagem da sustentabilidade como potencial alternativa a promover mudanças positivas no que se refere à busca de soluções para problemas de transporte; não somente restrita ao entendimento do transporte sustentável a partir de soluções tecnológicas, mas fundamentalmente, segundo uma definição mais ampla, que enfatiza soluções integradas, incluindo melhorias na mobilidade urbana, desenvolvimento econômico, através de novos arranjos organizacionais. Neste sentido, referindo-se ao tratamento do transporte urbano como um instrumento ligado à cadeia de atividades diárias de vida dos cidadãos, o estudo propõe a criação de um modelo relacional, através da gestão compartilhada pelos diferentes Agentes envolvidos. Desta forma, níveis mais elevados de mobilidade urbana são promovidos através do transporte público ou modos não motorizados, com alcance de melhor qualidade de vida para a população das cidades. A abordagem teórica de redes interorganizacionais, e os conceitos de gestão da mobilidade explorando a relação entre o uso do solo, transporte e outros setores produtivos oferecem o suporte conceitual para a presente pesquisa desenvolvida com base qualitativa. Visando a ilustração teórica e o teste das condições para o desenvolvimento da nova metodologia de abordagem do problema e proposição de um novo modelo de gestão, um ensaio ilustrativo foi desenvolvido, aplicado em pesquisa empírica realizada na Comunidade da Maré, situada na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Através de técnicas de grupos focais e entrevistas em profundidade, os Agentes envolvidos nas atividades produtivas da rede de transporte foram identificados. Suas necessidades, limitações e percepções relacionadas à nova proposta de gestão intersetorial foram exploradas, de modo a subsidiar o estudo de factibilidade e vertente metodológica de implantação do novo modelo relacional proposto. As bases teóricas e as proposições da agenda intersetorial foram desenvolvidas e avalizadas junto aos stakeholders, originando-se o modelo de gestão: FÓRUM MÓBILE. Desta forma, a pesquisa analisa o potencial de novas formas de gestão para serviços de transporte público urbano de pessoas, com base em critérios de eqüidade econômica, social e ambiental. / The study focuses on the urban public transport service production, aiming the development of a new methodology and a managerial model, supported by the mobility and sustainable development principles that comprise the conception of the environmental urban areas oriented to multi-sectoriality, structuring networks, distribution of trip generating activities, social responsibility, integration and social inclusion and proximity emphasizing livable spaces for citizens. Based on the analysis of the current situation of urban transport, secondary data show the depletion of traditional models, underpinned by a narrow approach oriented only to transport issues. On the other hand, the state-of-the-art review points out that sustainability approach may require changing the way people think about how to solve transportation problems. A narrow definition of sustainable transport tends to favor individual technological solutions, while a broader definition tends emphasize integrated solutions, including improved travel choices, economic incentives, and new organizational arrangements. Referring to the treatment of urban transportation as an instrument linked to the chain of daily activities of citizens, the study proposes setting up a relational model, through the shared management by the various stakeholders involved, where higher levels of urban mobility are promoted through the public transport or not motorized modes achieving higher levels of quality of life for urban population. The theoretical approach of interorganizational networks and the concepts of the mobility management exploring land use and transport relationship give conceptual support to the current research developed on the qualitative basis. Aiming the illustration and testing of the conditions for the development of the new methodology to approach the problem and propose a managerial model, there is an example developed, applying the extensive survey at a specific location within the low-income community in the Metropolitan Area. Through the focus group techniques and in-depth interviews the agents that could be involved in the transport-activity network are identified and their needs, constraints and perceptions related to the new proposal are explored. This way the research examines the potential of new forms of management, based on the economic, social and environmental equity criteria.

Mobility is an increasingly important aspect of communication for the Internet. The usage of handheld computing devices such as tablets and smartphones is increasingly popular among Internet users. However, the current Internet protocol, IP, was not originally designed to support mobility over the Internet. Mobile users currently suffer from connection disruption when they move around. Once a device changes point of attachments between different wireless technology (vertical handoff) e.g. from WiFi to 3G, the IP address changes, and the bound session (e.g. TCP session) breaks. While the IETF Mobile IPv4 (MIPv4) and Mobile IPv6 (MIPv6) solutions have been defined for some time, and implementations are available, they have seen little deployment due to their complexity and performance. This thesis has examined how IP mobility can be supported as first class functionality, i.e. mobility can be enabled through the end hosts only, without changing the current network infrastructure. Current approaches such as MIPv6 require the use of proxies and tunnels which introduce protocol overhead and impact transport layer performance. The Identifier-Locator Network Protocol (ILNP) is an alternative approach which potentially works end-to-end, but this is yet to be tested. This thesis shows that ILNP provides mobility support as first class functionality, is implemented in an operating system kernel, and is accessible from the standard API without requiring changes to applications. Mobility management is controlled and managed by the end-systems, and does not require additional network-layer entities, only the end hosts need to be upgraded for ILNP to operate. This work demonstrates an instance of ILNP that is a superset of IPv6, called ILNPv6, that is implemented by extending the current IPv6 code in the Linux kernel. A direct performance comparison of ILNPv6 and MIPv6 is presented, showing the improved control and performance of ILNPv6, in terms of flow continuity, packet loss, handoff delay, and signalling overhead.

Internet goes mobile as billions of users are accessing the Internet through their smartphones. Cellular networks play an essential role in providing “anytime, anywhere” network access as the only large-scale wireless network infrastructure in operation. Mobility support is the salient feature indispensable to ensure seamless Internet connectivity to mobile devices wherever the devices go or are. Cellular network operators deploy a huge number of cell towers over geographical areas each with limited radio coverage. When the device moves out of the radio coverage of its serving cell(s), mobility support is performed to hand over its serving cell(s) to another, thereby ensuring uninterrupted network access.<br>Despite a large success at most places, we uncover that state-of-the-practice mobility support in operational cellular networks suffers from a variety of issues which result in unnecessary performance degradation to mobile devices. In this thesis, we dive into these issues in today’s mobility support and explore possible solutions with no or small changes to the existing network infrastructure.<br>We take a new perspective to study and enhance mobility support. We directly examine, troubleshoot and enhance the underlying procedure of mobility support, instead of higher-layer (application/transport) exploration and optimization in other existing studies. Rather than clean slate network-side solutions, we focus on device-side solutions which are compatible with 3GPP standards and operational network infrastructure, promising immediate benefits without requiring any changes on network side.<br>In particular, we address three technical questions by leveraging the power of the devices. First, how is mobility support performed in reality? We leverage device-side observation to monitor the handoff procedures that happen between the network and the device. We unveil that operator-specific configurations and policies play a decisive role under the standard mechanism and conduct a large-scale measurement study to characterize the extremely complex and diverse handoff configurations used by global operators over the world. Second, what is wrong with the existing mobility support? We conduct model-based reasoning and empirical study to examine network performance issues (e.g., handoff instability and unreachability, missed performance) which are caused by improper handoffs. Finally, how to enhance mobility support? We turn passive devices to proactive devices to enhance mobility support. Specifically, we make a showcase solution which exploits device-side inputs to intervene the default handoff procedure and thus indirectly influence the cell selection decision, thereby improving data speed to mobile devices. All the results in this thesis have been validated or evaluated in reality (over top-tier US carriers like AT&T, Verizon, T-Mobile, some even in global carrier networks).

With the recent growth and wide availability of heterogeneous wireless access technologies, inter-vehicle communication systems are expected to culminate in integrating various wireless standards for the next generation of connected and autonomous vehicles. The role of 5G-enabled vehicular networks has become increasingly important, as current Internet clients and providers have urged robustness and effectiveness in digital services over wireless networks to cope with the latest advances in wireless mobile communication. However, to enable 5G wireless technologies' dense diversity, seamless and reliable wireless communication protocols need to be thoroughly investigated in vehicular networks. 5G-enabled vehicular networks applications and services such as routing, mobility management, and service discovery protocols can integrate mobility-based prediction techniques to elevate those applications' performance with various vehicles, applications, and network measurements. In this thesis, we propose a novel suite of 5G-enabled smart mobility prediction and management schemes and design a roadmap guide to mobility-based predictions for intelligent vehicular network applications and protocols. We present a thorough review and classification of vehicular network architectures and components, in addition to mobility management schemes, benchmarks advantages, and drawbacks. Moreover, multiple mobility-based schemes are proposed, in which vehicles' mobility is managed through the utilization of machine learning prediction and probability analysis techniques. We propose a novel predictive mobility management protocol that incorporates a new networks' infrastructure discovery and selection scheme. Next, we design an efficient handover trigger scheme based on time-series prediction and a novel online neural network-based next roadside unit prediction protocol for smart vehicular networks. Then, we propose an original adaptive predictive location management technique that utilizes vehicle movement projections to estimate the link lifetime between vehicles and infrastructure units, followed by an efficient movement-based collision detection scheme and infrastructure units localization strategy. Last but not least, the proposed techniques have been extensively evaluated and compared to several benchmark schemes with various networks' parameters and environments. Results showed the high potentials of empowering vehicular networks' mobility-based protocols with the vehicles' future projections and the prediction of the network's status.

What causes people to change their primary transportation mode and sustain the change in the absence of an incentive? Shifting towards sustainable modes is a vision shared by many municipal, regional, national and international bodies around the world, but it is difficult to change individuals’ behaviour, especially when there is no incentive to do so. Through understanding how individuals make decisions about their planned behaviour and determining what are opportune moments to re- learn travel habits, it may serve as a key opportunity to influence sustainable mode share. This study focuses on residential relocation to understand if the act of relocating serves as a catalyst to change transport behaviour. It further studies if car-lite developments under the Stockholm Green Parking Guidelines have impacted changes in travel behaviour towards more sustainable modes. By using surveys and interviews based on behavioural theory, it is possible to understand how individuals change their transport mode. The data collected also show how individuals may have a bias towards a particular transport mode and how policies can work to persuade them to choose another. The findings recommend measures to target programs for mode shift to the right people, at the right time to maximise effectiveness. They further recommend that proactive notification from information available in official databases can be used to implement this within the capabilities that currently exist in many jurisdictions. / Vad är det som får människor att ändra sitt primära transportsätt och upprätthålla förändringen trots avsaknad av incitament? Att övergå till mer hållbara transportsätt är en vision som delas av många kommunala, regionala, nationella och internationella organ runt om i världen men det är svårt att ändra individers beteende, särskilt när det inte finns något incitament till en förändring. Genom att förstå hur individer fattar beslut om sitt planerade beteende och att fastställa vilka tillfällen man som individ är mer öppen för att ta till sig nya resvanor, öppnas möjligheter för att påverka resvanor i en mer hållbar riktning. Denna studie fokuserar på individer som har bytt bostad, i syfte att förstå om flytten fungerar som en katalysator för ett förändrat transportbeteende. Den studerar vidare om utvecklingen mot ett minskat bilanvändande enligt riktlinjerna för Stockholms Gröna parkeringstal har skapat en förändring mot mer hållbara transportsätt. Genom att använda undersökningar och intervjuer baserade på beteendeteori är det möjligt att förstå hur individer ändrar sitt transportsätt. Uppgifterna som samlas in visar också hur individer kan ha en preferens för ett visst transportsätt och hur policyer kan arbeta för att övertyga dem att välja ett annat. Resultaten rekommenderar att man identifierar åtgärder för ett mer hållbart transportsätt och riktar in dessa till rätt personer vid rätt tidpunkt, i syfte att maximera effekten. De rekommenderar vidare att information tillgänglig i officiella databaser, och som är tillåten att användas inom dagens regelverk, kan användas för att implementera detta.

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During the time I've attended the programme to become a Transportation manager, I've been presented with quite a large number of different words. My purpose with this paper is to take a closer look at them, and see if they're sustainable concepts. This paper will be a literary study, and be on a wholly theoretical level. After a thorough examination of the various words, I've come to the conclusion that these words that I've chosen aren't just fad-words. They're going to be around for quite a while, this due to the fact that they're based on good ideas from the get-go. Many of them represent simple but functional solutions, that every one at work or at home that may partake in and thus create a better environment / Under den tiden jag har gått på Transportation manager programmet har jag fått ta del av en mängd ord. Dessa tänker jag gå in lite närmare på och se ifall de kan vara hållbara koncept. Detta arbetet kommer vara en litteraturstudie, och kommer att vara på en rent teoretiskt nivå. Efter att ha gått igenom de olika orden har jag kommit fram till att detta inte är några modeflugor jag har valt. De kommer att finnas kvar en lång tid, mest för att de är baserade på goda idéer från början. Många av dem representerar enkla men funktionella lösningar som var och en på företaget och hemma kan ta del av för att skapa en bättre miljö.