Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2016-11-11T09:45:23Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-11T09:45:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Um desafio recorrente em processos produtivos é o desenvolvimento de sistemas de monitoração e diagnóstico. Esses sistemas ajudam na detecção de mudanças inesperadas e interrupções, prevenindo perdas e mitigando riscos. Redes Neurais Artificiais (RNA) têm sido largamente utilizadas na criação de sistemas de monitoração. Normalmente as RNA utilizadas para resolver este tipo de problema são criadas levando-se em conta apenas parâmetros como o número de entradas, saídas e quantidade de neurônios nas camadas escondidas. Assim, as redes resultantes geralmente possuem uma configuração onde há uma total conexão entre os neurônios de uma camada e os da camada seguinte, sem que haja melhorias em sua topologia. Este trabalho utiliza o algoritmo de Otimização por Colônia de Formigas (OCF) para criar redes neurais otimizadas. O algoritmo de busca OCF utiliza a técnica de retropropagação de erros para otimizar a topologia da rede neural sugerindo as melhores conexões entre os neurônios. A RNA resultante foi aplicada para monitorar variáveis do reator de pesquisas IEA-R1 do IPEN. Os resultados obtidos mostram que o algoritmo desenvolvido é capaz de melhorar o desempenho do modelo que estima o valor de variáveis do reator. Em testes com diferentes números de neurônios na camada escondida, utilizando como comparativos o erro quadrático médio, o erro absoluto médio e o coeficiente de correlação, o desempenho da RNA otimizada foi igual ou superior ao da tradicional. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-17T14:53:23Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertacao Harnoldo Castro.pdf: 2052364 bytes, checksum: 3ff44ce616ef2f1e748c29067008a2d1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-12-14 / This work investigates electromagnetic disturbances that affect the power quality of the Alcântara Launch Center (CLA), supplied by the local power distribution utility company and the self-generation of the Center, emphasizing disturbances for sensitivity of electrical ground support equipment, variations in voltage and short-term transients. From a bibliographical study, the main electromagnetic phenomen apresented are related to the power quality, showing the causes, consequences and suggestions for mitigation of these events, including the reduction of inrush current, based on standard norms related to the subject. The monitoring was performed using an accurate monitoring equipment during a two-rocket launch campaign, for a better contextualization ofvoltage variations associated to short-term transients. From the records and gathered data, critical events and power quality indices associated to the distribution utility and to the generation set were analyzed, as well as the severe disturbances characterized by CBEMA curve. The results provided subsidies to improve and reduce the effects of voltage short-term and transient events. Thus an operating procedure for special processes is proposed, which can be used both in the aerospace sector as in organizations that have their processes associated to power quality. / O presente trabalho investiga distúrbios eletromagnéticos que afetam a qualidade da energia elétrica do Centro de Lançamento de Alcântara, suprido pela companhia elétrica local e pela autogeração do próprio Centro, enfatizando os distúrbios críticos para a sensibilidade elétrica dos equipamentos de apoio em solo, as variações de tensão de curta duração e os transitórios. A partir de um estudo bibliográfico, são apresentados os principais fenômenos eletromagnéticos relacionados à qualidade da energia elétrica, mostrando as causas, consequências e sugestões para mitigar tais eventos, com destaque para a redução da corrente de energização, com base nas normas internacionais relacionadas ao tema. O monitoramento foi realizado utilizando-se um equipamento de precisão durante a campanha de lançamento de dois foguetes, para melhor contextualizar as variações de tensão de curta duração e os transitórios. A partir dos registros e dados coletados foram analisados os eventos críticos e os indicadores de tensão da distribuidora local de energia elétrica, e da autogeração de energia do Centro, bem como as graves perturbações caracterizadas com a curva CBEMA. Os resultados obtidos forneceram subsídios para reduzir os efeitos dos eventos da variação de tensão de curta duração e transitórios. Assim propõe-se um procedimento operacional para processos especiais, que poderá ser usado tanto no setor aeroespacial quanto nas organizações que tenham seus processos atrelados à qualidade da energia elétrica.

An den Membranwänden von Dampferzeugern treten häufig Beläge auf. Da moderne Energiepolitik unter anderem zu flexiblem Einsatz der Kraftwerke in Teil- und Volllast oder dem Einsatz von Brennstoffmischungen führt, ändern sich diese Beläge in ihrer Menge und Beschaffenheit ständig. Es gibt eine Vielzahl an Reinigungsmethoden, um die Beläge zu entfernen. Für deren optimalen Einsatz sind tiefer gehende Kenntnisse über die Ablagerungen notwendig. Deswegen gibt es verschiedene Modelle zur Bilanzierung des Verdampfers und Sensoren, mit denen die Belagssituation erfasst werden kann. Diese sitzen allerdings meist so, dass sie einen lokal begrenzten Bereich erfassen. Die Bilanzmodelle sind in der Regel auf den gesamten Verdampfer ausgerichtet, sodass man nur Aussagen über dessen Gesamteffizienz erhält und kein Urteil über die Belagsbeschaffenheit fällen kann. Mit den Sensoren lässt sich zwar gut erkennen, wo sich Ablagerungen befinden, aber nur bei wenigen ist eine verlässliche Bewertung über den vorherrschenden Typ der Ablagerung möglich. Ursache ist, dass sie nur auf die Messung eines Effektes ausgerichtet sind. Um diesem Problem entgegenzuwirken, ist die Kopplung einer Bilanzierung mit einem oder mehreren Sensoren als Stützstellen zweckmäßig. Die vorliegende Arbeit nutzt eine weit verbreitete Messmethode, die Messung der Temperatur an Rohrscheitel und Steg der Membranwandaußenseite, um zunächst lokale Bilanzmodelle aufzustellen, welche den Verdampfer nicht nur als Gesamtsystem, sondern in Ebenen aufgeteilt beschreiben. Die Bilanzmodelle umfassen sowohl den Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf als auch den Feuerraum je eines unterkritischen und eines überkritischen Dampferzeugers. Sie geben Aufschluss über Temperaturverteilungen und die örtlich dem Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf zugeführte Wärme. Zusätzlich liefern sie eine Prognose für die Belagsverteilung über der Verdampferhöhe. Beide Modelle werden in realen Kraftwerken angewendet. Das Bilanzmodell für den unterkritischen Dampferzeuger findet in einem Müllheizkraftwerk (MHKW) und das überkritische Bilanzmodell in einem Braunkohlekraftwerk Anwendung. Zur Validierung werden die Bilanzmodelle im Rahmen der Arbeit je mit bereits im Einsatz befindlichen globalen Bilanzmodellen und im Fall des überkritischen Dampferzeugers zusätzlich mit einer weiteren ebenenweisen Bilanzierung verglichen. Um weitere Informationen zu erhalten, sind diese Bilanzmodelle mit den Rohrscheitel- und Stegtemperatursignalen gekoppelt, sodass sie Informationen für einen Ablagerungssensor liefern. Dieser berechnet den lokal auftretenden Belagswiderstand. Der Sensor basiert auf der Fourier’schen Wärmeleitungsgleichung und berechnet auftretende Wärmeströme mit der Methode der finiten Volumen (FVM). Die Verwendung des Sensors ist nicht nur auf ebene Wänden beschränkt, sondern auch für die Rohr-Steg-Geometrie von Membranwänden möglich. Um mit dem Sensor realitätsnahe Ergebnisse zu erhalten, werden Effekte wie Verschattung durch die Geometrie sowie Strahlung im Spalt hinterlüfteter Platten berücksichtigt. Die Validierung des Sensors erfolgt durch eine präparierte Feuerfestplatte, in welche Thermoelemente eingelassen sind. Dieser Aufbau wird mittels Sensor simuliert und das berechnete Temperaturfeld mit den Messdaten verglichen. Um Informationen über den Belagswiderstand erhalten zu können, ist der Ablagerungssensor mit Reglern ausgerüstet, welche über das Temperatursignal am Steg oder das Temperaturdifferenzsignal zwischen Rohrscheitel und Steg als Sollwert den Istwert der Belagsdicke, der Temperaturleitfähigkeit oder andere Werte regeln können. Mithilfe des Sensors kann so der Aufbau des Belags über der Reisezeit des MHKWs bestimmt werden. Zusätzlich wird der Ablagerungssensor eingesetzt, um mögliche Umbaumaßnahmen zu bewerten. Auch für den überkritischen Dampferzeuger lassen sich verschiedene Belagssituationen nachbilden. Im Rahmen der Arbeit sind dafür verschiedene Fälle gezeigt. Im Abschluss wird vorgestellt, wie der Ablagerungssensor in den Betrieb einer Realanlage integriert werden könnte.:Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis VII 1 Einleitung, Problem- und Zielstellung der Arbeit 1 2 Einordnung von Dampferzeugern 3 3 Erfassung der Belagssituation, ihrer Ursachen und ihrer Auswirkungen 9 3.1 Diskontinuierliche Sensormesssysteme zur Erfassung der Belagssituation 12 3.2 Kontinuierliche Messsysteme zur Erfassung der Belagssituation 14 3.3 Thermodynamische Bilanzierung 19 3.3.1 Thermodynamische Betrachtung des Dampferzeugerwirkungsgrades 20 3.3.2 Unterkritische Kesselanlagen 22 3.3.3 Überkritische Kesselanlagen 23 3.4 Kombinierte Systeme 25 4 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes und des Feuerraumes zur Bestimmung der Wärmeauskopplung 29 4.1 Bilanzierung vom Feuerraum zum Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf 30 4.1.1 Bilanzierung des Feuerraumes 30 4.1.2 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes 34 4.2 Bilanzierung vom Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf zum Feuerraum 37 4.2.1 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes 37 4.2.2 Bilanzierung des Feuerraums 39 5 Entwicklung eines Ablagerungssensors für zugestellte und nicht-zugestellte Membranwände 43 5.1 Zielstellung 43 5.2 Modellansätze 44 5.2.1 Rahmenbedingungen und Zielstellung für einen Ablagerungssensor eines unterkritischen Dampferzeugers 47 5.2.2 Rahmenbedingungen und Zielstellung für einen Ablagerungssensor eines überkritischen Dampferzeugers 48 5.3 Einordnung des Programms im Kraftwerk 51 5.4 Programm-Aufbau 51 V Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.5 Notwendige Rand- und Anfangsbedingungen sowie Eingangsparameter 53 6 Einsatz der Bilanzmodelle und des Ablagerungssensors 55 6.1 Bilanzierung unterkritischer Kesselanlagen am Beispiel eines Müllheizkraftwerks 55 6.1.1 Belagssituation und Schutzmaßnahmen 55 6.1.2 Vorhandene Messtechnik 56 6.1.3 Bilanzmodell von Feuerraum und Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf 57 6.1.4 Anwendung des Ablagerungssensors auf hinterlüftete Platten 63 6.1.5 Auswertung und Handlungsempfehlung für den Naturumlaufkessel 75 6.2 Bilanzierung überkritischer Kesselanlagen am Beispiel eines Braunkohle-befeuerten Kraftwerks 77 6.2.1 Das Kraftwerk 77 6.2.2 Vorhandene Messtechnik 79 6.2.3 Bilanzierungen mit Realdaten 80 6.2.4 Bewertung der Ergebnisse 85 6.2.5 Validierung der Ergebnisse 87 6.2.6 Bilanzierung der Verdampferwand mit dem Ablagerungssensor 89 6.2.7 Simulation mit realen Messwerten 95 6.2.8 Auswertung und Handlungsempfehlung für den überkritischen Dampferzeuger 101 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 103 Literatur 105 Abbildungsverzeichnis 113 Tabellenverzeichnis 117 Anhang 118 A Berechnungsmethoden für die Bilanzmodelle 119 A.1 Vergasungsrechnung 119 A.2 Wärmeauskopplung nach Doležal 122 A.3 Berechnung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 122 A.4 Berechnung der Umlaufzahl 124 A.5 Wärmeübergang wasserseitig 125 A.6 Widerstandsberechnung 129 B Ergebnisse aus der Bilanzierung des überkritischen Dampferzeugers 131 B.1 22.01.2020 3:46 Uhr 131 B.2 22.01.2020 7:30 Uhr 132 B.3 29.01.2020 17:20 Uhr 134 B.4 02.02.2020 15:38 Uhr 135 B.5 07.02.2020 12:11 Uhr 136 C Befehlsreferenzen für den Ablagerungssensor 139 / Deposits stick to the surface of evaporators in steam generators. Modern energy politics force power plants to operate flexible, under full and partial load or to use fuel mixtures. These necessities influence the deposits in amount and structure. Thus, numerous cleaning methods exist to remove them. For optimal use of these cleaning methods, a deeper knowledge about the deposits is necessary. Hence, different models were developed to balance the evaporator, whereas sensors trace the deposit situation, though these sensors are mostly limited to local spots. Normally, the models balance the whole evaporator as one boundary system making assessment of the overall efficiency possible, while local deposit structures cannot be detected. In contrast, the sensors serve for detecting the deposits locally. Yet, the classification of the deposit type is not possible for most sensor types, nonetheless. Reason is the limitation to one specific effect. A coupling of both the balancing model and one or more sensors may help in counteracting that problem. The present work uses a widely established measurement method: the measurement of temperature both at tube crown and bridge via thermo couples. They serve for setting up balancing models that split the evaporator in several segments. These models incorporate combustion chamber as well as water-steam-cycle of each an undercritical and a supercritical steam generator. They shed light on temperature distribution throughout the evaporator height and the heat supplied to the water-steam-cycle. Additionally, they provide a height-dependent prediction of the deposit distribution. Both the model for an undercritical and the one for a supercritical steam generator are applied to existing power plants. The undercritical model is used to analyze a municipal waste incinerator, whereas the supercritical model assesses a lignite-fired power plant. They are validated with already established global balancing models. Furthermore, an existing levelwise online balancing tool was applied to the supercritical steam generator and was compared for validation. For further information, a coupling of the balancing models with the temperature measurement signal was realized, which provides additional information used by a deposit sensor. This sensor calculates the locally occurring deposit resistance. It is based on Fourier’s heat equation and calculates by use of a finite volume method. The sensor is not limited to even walls, but can be applied to membrane walls as well. Effects like shadowing of the 2D-geometry or gap radiation are implemented to gain realistic results. Validation is realized with a primed tile, having ingrained thermo couples. The tile is reproduced geometrically with the deposit sensor and calculated. The resulting temperature field may be compared to the measured values. For further information about the deposit, the deposit sensor also includes controllers, adjusting deposit thickness, thermal diffusivity or other parameters. Reference values are the temperature signal at crown and bridge. By use of the sensor, the deposit growth inside the incinerator is evaluated during its travel time. Additionally, the sensor helps in judging over potential changes in reconstruction works. Within the supercritical steam generator, an assessment of the deposit situation is likewise possible. In the current thesis, different deposit setups are implemented. Finally, a possible integration of the sensor into the process control is presented.:Abkürzungs- und Symbolverzeichnis VII 1 Einleitung, Problem- und Zielstellung der Arbeit 1 2 Einordnung von Dampferzeugern 3 3 Erfassung der Belagssituation, ihrer Ursachen und ihrer Auswirkungen 9 3.1 Diskontinuierliche Sensormesssysteme zur Erfassung der Belagssituation 12 3.2 Kontinuierliche Messsysteme zur Erfassung der Belagssituation 14 3.3 Thermodynamische Bilanzierung 19 3.3.1 Thermodynamische Betrachtung des Dampferzeugerwirkungsgrades 20 3.3.2 Unterkritische Kesselanlagen 22 3.3.3 Überkritische Kesselanlagen 23 3.4 Kombinierte Systeme 25 4 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes und des Feuerraumes zur Bestimmung der Wärmeauskopplung 29 4.1 Bilanzierung vom Feuerraum zum Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf 30 4.1.1 Bilanzierung des Feuerraumes 30 4.1.2 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes 34 4.2 Bilanzierung vom Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf zum Feuerraum 37 4.2.1 Bilanzierung des Wasser-Dampf-Kreislaufes 37 4.2.2 Bilanzierung des Feuerraums 39 5 Entwicklung eines Ablagerungssensors für zugestellte und nicht-zugestellte Membranwände 43 5.1 Zielstellung 43 5.2 Modellansätze 44 5.2.1 Rahmenbedingungen und Zielstellung für einen Ablagerungssensor eines unterkritischen Dampferzeugers 47 5.2.2 Rahmenbedingungen und Zielstellung für einen Ablagerungssensor eines überkritischen Dampferzeugers 48 5.3 Einordnung des Programms im Kraftwerk 51 5.4 Programm-Aufbau 51 V Inhaltsverzeichnis 5.5 Notwendige Rand- und Anfangsbedingungen sowie Eingangsparameter 53 6 Einsatz der Bilanzmodelle und des Ablagerungssensors 55 6.1 Bilanzierung unterkritischer Kesselanlagen am Beispiel eines Müllheizkraftwerks 55 6.1.1 Belagssituation und Schutzmaßnahmen 55 6.1.2 Vorhandene Messtechnik 56 6.1.3 Bilanzmodell von Feuerraum und Wasser-Dampf-Kreislauf 57 6.1.4 Anwendung des Ablagerungssensors auf hinterlüftete Platten 63 6.1.5 Auswertung und Handlungsempfehlung für den Naturumlaufkessel 75 6.2 Bilanzierung überkritischer Kesselanlagen am Beispiel eines Braunkohle-befeuerten Kraftwerks 77 6.2.1 Das Kraftwerk 77 6.2.2 Vorhandene Messtechnik 79 6.2.3 Bilanzierungen mit Realdaten 80 6.2.4 Bewertung der Ergebnisse 85 6.2.5 Validierung der Ergebnisse 87 6.2.6 Bilanzierung der Verdampferwand mit dem Ablagerungssensor 89 6.2.7 Simulation mit realen Messwerten 95 6.2.8 Auswertung und Handlungsempfehlung für den überkritischen Dampferzeuger 101 7 Zusammenfassung und Ausblick 103 Literatur 105 Abbildungsverzeichnis 113 Tabellenverzeichnis 117 Anhang 118 A Berechnungsmethoden für die Bilanzmodelle 119 A.1 Vergasungsrechnung 119 A.2 Wärmeauskopplung nach Doležal 122 A.3 Berechnung von Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten 122 A.4 Berechnung der Umlaufzahl 124 A.5 Wärmeübergang wasserseitig 125 A.6 Widerstandsberechnung 129 B Ergebnisse aus der Bilanzierung des überkritischen Dampferzeugers 131 B.1 22.01.2020 3:46 Uhr 131 B.2 22.01.2020 7:30 Uhr 132 B.3 29.01.2020 17:20 Uhr 134 B.4 02.02.2020 15:38 Uhr 135 B.5 07.02.2020 12:11 Uhr 136 C Befehlsreferenzen für den Ablagerungssensor 139

Optimizing the operation and maintenance of wind turbines is crucial as the wind energy sector continues to expand. Predicting the mass imbalance of wind turbines, which can seriously damage the rotor blades, gearbox, and other components, is one of the key issues in this field. In this work, we propose a machine learning-based method for predicting the mass imbalance of wind turbines utilizing information from multiple sensors and monitoring systems. We collected data and trained the model from Adwen AD8 wind turbine model and evaluated on the real wind turbine SCADA data which is located at Fraunhofer IWES, Bremerhaven. The data included various parameters such as wind speed, blade root bending moments and rotor speed. We used this data to train and test machine learning classification models based on different algorithms, including extra-tree classifiers, support vector machines, and random forest. Our results showed that the machine learning models were able to predict the mass imbalance percentage of wind turbines with high accuracy. Particularly, the extra tree classifiers with blade root bending moments outperformed other research for multiclassification problem with an F1 score of 0.91 and an accuracy of 90%. Additionally, we examined the significance of various features in predicting the mass imbalance and observed that the rotor speed and blade root bending moments were the most crucial variables. Our research has significant effects for the wind energy sector since it offers a reliable and efficient way for predicting wind turbine mass imbalance. Wind farm operators can save maintenance costs, minimize downtime of wind turbines, and increase the lifespan of turbine components by identifying and eliminating mass imbalances. Also, further investigation will allow us to apply our method to different kinds of wind turbines, and it is simple to incorporate into current monitoring systems as it supports prediction without installing additional sensors. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of machine learning for predicting the percentage of mass imbalance of wind turbines. We believe that our approach can significantly benefit the wind energy industry and contribute to the development of sustainable energy sources.

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Patient monitoring equipment is evolving from smaller, less complex, installation systems to- wards large, complex, systems that require much resources. This led to the development of a new installation procedure involving a so called Delivery Center (DC). Introducing the DC instal- lation procedure affects all stakeholders, and this thesis aimed to assess how the DC installation procedure was perceived by those involved in it. It also investigated if there existed groupings among the participants who share points of views, and whether or not the DC should be kept. The study used Q-Methodology in order to retrieve opinions among employees at Philips who were involved in the installation of Philips patient monitoring equipment at New Karolinska Solna Phase 4. This study has shown that all involved persons to the DC installation procedure are positive to it. Although significant differences has been shown within the studied group, a positive atti- tude towards the concept of the DC has been found. The specific areas of quality management, environmental aspects, the work environment and the efficiency and utilizations of resources have been addressed. This study has also shown that within the participants of this study there exists three distinct groupings based on their opinions. The groups focuses respectively on processes, project planning and on the work environment. These groupings are shown to all have their own characteristics. Understanding them and taking them into consideration can likely make all participants more positive towards a future DC, and could also potentially make it even more efficient. The results shows that from the perspective of the involved stakeholders, a future DC should be kept, and it has also shown a number of areas where there is room for improvement. / Patientmonitoreringsutrustning håller på att utvecklas från mindre, låg-komplexa installation- ssystem mot större, komplexare, system som kräver mycket resurser. Detta har lett till utvecklin- gen av ett nytt installationsförfarande som involverar ett så kallat leveranscenter. Introduktionen av en leveranscenter-baserat installationsförfarande påverkar alla inblandade, och detta exam- ensarbete ämnade att utvärdera hur det leveranscenter-baserade installationsförfarandet upp- fattades av de involverade. Det undersökte också om det existerade grupper bland deltagarna som delar åsikter, och undersökte huruvida leveranscentret borde behållas. Arbetet använde Q-Methodology för att samla in åsikter bland alla de anstälda på Philips som var involverade i installationen av Philips patientmonitoreringsutrustning vid Nya Karolinska Solnas fas 4. Denna studie har visat att alla involverade personer i det leveranscenter-baserade installa- tionsförfarande är positivt inställda till det. Även om signifikanta skillnader bland de studerade grupperna har uppfattats, har en positiv attityd gentemot konceptet med leveranscentret hittats. De specifika områdena kvalitetshantering, miljöpåverkan, arbetsmiljö och effektivitet och uttnyt- jande av resurser har adresserats. Denna studie har också visat att det bland studiedeltagarna finns tre distinkta grupper baserat på åsikter. Grupperna fokuserar på processer, projektplaner- ing och arbetsmiljö. Grupparna har uppvisat egna karaktärsdrag. Förståelse för grupperna och att beakta dem kan troligen göra alla deltagarna än mer positiva gentemot ett framtida lever- anscenter, och även göra det effektivare. Resultaten visar att utifrån deltagarnas perspektiv att ett framtida leveranscenter bör behållas, och det visar även att det finns ett antal områden där det finns utvecklingspotential.

[ES] En la presente tesis doctoral se exponen los resultados obtenidos en el desarrollo inicial de un sistema multisensor, tipo lengua electrónica voltamétrica, para el control de la durabilidad de las estructuras de hormigón armado (EHA). Aunque los sistemas multisensores son ampliamente utilizados en diferentes ámbitos, como el del medio ambiente o de la industria alimentaria, su uso en las EHA es novedoso. Igualmente, resulta novedosa la utilización de sensores voltamétricos que, como se demuestra en esta tesis, son de gran eficacia en el análisis de parámetros relacionados con el deterioro del hormigón armado, mejorándose los modelos de durabilidad obtenidos a través de sensores potenciométricos. Todo ello, sin ser aumentada de manera inabordable la complejidad electrónica y computacional del sistema. El prototipo de lengua electrónica diseñado es un sistema de sensores híbridos que consta de cuatro electrodos de trabajo (Au, Ag, Ni e INOX). Se dice que es híbrido porque se usan técnicas tanto voltamétricas (voltametría cíclica) como impedimétricas (espectroscopia de impedancia). Se han utilizado metales nobles (Au y Ag), metales no nobles (Ni) y aleaciones de alta durabilidad (acero inoxidable) con el fin de obtener un comportamiento electroquímico más variado. En la fase previa al desarrollo del sistema se seleccionaron los metales a utilizar en los sensores que formarían parte del sistema multisensor. Para ello se realizó un número ingente de ensayos con distintos metales (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni y INOX), tanto en disolución (simulando las condiciones de disolución de poro del hormigón), como en hormigón, con el fin de ser seleccionados aquellos metales de cuya respuesta se pudiera extraer una mayor información. Una vez finalizada la fase previa se estudió la respuesta aislada de cada uno de los metales seleccionados (Au, Ag, Ni e INOX), dividiéndose el estudio en 3 fases: ¿ Fase 1. Estudio en disolución: se analizaron los procesos que tienen lugar sobre la superficie del electrodo en disoluciones que simulaban distintas circunstancias que se pueden dar en el hormigón (variación de la disponibilidad de O2, variación del pH y presencia del anión cloro). Los resultados obtenidos se compararon con los encontrados en literatura. ¿ Fase 2. Estudios hechos con el sensor embebido en hormigones convencionales sin adiciones. Se embebieron sensores voltamétricos en hormigones convencionales de distinta relación agua/cemento. Seguidamente, se analizaron las probetas bajo distintas circunstancias que tuvieran influencia en el desencadenamiento y cinética de los procesos de corrosión como son: o Variaciones en la disponibilidad de O2 y H2O. o Carbonatación del hormigón. o Presencia de Cl-. ¿ Fase 3. Se desarrollaron modelos que permitieran identificar variaciones en parámetros relacionados con el deterioro del hormigón armado o estimar y predecir el parámetro de interés. Terminado el estudio de la respuesta aislada de los cuatro sensores, se procedió a evaluar la respuesta cruzada de los sensores siguiendo los protocolos propios de las lenguas electrónicas. Tras analizar y comparar las respuestas aisladas y cruzadas de los sensores, se propuso una rutina de trabajo que en un futuro ayude a optimizar los recursos, tanto operacionales como de fabricación, utilizados en el sistema. Para finalizar, se hizo un estudio inicial para tratar de mejorar la autonomía del sistema, evaluando el efecto producido al simplificar la configuración de celda, reduciendo el número de electrodos de tres a dos. / [CA] En la present tesi doctoral s'exposen els resultats obtinguts en el desenvolupament inicial d'un sistema multisensor, tipus llengua electrònica voltamètrica, pel control de la durabilitat de les estructures de formigó armat (EFA). Encara que l'ús d'aquest tipus de sistema està molt expandit en l'àmbit del medi ambient i de la indústria alimentària, el seu ús en les EFAs és molt nou. Igualment, resulta nova la utilització de sensors voltamètrics, que com és demostra en aquesta tesi, són de gran eficàcia en la determinació de les condicions del formigó armat, millorant-se considerablement els models de durabilitat obtinguts mitjançant sensors potenciomètrics. Tot això, sense augmentar la complexitat electrònica i computacional del sistema d'una forma inabordable. El prototip dissenyat de llengua electrònica és un sistema de sensors híbrids compost per quatre elèctrodes de treball (Au, Ag, Ni i acer inoxidable). Es diu que és híbrid perquè en el sistema de sensors s'utilitzen tècniques voltamètriques i impedimètriques. S'han utilitzat metalls nobles (Au i Ag), metalls no nobles (Ni) i aliatges d'alta durabilitat (acer inoxidable). Amb la finalitat d'obtindre un comportament electroquímic més variat. En la fase prèvia al desenvolupament del sistema, es van seleccionar els metalls a utilitzar en els sensors que formarien part del sistema multisensor. Per a això es va realitzar una quantitat ingent d'assajos amb diferents metalls (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni i acer inoxidable), tant en dissolució com en formigó, amb l'objectiu de seleccionar aquells metalls dels quals es poguera aconseguir més informació amb la seua resposta. Una vegada finalitzada aquesta fase prèvia, es va estudiar la resposta aïllada de cadascun dels metalls seleccionats (Au, Ag, Ni i acer inoxidable). L'estudi es va dividir en tres fases: ¿ Fase 1. Estudis en dissolució: es van analitzar els processos duts a terme sobre la superfície de l'elèctrode en dissolucions que simulaven diferents circumstàncies que es poden donar en el formigó (variació de la disponibilitat d' O2, variació de pH i presència de l'anió clor). Els resultats obtinguts es van comparar amb els trobats en la literatura. ¿ Fase 2. Estudis fets amb els sensors embeguts en formigó: es van embeure els sensors voltamètrics en formigons convencionals de diferent relació aigua/ciment i sense adicions. A continuació, es van analitzar les provetes sota diferents circumstàncies que tingueren influència en el desencadenament i cinètica dels processos com són: o Variacions en la disponibilitat d' O2 i H2O. o Carbonatació del formigó. o Presencia de Cl-. ¿ Fase 3. Desenvolupament de models que possibiliten identificar variacions en paràmetres relacionats amb el deteriorament del formigó armat o estimar i predir el paràmetre d'interès. Finalitzat l'estudi de la resposta aïllada dels quatre sensors, es va avaluar la resposta creuada mitjançant protocols propis de les llengües electròniques (PCA i PLS). Després d'analitzar i comparar les respostes aïllades i creuades dels sensors, es va proposar una rutina de treball que un futur ajude a optimitzar els recursos, tant operacionals com de fabricació, utilitzats al sistema. Per acabar, es va fer un estudi inicial per a tractar de millorar l'autonomia del sistema, avaluant l'efecte produït al simplificar la configuració de cel·la, reduint el nombre d'elèctrodes de tres a dos. / [EN] In this thesis the results obtained in the development of a multisensor system, known as electronic voltametric tongue, for the reinforcement concrete structures' (RCS) durability control are exposed. Although the use of this multisensor system is widespread in different fields such as: the food industry and environmental control, its use in RCS monitoring is very novel. It is equally novel the use of voltametric sensors, this kind of sensors are very efficient in determining concrete conditions, improving the durability models obtained through potentiometric sensors, all without overly increasing the system's electronic and computational complexity The electronic tongue prototype designed is a hybrid sensor system made up of four working electrodes (Au, Ag, Ni and stainless steel). It has been referred to as hybrid because in the system voltametric and impedimetric electrochemical techniques are used. Noble metals (Au and Ag), non-noble metals (Ni) and high-durability alloys (stainless steel) have also been used with the purpose of achieving a more varied electrochemical behaviour. In the previous development phase of the system, the metals involved in the development of the electronic tongue were selected. In order to do this, a variety of tests with different metals were performed (Ir, Rh, Pt, Au, Ag, W, Ni and SS), in both dissolution (different concrete pore solution conditions were simulated) and hardened concrete. This allowed us to choose the metals which responses contained the most information. The next steps focused on the study of the selected sensors isolated response: ¿ Phase 1: simulation of concrete pore solution in dissolution systems. The results were compared with those already existing in the bibliography. ¿ Phase 2: studies with the sensors embedded in different standard concretes without additions. The samples were tested in different conditions involved in the rebars corrosion kinetics (variations in O2 and humidity availability, concrete carbonation and chlorides presence). ¿ Phase 3: Development of estimation models for the parameters of interest. After finishing the study of the isolated sensors' response, a cross-evaluation of their response was performed using typical protocols used in the electronic tongues (i.e. PCA and PLS). After analysing and comparing the isolated and crossed sensor's response, an optimized multisensory routine work was proposed which could, in the future, help optimize the resources used in the system. Finally, a study was carried out to improve the system's autonomy, in which the repercussion of the cell configuration simplification by means of the removal of the reference electrode was evaluated. / La autora quiere expresar su agradecimiento al Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte por la beca predoctoral FPU 16/00723 / Martínez Ibernón, A. (2023). Lenguas electrónicas para la evaluación de la durabilidad de estructuras de hormigón armado y el seguimiento de la corrosión [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/192263

This paper investigates how audio monitoring systems should be designed, in the context of smart cities and in accordance with Swedish legislation. Audio monitoring for smart cities is promising and have previously shown great potential. However its opportunities are still relatively unexplored. ShotSpotter is one of several examples of audio monitoring in the context of smart cities. In the US only, the system has successfully been used to alert and locate shootings in over 90 cities. However, the technology is surrounded by controversies and there has been debate whether audio monitoring systems are compatible with law. Compatibility is critical since incompatibility could result in severe sanctions. Research related to this paper has been conducted according to the Design Science research strategy. The research resulted in design guidelines for audio monitoring systems, for law enforcement purposes, in accordance with Swedish law. The design guidelines are based upon existing audio monitoring systems, previous research and empirical data. The empirical data consists of 12 interviews with experts in law, phonetics and digital forensics. Additionally, the design guidelines have been evaluated by an expert in a criteria-based evaluation interview. Results of the research shows that it is, in fact, possible to design audio monitoring systems, in the context of smart cities, in accordance with Swedish legislation. The design guidelines can be applied in the development of audio monitoring systems with law enforcement purposes. With some modification, they can also be used for audio monitoring systems with other purposes. / Uppsatsen syftar till att undersöka hur ljudövervakningssystem inom ramen för smarta städer- konceptet bör utformas i enlighet med svensk lagstiftning. Ljudövervakning för smarta städer har visat på stor potential och ännu är dess möjligheter outforskade. ShotSpotter är ett av flera exempel på ljudövervakning inom ramen för smarta städer. Systemet har med framgång använts för att uppmärksamma och lokalisera skottlossningar i över 90 amerikanska städer. Det råder dock debatt huruvida ljudövervakningssystemet är kompatibelt med lagstiftning. Denna kompatibilitet är kritisk då det motsatta kan resultera i stränga påföljder och därmed utgöra direkta hinder för implementation. Forskning i relation till uppsatsen har genomförts inom ramen för forskningsstrategin Design Science. Forskningsprocessen har mynnat ut i designriktlinjer för hur ett ljudövervakningssystem med brottsbekämpande syfte bör utformas i enlighet med svensk lagstiftning. Designriktlinjerna baseras på befintliga ljudövervakningssystem, tidigare forskning och omfattande empiriskt underlag. Det empiriska underlaget utgörs av 12 intervjuer med olika typer av experter inom juridik, fonetik och IT- forensik. Designriktlinjerna har med framgång utvärderats i en kriteriebaserad expertintervju. Av forskningsresultatet att döma är det möjligt att utforma ljudövervakningssystem för smarta städer i enlighet med svensk lagstiftning. De framtagna designriktlinjerna kan användas vid utveckling av ljudövervakningssystem med brottsbekämpande syfte. Med viss modifikation kan de även användas för ljudövervakningssystem med andra syften.

[pt] Calibrações manuais periódicas asseguram o funcionamento correto de um instrumento durante certo período de tempo, mas não garantem que sensores defeituosos permaneçam calibrados por outros períodos, além de eventualmente serem desnecessárias. Em plantas industriais, a análise dos sinais fornecidos pelos sensores que monitoram os processos de produção é uma tarefa difícil em virtude da grande dimensão dos dados. Portanto, uma estratégia de monitoramento e correção online para múltiplos sensores se faz necessária. Este trabalho propõe a utilização de dois modelos: um que emprega Redes Neurais Auto-Associativas com Treinamento Robusto Modificado (RNAAM), e outro que emprega o Teste Seqüencial da Razão de Probabilidade (SPRT) e Lógica Fuzzy. Esses modelos são aplicados em um sistema de monitoramento para auto-correção online e auto-validação das medições realizadas por um grande número de sensores. Diferentemente dos modelos existentes, o sistema proposto faz uso de apenas uma RNAAM para reconstruir os sinais dos sensores com falha. Além disso, os estados do sensor e do modelo de auto-correção são validados por meio dos módulos de confiabilidade e de classificação, respectivamente. Para avaliação do modelo, faz-se uso de uma base de dados com medidas de sensores industriais que controlam e realizam o monitoramento de um motor de combustão interna, instalado em um caminhão de mineração. Os resultados obtidos mostram a capacidade do modelo proposto de mapear e corrigir, com um baixo nível de erro, os sinais dos sensores que apresentam falhas, além de fornecer ao especialista uma ferramenta para a realização de cronogramas de revisão de sensores. / [en] Periodical manual calibrations assure the correct operation of an instrument for a certain period of time, but do not guarantee that faulty sensors remain calibrated for other periods, besides being occasionally unnecessary. In industrial plants the analysis of signals from sensors that monitor a plant is a difficult task due to the high-dimensionality of data. Therefore an online strategy for monitoring and correcting multiple sensors is required. This work proposes the use of two models: one that employs Auto Associative Neural Networks with a Modified Robust Training, and another that employs the Sequential Probability Ratio Test (SPRT) and Fuzzy Logic. These models are applied to an online monitoring system for self-correction and selfvalidation of measurements generated by a large number of sensors. Unlike existing models, the proposed system makes use of only one AANN to reconstruct signals from faulty sensors. Moreover, the states of the sensor and of the self correction model are validated through the reliability and classification modules, respectively. The model is evaluated with a database containing measurements of industrial sensors that control and carry out the monitoring of an internal combustion engine installed in a mining truck. Experimental results show the ability of the proposed model to map and correct signals from faulty sensors with a low error, and to provide a tool for sensor review scheduling.

[pt] Esta tese trata do desenvolvimento de sensores para a monitoração do fluxo de campo magnético utilizando fibras ópticas. A principal motivação reside no uso destes sensores no control da condição de hidrogeradores. Duas tecnologias de sensoriamento com fibras ópticas são exploradas. A primeira baseia-se no uso de redes de Bragg e a segunda no emprego de interferômetros modais em fibras ópticas microestruturadas que apresentam alta birefringência. Em ambos os casos as fibras são recobertas por uma camada de material compósito magnetoestrictivo, que responde ao campo magnético deformando-se. Esta deformação é transferida para a rede de Bragg ou para a fibra microestruturada, produzindo uma resposta dependente do campo magnético. Os sensores desenvolvidos são leves e compactos. O sensor baseado em redes de Bragg, de formato cilíndrico com 1,5 mm de diâmetro e 7 mm de comprimento, passou por testes estáticos em campos magnéticos de até 750 mT tendo apresentado uma resolução de 0,3 mT. Testes dinâmicos foram realizados em um rotor de bancada desbalanceado e os resultados obtidos comparados com os fornecidos por um sensor magnético de efeito Hall mostrando excelente concordância. O sensor a fibra óptica interferométrico foi caracterizado estaticamente, tendo apresentado uma sensibilidade ao campo magnético duas vezes superior à do sensor baseado em redes de Bragg. / [en] This work explores the use of optical fiber sensors for the measurement of magnetic fields. In focus are applications in the condition monitoring of hydrogenerators, in particular for the measurement of the air gap, which consists in the space between rotor and stator of the synchronous machine. Two different fiber optic sensing principles were employed to develop magnetic field sensors. The first was based on fiber Bragg gratings and the second on an in-fiber modal interferometer, where the two orthogonally polarized modes of a high birefringent microstructured fiber generate fringes over the optical spectrum of a broad band source. In both cases, the fibers are coated by a thick layer of a magnetostrictive composite that deforms due to changes in its magnetization state. Strains in the coating are transferred to the fiber and measured by the sensor. The developed sensors are light and compact. The Bragg grating magnetic field sensor is cylindrical in shape with diameter of 1.5 mm and 7 mm long. The sensor was tested at magnetic fields of up to 750 mT under static conditions. The resolution achieved with a commercial interrogator was estimated at 0.4 mT. Dynamic tests were carried out in a laboratory rotor that presented a magnetic unbalance of approximately 7 percent in one of its four poles. Results were compared with a Hall Effect sensor showing excellent agreement. The interferometric sensor was characterized and results of static tests demonstrated that its sensibility to changes in the magnetic field is twice that of the sensor based on Bragg gratings.