A presente tese é sobre gnosticismo, doutrina religiosa da Antiguidade tardia, em sua relação com a poesia. Procura circunscrever seu âmbito, definir suas características e localizar seus principais temas: entre outros, o dualismo, os mito do demiurgo, das duas almas, do andrógino primordial, sua noção do tempo e sua relação com hermetismo, astrologia e alquimia. Mostra como mitos e temas gnósticos e até um estilo, um modo gnóstico de escrever, reaparecem ou são retomados por poetas românticos, simbolistas e modernistas, inclusive aqueles de língua portuguesa. Entre outros, examina William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso e Hilda Hilst. Sustenta que, sendo arcaico e anacrônico em seu dualismo e sua complexa cosmovisão e teologia, ao mesmo tempo o gnosticismo pode ser associado a uma mentalidade moderna e, como parte dela, a criações literárias, algumas inovadoras, pelo caráter sincrético e por formular uma crítica total, cósmica, na era da crítica. Também mostra como poetas não apenas absorveram ou reproduziram aquela doutrina, mas o fizeram de modo pessoal e original, transformando-a e reinventando-a. E, principalmente, como, utilizando suas categorias e temas, tentaram promover uma subversão do senso comum, da percepção instituída do mundo, justificando paralelos do gnosticismo como misticismo rebelde com a rebelião romântica e seus continuadores. / The present thesis is about Gnosticism, the religious doctrine of Late Antiquity, in its relationship to poetry. The focus is to establish the realm of Gnosticism, to define its characteristics, and to locate its main themes. Dualism, the myth of the demiurge, the two souls, the primordial androgynous, its notion of time, and relations of Gnosticism with Hermetism, Astrology and Alchemy are, amongst others, some of the subjects and themes. The thesis shows how Gnostic myths and subjects and even a Gnostic style of writing reappear or is resumed by romantic poets, symbolists and modernists, including those of Portuguese language. Among others, examines William Blake, Novalis, Gérard de Nerval, Baudelaire, Rimbaud, Mallarmé, Lautréamont, Breton, Fernando Pessoa, Dario Veloso and Hilda Hilst. Holds that Gnosticism, being archaic and anachronic in its dualism, complex weltanschauung and theology, can be associated at the same time with a modern mentality and, as part of it, with literary creations, some innovative, for its syncretism and its formulation of a total and cosmic review in the era of the criticism. Finally, also shows how poets didn\'t just absorb or reproduce that doctrine, but that they did it in a personal and original way, transforming and reinventing Gnosticism. And, most outstandingly, how, using its categories and themes, poets encouraged subversion of the common sense, and the formal perception of the world, therefore justifying parallels of Gnosticism as a rebellious mysticism with the Romantic rebellion and its followers.

Amigo próximo de Manuel Bandeira, Aníbal Machado, Heitor Villa-Lobos e outros artistas eminentes do Modernismo brasileiro, Dante Milano (1899-1991) publicou seus poemas em livro apenas tardiamente, em 1948, sob o título de Poesias. Apesar do reconhecimento crítico imediato, sua obra permaneceu sempre, como ainda hoje, sendo lida por um público diminuto fato normalmente atribuído antes de tudo ao temperamento muito discreto do poeta. Mais do que repetir a constatação da injusta impopularidade de uma grande poesia, cabe a tarefa de qualificar a sua grandeza, sugerindo com isso certa singularidade da voz poética. Um aspecto forte de tal singularidade será certamente o feitio clássico predominante nos versos de Dante, a impressão de um equilíbrio harmônico a despeito da facilmente notável abundância de pares antitéticos nos poemas, como a treva e a luz, o concreto e o abstrato, o novo e o antigo. A atenuação dos contrastes particulariza na linguagem algo que se mostra fundamental para o próprio pensamento do poeta, a simultaneidade da atenção ao mundo material e da absorção em si mesmo que tende a interiorizar e a transfigurar os seres e as coisas. A resposta da poesia de Dante Milano à realidade do deslocamento do homem moderno parece compor-se nesse espaço intervalar cavado pela intimidade a qual, sem se evadir por completo da vida objetiva, não deixa de reconhecer em relação a ela um radical distanciamento, nomeado em certos poemas como o exílio. Manifesta-se a natureza íntima desse exílio poético na voz baixa, na serenidade de tom própria do poeta capaz de relativizar a dor e evitar a expressão do desespero por confiar na profundidade da instância subjetiva em que o canto se instaura e, discretamente, perdura. / A close friend of Manuel Bandeira, Aníbal Machado, Heitor Villa-Lobos and some other prominent artists from brazilian Modernism, Dante Milano (1899-1991) has published his poems in a book just lately, in 1948, with the title Poesias. Even though there was immediate critical acknowledgment, his work has always remained, as it currently is, being read by a small public a fact that is usually imputed above all to the very discrete temper of the poet. Rather than repeating the general finding of the unfair unfamiliarity of a great poetry, a proper task would be to specify its greatness, so suggesting some singularity of this poetic voice. An important aspect of such singularity would certainly be the classical feature that predominates in Dantes verses, a harmonic equilibrium impression notwithstanding the remarkable abundance of antithetical pairs in the poems, as darkness and light, concrete and abstract, new and antique. The mitigation of contrasts particularizes in the language something that seems to be crucial for the poets thought, the simultaneity of attention to the material world and of absorption of mind that tends to interiorize and to transfigure beings and things. The response of Dante Milanos poetry to modern man truth of displacement seems to be composed at this intervallic space built by his intimacy an intimacy that, without completely deceiving objective life, nevertheless recognizes a deep detachment from it, named in certain poems as the exile. The intimate nature of this poetic exile is expressed in the low voice, in the serene tone, characteristic of a poet who is capable to ease the pain and to avoid the expression of despair for trusting in the deepness of the subjective sphere in wich his poetry establishes itself and, discretely, remains.

O trabalho analisa a trilogia Os Peãs, do poeta cearense Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917-2007), explorando a relação entre a tradição épica e o projeto central da obra, o estabelecimento, pelo canto poético, de uma memória heroica comunal que funcione como fonte de exemplaridade. A trilogia é formada por três volumes: O País dos Mourões (1963), Peripécias de Gerardo (1972) e Rastro de Apolo (1977). Partindo de uma reflexão teórica sobre a morte e a sobrevida do gênero épico, o trabalho constata o uso da epopeia como referência ou \"moldura simbólica\" para experimentos poéticos modernos que lidam com as noções de tradição, memória e comunidade. Associando Os Peãs a essa tendência de reformulação da epopeia, realiza a análise detalhada de cada volume do tríptico. / The present work analyses Os Peãs, a poetic trilogy written by the Brazilian poet Gerardo Mello Mourão (1917- 2007). It explores the associations between the epic tradition and the central project of the trilogy - the articulation, through poetry, of a collective heroic memory that might stand as a source of exemplarity. The trilogy is composed of the following works: O País dos Mourões (1963), Peripécias de Gerardo (1972) e Rastro de Apolo (1977). Starting with a reflection on the death and survival of the epic genre, our argument goes on to associate Os Peãs with a tendency in modern poetry that uses the classical epic poem as a reference or a \"symbolic frame\" for modern poetic experiments dealing with the notions of tradition, memory and community. This is followed by a detailed study of each volume.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Oregon, 2005. / Typescript. Includes vita and abstract. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 295-305). Also available for download via the World Wide Web; free to University of Oregon users.

This dissertation investigates Allen Ginsberg's Beat poetry within the framework of twentieth-century literary developments, from modernism to postmodernism. It is argued that Beat writing is founded on a rejection of the detached, intellectual and formal nature of the high modernism which came to be institutionalised in the American literary practice of the 1950s. Beat poetry rejects this tradition in favour of an eclectic assemblage of ideas which may, either through direct influence or through parallel development, be linked to certain avant-garde modernist movements. All of these movements share assumptions which support and echo the personal and spiritual vision of Beat aesthetics, as well as its formal experimentation. This eclectic assemblage also involves the assimilation of the ideas of modernist movements often held to be in conflict, embodying opposing strains of modernism. This dynamic is illustrated by analysing the influence of two such opposing modernist influences on Ginsberg's Beat poetry, namely imagism and surrealism. Finally, it is argued that this double gesture of a rejection of the institutionalised form of high modernism and a simultaneous re-assessment of the avant-garde constitutes a crucial step in the development towards postmodernism. Together with the surfacing of postmodernist characteristics in Ginsberg's Beat poetry, this forms the basis for the conclusion that Ginsberg's Beat poetry may be regarded as playing a transitional and initiating role in the literary evolution from modernism to postmodernism. / Thesis (MA)--PU for CHE, 1999.

This dissertation investigates Allen Ginsberg's Beat poetry within the framework of twentieth-century literary developments, from modernism to postmodernism. It is argued that Beat writing is founded on a rejection of the detached, intellectual and formal nature of the high modernism which came to be institutionalised in the American literary practice of the 1950s. Beat poetry rejects this tradition in favour of an eclectic assemblage of ideas which may, either through direct influence or through parallel development, be linked to certain avant-garde modernist movements. All of these movements share assumptions which support and echo the personal and spiritual vision of Beat aesthetics, as well as its formal experimentation. This eclectic assemblage also involves the assimilation of the ideas of modernist movements often held to be in conflict, embodying opposing strains of modernism. This dynamic is illustrated by analysing the influence of two such opposing modernist influences on Ginsberg's Beat poetry, namely imagism and surrealism. Finally, it is argued that this double gesture of a rejection of the institutionalised form of high modernism and a simultaneous re-assessment of the avant-garde constitutes a crucial step in the development towards postmodernism. Together with the surfacing of postmodernist characteristics in Ginsberg's Beat poetry, this forms the basis for the conclusion that Ginsberg's Beat poetry may be regarded as playing a transitional and initiating role in the literary evolution from modernism to postmodernism. / Thesis (MA)--PU for CHE, 1999.

This thesis investigates the roles played by etymology in the work of three late modernist poet-critics: W. H. Auden, J. H. Prynne, and Paul Muldoon. The relationship between poetry and etymology has a long history, but the advent of modern linguistics at the beginning of the twentieth century brought about a change in this relationship. Structuralism developed a more comprehensive condemnation of the etymological fallacy – the view that historical forms and meanings are relevant to current ones - that both isolated etymology as an abstract field of study and undermined its scientific validity. One reaction to this state of affairs has been to re-evaluate etymological discourse itself as poetic or rhetorical. But it is the tension created by what Paula Blank has called 'the quasi-disciplinarity of etymological desire' that motivates Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon's concerns with linguistic historicity. Etymological poetry encourages, even necessitates, very close reading. While this thesis accepts the challenge to read arguably too closely, it also examines the limits of such an approach and its implications for the relationship between poetry and criticism. The first three chapters consider how Auden, Prynne, and Muldoon invoke etymologies in their own criticism, and how etymology affects the ways their poetry may be said to communicate. The second three develop these analyses into new interpretations of commonly debated aspects of their work: Auden's landscape poetry, Prynne's lyricism, and Muldoon's onomastics. It is argued that the fact of obsolescence is key to the etymological poetic; obsolete forms and meanings make poetry difficult, but in the process they intimate that a truer way of representing the world may be (re)discovered. All three poet-critics confront and absorb the consequences of etymological obscurity. Their preoccupation with the history of words is self-consciously and unavoidably pedantic, and it is this pedantry that plays the most significant role in the poetic power they accord to etymology.

This thesis challenges the traditional literary criticism’s definition of modern poetry and the explanation of its emergence as a radical break with the past in the 1930s and 1940s and conducted by Abdula Goran, “the father of modern Kurdish poetry”. In traditional criticism, the classification of poetry is based on its formal features and modern poetry is characterized by abandoning the classical metrical system (aruz), and employing syllabic meter and free rhyme schemes. However, guided by Lotman’s theory of literary change, this thesis offers a more nuanced approach to the study of modern poetry and examines its emergence as a process of literary change that unfolded through the oeuvre of several poets, starting from the late nineteenth century and culminating in the 1940s. Exploring the process of the poetic change in time and investigating the mechanism of the transformation, three stages of transformation are identified which are represented by the works of Hacî Qadirê Koyî, Rehîm Rehmê Hekarî, and Pîremêrd. A close reading of the works of the selected poets reveals a gradual move from the classical norms and conventions of poetry and a successive introduction of new perspectives, rhetoric, and literary devices into the poetic system. This thesis argues that modern Kurdish poetry emerged in response to the advent of modernity and nationalism in Kurdish society. The study argues that modern poetry was the literary form which accompanied the emergence of Kurdish nationalism, a phenomenon which can be equated with the role played by the novel in Europe. Poetry played a significant role in constructing and disseminating Kurdish nationalism, making it intelligible to uneducated people. The examination of the evolution of modern poetry in this study has revealed lesser known aspects of the formation and the development of Kurdish nationalism and has brought to light the neglected contribution of Kurdish religious intellectuals.

Orientador: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Banca: Marcio Scheel / Banca: Adalberto Luís Vicente / Resumo: A obra de Jorge de Lima contém as principais diretrizes da poesia brasileira da primeira metade do século XX. Os procedimentos de composição adotados pelo poeta refletem sua consciência de leitura, através da qual é possível entrever as suas reflexões críticas da história e da cultura, conforme teoria de João Alexandre Barbosa. Dentre os diversos procedimentos e tendências da obra poética limiana, encontramos aspectos marcadamente simbolistas, tais como a musicalidade, o dualismo, a ironia e a analogia, os quais ainda não foram explorados sistematicamente. Nossa pesquisa propõe a investigação desses aspectos na poesia de Jorge de Lima, tendo em vista a importância do Simbolismo para a constituição da consciência e da criação literária modernas. Esse estudo comporta o exame da manifestação das duas tendências simbolistas citadas por Edmund Wilson em O Castelo de Axel: a coloquial-irônica e a sério-estética, encontradas respectivamente em Poemas, Poemas Novos, Poemas Negros, no Livro de Sonetos e em Invenção de Orfeu. Desse modo, a pesquisa busca contribuir para o resgate da historicidade da poesia limiana, de modo a fornecer elementos que ampliem o conhecimento sobre a obra de um de nossos maiores poetas e, além disso, complementar a leitura sobre o impacto da proposta simbolista e seus alcances na poesia moderna brasileira / Abstract: The work of Jorge de Lima contains the main guidelines of Brazilian poetry in the first half of the twentieth century. The compositional procedures adopted by the poet reflects his awareness of reading, through which is possible see the critical reflections of history and culture as João Alexandre Barbosa's theory. Among the many procedures and trends in Lima's poetry, we found markedly symbolist aspects, such as musicality, dualism, irony and analogy, which have not yet been systematically explored. Our research proposes the investigation of these aspects in his poetry, in view of the importance of symbolism for the formation of consciousness and modern literary creation. This study involves the examination of two trends symbolists cited by Edmund Wilson in Axel's Castle: the "conversational-ironic" and "serious-aesthetic", found respectively in Poemas, Novos poemas, Poemas Negros, e no Livro de Sonetos e Invenção de Orfeu. Thus, the research seeks to contribute to the rescue of the historicity of Lima's poetry, to provide elements that increase the knowledge about the work of one of our greatest poets, and in addition, supplementary reading on the impact of the symbolist proposal and its achievements in Brazilian modern poetry / Mestre

Orientador: Antônio Donizeti Pires / Banca: Fernando Fábio Fiorese Furtado / Banca: Guacira Marcondes Machado Leite / Resumo: O muriliano Poliedro (1972) e o pongiano Le parti pris des choses (1942) conformam as bases deste trabalho. Com efeito, a pergunta que se faz, quando da menção às obras e aos autores, é da alçada mesmo de sua natureza e da de seus criadores: em que se afinam ou se distanciam Murilo Mendes e Francis Ponge? Considerando as duas obras, é visível o embate entre prosa e poesia, a vontade do (in)acabamento do poema, as inclinações dicionarescas, a presença da coisa, do objeto (como fundador daquilo que ali se instaura), a aparição do natural, o humor muito marcado, dentre tantas outras aproximações. Todavia, mais importante é o distanciamento entre os dois poetas: um Murilo Mendes que ainda traz muito da doutrina católica, que ainda deve ao Surrealismo e suas técnicas, um essencialista, um crítico da bomba atômica e do momento presente; e um Francis Ponge, poeta das coisas (que vai às coisas, para falar com a fenomenologia), da linguagem enxuta que mostra (esconde) o objeto, que estabelece o jogo entre palavra e objeto, um declarado anti-poeta. Este trabalho tem por objetivo uma leitura comparada entre Poliedro e Le parti pris des choses e o fim último de que três pontos sejam analisados: a relação entre eu-lírico e coisa e suas implicações (em que pese o grau de objetividade ou subjetividade); a tese de que, em tais universos poéticos, o poema é objeto entre outros objetos - tornando-se um texto-coisa, um poema-objeto; e, finalmente, como este se coloca no mundo, na realidade em que se insere / Abstract: Murilo Mendes' Poliedro (1972) and Francis Ponge's Le parti pris des choses (1942) are the base of this paper. The question efectively made when both works and authors are mentioned concern the same nature and its creators: in what aspects are Murilo Mendes and Francis Ponge brought close and apart? Considering both works it is clear the collision between prose and poetry, the willing of an (un)finished poem, the disposition towards the dictionary meaning, the presence of the thing, the object (as the founder of what is installed there), the appearance of the natural, a very distinguished humor, among other similarities. Nonetheless, what brings the authors apart is more important: Murilo Mendes is still very connected to the Catholic believes that is still a reflection of Surrealism and its techniques, a essencialist, a critic of the atomic bomb and the present moment; and Francis Ponge, poet of the things (that goes to things to talk about phenomenology), with a clean language that shows (hides) the object, that establishes a game between word and object, a stated anti-poet. This work aims a compared reading of Poliedro and Le parti des choses and the analysis of three subjects: the relation between lyric self and thing and its implications (considering the level of objectivity and subjectivity); the theory, in these poetic universes, that the poem is the object among other objects, becoming a text-thing, a poem-object; and, finally, how it is placed in the world, the reality in which we can insert it / Mestre