The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a cubic kilometre scale detector for high-energy neutrinos above hundreds of GeV produced in Earth’s atmosphere as well as outside our solar system whenever particles are accelerated to ultra-relativistic energies. The prompt atmospheric contribution is a result of the creation of heavy mesons with charm components in the atmosphere. Past studies from IceCube using a maximum likelihood estimation over the whole neutrino energy spectrum always reported a best-fit zero prompt contribution so far [1–5], contrary to theory [6, 7]. In this analysis we tried to measure this prompt atmospheric flux in muon neutrino event data from different IceCube releases. In contrast to past studies we performed a binned least-squares fit of the conventional atmospheric flux from data at low energies and subtracted this fit and an astrophysical flux reported by IceCube to measure a prompt contribution. Due to a lack of statistics and accessible information from data releases, our results are also compatible with a zero prompt contribution.

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse contraignent la masse des neutrinos dans le contexte de 4 modèles de matière noire en utilisant le spectre de puissance du flux transmit dans les forêts Lyman-alpha des quasars distants. Les neutrinos laissent une emprunte sur les grandes structures dans l'Univers à travers l'échelle à laquelle ils diffusent, qui se manifeste comme un déficit de fluctuations de densité de matière sur des distances inversement proportionnelles à leur masse. De l'ordre de quelques Mpc, ces échelles peuvent être sondées par les forêts Ly-$alpha$ qui tracent la densité d'hydrogène neutre atomique suivant la ligne de visée du quasar en arrière-plan. J'utilise le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$ construit grâce à deux relevés de grandes structures:les $13,821$ spectres optiques de quasars basse-résolution de la 9ème publication des données du SDSS/BOSS à 12 redshifts de $langle z rangle = 2.2$ à $4.4$; ainsi que la centaine de spectres de quasar haute-résolution du relevé XQ-100 du VLT à $langle z rangle = 3.20, 3.56$ et $3.93$. Ces deux relevés nous permettent de sonder les échelles de $k geqslant 0.001~s/mathrm{km}$ à $k leqslant 0.02$ et $k leqslant 0.07~ s/mathrm{km}$ respectivement.Modéliser le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$ nécessite résoudre le régime non-linéaire de formation des structure et modéliser le gaz inter-galactique dans les simulations cosmologiques hydrodynamiques destinées à cet effet. Je contrôle pour plusieurs incertitudes systématiques liées à ces simulations. Dans un premier temps, je quantifie la variance d'échantillonnage à l'aide de simulations tournées avec différentes conditions initiales. Dans un second temps, je teste la validité d'une méthode permettant de construire le spectre de puissance à partir de simulations plus petites et moins résolues. Pour ce, j'ai tourné une simulation évoluant $2 times 2048^3$ particules de matière noire et de baryons dans un covolume de $(100~h^{-1}mathrm{Mpc})^3$. Ce travail a permit à notre groupe d'améliorer les contraintes sur la masse des neutrinos de $sum m_nu < 0.15~mathrm{eV}$ établie précédemment à $sum m_nu < 0.12~mathrm{eV}$ à $95%$ de vraisemblance. J'ai ensuite tourné mes efforts vers l'implémentation de neutrinos stériles en tant qu'un candidat matière noire non-froide dans les simulations. En particulier, j'ai produit les contraintes les plus fortes (au moment de la publication) sur la masse des neutrinos stériles en tant que matière noire tiède: $m_nu lesssim 25~mathrm{keV}$ à $95%$ de vraisemblance. J'ai étendu l'étude dans le contexte d'une matière noire mixte et contraint l'abondance relative de la composante tiède par rapport à la froide. Enfin, j'ai complété ce travail en permettant une résonance dans la production des neutrinos stériles, réduisant ainsi leur échelle caractéristique de diffusion et refroidissant la matière tiède qu'ils incorporent. A ce but, j'ai initié une collaboration avec une équipe de physiciens théoriques impliqués dans les recherches astrophysiques de ces neutrinos stériles dits produits par résonance dans des objets riches en matière noire. Notre jeune collaboration a établi les premières contraintes sur leur masse en utilisant le spectre de puissance Ly-$alpha$. / In the work presented in this thesis, I use the power spectrum of the transmitted flux in the Lyman-alpha (Ly-$alpha$) forest of distant quasars to constrain the mass of cosmological neutrinos in the context of four seperate projects. Neutrinos leave a signature imprint on large scale structures in the Universe through their free-streaming, which manifests as a deficit of matter density fluctuations on typical length scales that are inversely proportional to their rest mass. This typical free-streeming scale, of order a few Mpc, can be probed by Ly-$alpha$ forests which are imprints of the neutral atomic Hydrogen density along the background quasar's line-of-sight. I use the Ly-$alpha$ flux power spectrum from mainly two large scale structure surveys: the $13,821$ low-resolution quasar spectra from the ninth data release of SDSS (BOSS) in 12 redshift bins from $langle z rangle = 2.2$ to $4.4$; and the $100$ high-resolution quasar spectra from the XQ-100 survey (of the VLT's XShooter spectrograph) in 3 redshift bins, $langle z rangle = 3.20, 3.56$ and $3.93$. This enables us to probe scales from $k geqslant 0.001~s/mathrm{km}$ to $k leqslant 0.02$ and $k leqslant 0.07~ s/mathrm{km}$ respectively.Modeling the flux power spectrum requires solving the non-linear regime of structure formation and the intergalactic gas in the cosmological hydrodynamics simulations that are used to that effect. I controlled for several of many systematic uncertainties related to the simulations. First, I ran simulations with different initial conditions to quantify the sampling variance. I then tested the accuracy of a splicing technique that we use to construct the flux power spectrum from lower size and lower resolution simulations. This required producing a complete run of a $(100~h^{-1}mathrm{Mpc})^3$ comoving cube containing $2 times 2048^3$ dark matter particles and baryons. This enabled our working group to enhance the previously established constraints on the sum of neutrino masses from $sum m_nu < 0.15~mathrm{eV}$ to the most stringent constraint to date $sum m_nu < 0.12~mathrm{eV}$ with $95%$ confidence. I then worked on implementing right-handed neutrinos in non-cold dark matter cosmological frameworks. A substancial amount of work has gone into applying plausible initial conditions that would accurately model the free-streaming effect of these types of particles. I put the most stringest constraints (at the time of publication) on the mass of non-resonantly produced sterile neutrinos as pure warm dark matter candidates, $m_nu lesssim 25~mathrm{keV}$ at $95%$ confidence. I extended this investigation into a mixed warm plus cold dark matter cosmology. Finally, I implement right-handed neutrinos produced in presence of a lepton asymmetry which boosts their production and lowers their free-streaming scale. I started a collaboration with a team of theoretical physicists involved in searching for astrophysical evidence for the existance of such resonantly-produced right-handed neutrinos in dark matter rich systems. Our new-born collaboration has enabled the first ever constraints on their mass using the Ly-$alpha$ forest power spectrum.

Cette thèse est dédiée à l’étude de la violation CP dans les processus ūd→tb̄ e⁻ μ⁻ et W⁻→ l-1 l-2 (q′¯ q)⁺. Il y a des expériences qui cherchent à identifier ces processus au grand collisionneur de hadrons, ou LHC (Large Hadron Collider). Une conséquence de l’observation de ces désintégrations impliquait une brisure de la conservation du nombre leptonique, car ∆L = 2. Si le neutrino est de type Majorana, il est sa propre antiparticule et on peut observer la double désintégration bêta sans émission de neutrino (0νββ). Ce processus est caractérisé par ∆L = 2. Si nous observons des processus similaires à 0νββ, ∆L = 2, au LHC, il y a aussi la possibilité de chercher la violation CP. La mesure de ce type de violation CP nous donnerait des informations sur de la Nouvelle Physique (NP) qui ne pourraient pas être facilement obtenues autrement. Il existe trois types de violation CP : directe, indirecte et cinématique (produit triple). Ce travail relève essentiellement mes études sur deux processus de violation CP, l’un direct et l’autre produit triple. Elles sont présentées dans deux articles qui sont inclus dans cette thèse. Le premier article est consacré au produit triple dans le processus : ūd→tb̄ e⁻ μ⁻ . Le modèle que nous avons considéré n’implique pas de neutrino de Majorana. À l’aide de MadGraph, nous avons étudié la violation CP pour les deux processus mentionnés pour deux versions du LHC, haute luminosité HL-LHC (14 TeV) et haute énergie HE-LHC (27 TeV),et pour un futur collisionneur FCC-hh (100 TeV). Nous trouvons que le produit triple n’est pas mesurable au HL-LHC, peut être mesurable au HE-LHC, et est certainement mesurable au FCC-hh. Dans le deuxième article, nous avons examiné comment générer la violation CP avec des neutrinos droitiers. Le deuxième article porte sur l’étude de la violation CP directe dans la désintégration W⁻→ l-1 l-2 (q′¯ q)⁺ en impliquant deux neutrinos N1 et N 2. Nous avons trouvé que la valeur de l’asymétrie CP peut être mesurée avec une précision de 3σ et que 0.1% ≤ ACP ≤ 10%. / This thesis is dedicated to the study of CP violation in these processes ūd→tb̄ e⁻ μ⁻ et W⁻→ l-1 l-2 (q′¯ q)⁺. There are experiments which search to identify these processes at the "Large Hadron Collider" (LHC). The outcome of the observation of these decays would imply violation of lepton number conservation, ∆L = 2. If the neutrino is a Majorana particle, it is its own antiparticle and we can observe processes that violate the conservation of the lepton number, ∆L = 2. The neutrinoless double beta decay (0νββ), is a process which is characterized by ∆L = 2, occurs when the neutrinos are Majorana particles. If we observe 0νββ-like processes at the LHC, there is also the possibility of looking for CP violation. Measuring this type of CP violation would give us information about New Physics that could not be easily obtained using other methods. There are three types of CP violation, namely: direct, indirect and kinematic (triple product). This research presents studies concerning direct and triple product CP violation. The first paper is devoted to triple products in the process: ūd→tb̄ e⁻ μ⁻. In addition, the model considered does not involve a Majorana neutrino. Using MadGraph, we have numerically studied and evaluated the CP violation for the two mentioned processes for three types of accelerators: high luminosity HL-LHC (14 TeV), high energy HE-LHC (27 TeV) and for a future FCC-hh collider (100 TeV). We found that the triple product is not measurable at the HL-LHC, may be measurable at HE-LHC, and is certainly measurable at FCC-hh. In the second article, we investigated to see how to generate CP violation with right-handed neutrinos. The second article is on the study of direct CP violation the decay W⁻→ l-1 l-2 (q′¯ q)⁺ by involving two neutrinos N1and N2. It is also observed that the value of CP asymmetry can be measured with an accuracy of 3σ and as 0.1% ≤ ACP ≤ 10%.

Neutrino telescopes such as IceCube monitor for low-energy neutrinos O(10 MeV) produced in nuclear processes during core-collapse in supernovae. The detection horizon to the neutrino burst is 50 kpc, the distance to the Magellanic Clouds. However, this limits the number of supernovae accessible through low-energy neutrino detection, as the Galactic rate is only <img src="http://www.diva-portal.org/cgi-bin/mimetex.cgi?%5Csim" data-classname="equation" data-title="" />2 per century. Some models predict the production of high-energy O(&gt;GeV) neutrinos through acceleration mechanisms, such as the ejecta colliding with the circumstellar material or relativistic jets in the stellar envelope. This thesis examines how these high-energy neutrinos could be exploited with neutrino telescopes like IceCube to extend the detection horizon to core-collapse supernovae past the Magellanic clouds. To examine the detection horizon for IceCube, we use two data samples, one utilizing muon tracks which provide good sensitivity in the northern sky, and the other all flavor starting events, which provide good sensitivity in the southern sky. We demonstrate that extending the reach past 50 kpc and well into the 10s of Mpc is possible, where the expected rate is more than two core-collapse supernovae per year.

Das IceCube Neutrino Observatory ist das größte Neutrinoteleskop der Welt und befindet sich am Südpol. IceCube hat im Jahr 2013 einen isotropen Fluss astrophysikalischer Neutrinos entdeckt, aber ihre Herkunft bleibt größtenteils unbekannt. Das Ziel dieser Doktorarbeit ist es, nach den Quellen der energiereichsten Neutrinoereignisse zu suchen, die von IceCube detektiert wurden. Diese sogenannten ‘Neutrino Alert’- Ereignisse sind höchstwahrscheinlich astrophysikalischen Ursprungs. Diese Arbeit präsentiert die Ergebnisse der ersten IceCube Analyse, die nach Korrelationen zwischen einem Katalog von ‘Neutrino Alert’-Ereignisse und potenziellen Quellen sucht. Zwei Quellenklassen werden untersucht: Gammastrahlen-Blazare aus dem Fermi-LAT 4LAC-DR2-Katalog und radiohelle Aktive Galaktische Kerne aus dem RFC 2022a-Katalog. Beide Klassen wurden in vielen theoretischen Modellen als Neutrinoquellen vorgeschlagen. Sowohl aufgrund der extremen Beschleunigung, die in ihnen stattfindet, als auch der hohen Dichte ihrer umgebenden Materie. Um den Beitrag jeder Quelle im Katalog zum gesamten Ergebnis zu quantifizieren, wird ein Gewicht angewendet. Dieses Gewicht hängt vom Modell des Neutrinoproduktionsmechanismus ab. Für den Fermi-LAT 4LAC-DR2-Katalog werden zwei Gewichtungsschemata betrachtet: der normalisierte 10-Jahres-Durchschnittsenergiefluss in Gammastrahlen und der normalisierte Energiefluss im 1-Monats-Zeitintervall, das mit der Ankunftszeit des Neutrinos zusammenfällt. Für den RFC 2022a-Katalog werden die Quellen nach der Flussdichte gewichtet, die über VLBI-Bilder bei 8,6 GHz integriert ist. Es wurde keine signifikante Neutrinoemission in einer der drei Katalogsuchen festgestellt. Dieses Ergebnis ist mit einem kleinen Anteil von Quellen (< 1%), die Neutrinos hoher Energie emittieren, vereinbar. Als Teil dieser Doktorarbeit wird die Auswirkung von systematischen Unsicherheiten auf die Winkelrekon- struktion von ‘Neutrino Alert’-Ereignissen untersucht. Zwei Datensätze simulierter Ereignisse wurden erstellt, die eine Methode verwenden, die sicherstellt, dass alle Ereignisse innerhalb jeder definierten Kategorie ähnlich sind. Diese Ereignisse werden dann mit dem Algorithmus rekonstruiert, der für ‘Neutrino Alert’-Ereignisse angewendet wird. Die Ergebnisse dieser Studien zeigen, dass eine robusterer Umgang mit den systematischen Unsicherheiten erforderlich ist, da die Unsicherheitskonturen, die mit der aktuellen Methode berechnet werden, nicht den erwarteten Vertrauensniveaus für einzelne Ereignisse entsprechen. Darüber hinaus ermöglicht diese Arbeit zum ersten Mal einen direkten Vergleich mit anderen Rekonstruktionsalgorithmen, die eine bessere Winkelauslösung bei einem Bruchteil der Rechenkosten erreichen. / The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is the largest neutrino telescope in the world, located at the South Pole. IceCube discovered an all-sky isotropic flux of astrophysical neutrinos in 2013, but their origin remains mostly unknown. The goal of this thesis is to identify the sources of the most energetic neutrino events detected by IceCube. These so-called neutrino alert events are very likely to be of astrophysical origin. This work is the first analysis performed in IceCube that searches for correlations between a catalog of neutrino alert events and potential sources. Two source classes are considered, gamma-ray blazars from the Fermi-LAT 4LAC-DR2 catalog and radio-bright Active Galactic Nuclei from the RFC 2022a catalog. Both classes have been suggested as neutrino emitters in many theoretical models due to the extreme acceleration that happens inside and the high density of their surrounding matter. To quantify the contribution of each source in the catalog to the final result, a weight is applied. This weight depends on the model of the neutrino production mechanism. For the Fermi-LAT 4LAC-DR2 catalog, two weighting schemes are considered: the normalized 10-year average energy flux in gamma rays, and the normalized energy flux in the 1-month time bin that coincides with the neutrino arrival time. For the RFC 2022a catalog, the sources are weighted by the flux density integrated over VLBI images at 8.6 GHz. There is no significant neutrino emission in any of the three searches. This result is compatible with a small fraction of sources (< 1%) emitting neutrino alert events. As part of this thesis, the impact of systematic uncertainties on the angular reconstruction of neutrino alert events is studied. Two datasets of simulated events were created using a method that ensures the similarity of all events within each defined category. These events are then reconstructed with the algorithm that is applied to neutrino alert events. The results from these studies prove that a more robust treatment of the systematic uncertainties is needed, since the uncertainty contours calculated with the current method do not correspond to the expected confidence levels for individual events. Furthermore, this work enables a direct comparison to other reconstruction algorithms for the first time, revealing that these alternative methods achieve better angular resolution at a fraction of the computational cost.

Das IceCube Neutrino Observatorium ist ein km^3-großes Neutrinoteleskop und befindet sich am geographischen Südpol. Das Ziel des Experiments ist es, kosmische Neutrinos nachzuweisen. Es wird erwartet, dass solche Neutrinos in Wechselwirkungen von hochenergetischer kosmischer Strahlung mit Materie oder Photonen in der Nähe ihrer Beschleunigungsumgebung entstehen. Der erste Nachweis für einen Fluss von kosmischen Neutrinos wurde von der IceCube-Kollaboration erbracht. Der Ursprung des Flusses ist noch nicht bekannt, dennoch können die Eigenschaften der Quellen durch eine Messung des Energiespektrums und der Zusammensetzung aus Elektron-, Muon-, und Tau-Neutrinos des Flusses eingeschränkt werden. Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt die erste umfassende Analyse von Daten des IceCube-Experiments im Hinblick auf diese Eigenschaften des Flusses dar. Hierfür wurden mehrere Datensätze kombiniert und gemeinsam analysiert. Es wurden experimentell beobachtete Verteilungen von rekonstruierter Energie, Zenithwinkel und Teilchen-Signatur mit Modellverteilungen angepasst. Unter der Annahme, dass der Fluss isotrop ist und zu gleichen Teilen aus allen Neutrino-Flavors besteht, wird das Spektrum durch ein Potenzgesetz mit Normalisierung (6.7_{-1.2}^{+1.1})x10^{-18}GeV^{-1}s^{-1}sr^{-1}cm^{-2} bei 100 TeV und spektralem Index -2.50+-0.09 zwischen Neutrino-Energien von 25 TeV und 2.8 PeV gut beschrieben. Ein spektraler Index von -2 kann mit einer Signifikanz von 3.8 Standardabweichungen ausgeschlossen werden. Die Flavor-Zusammensetzung ist kompatibel mit Erwartungen für Standard-Prozesse der Neutrino-Produktion. Die ausschließliche Produktion von Elektron-Neutrinos kann hingegen mit einer Signifikanz von 3.6 Standardabweichungen ausgeschlossen werden. Unter der Annahme, dass die Neutrino-Flavor während der Propagation von den Quellen zur Erde durch Standard-Neutrino-Oszillationen transformiert werden, beträgt der gemessene Anteil an Elektron-Neutrinos an der Erde (18+-11)%. / The IceCube Neutrino Observatory is a km^3-sized neutrino telescope located at the geographical South Pole. Its primary purpose is the detection of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. Such neutrinos are expected to be produced in interactions of high-energy cosmic rays with ambient matter or photons close to their acceleration sites. The IceCube Collaboration has reported the first evidence for a flux of high-energy cosmic neutrinos. While the origin of the flux remains unknown so far, the properties of its sources can be constrained by measuring its energy spectrum and its composition of electron, muon, and tau neutrinos. The present work constitutes the first comprehensive analysis of IceCube data with respect to these principal characteristics of the flux. Several data sets were assembled and simultaneously studied in a combined analysis. Experimentally observed distributions of reconstructed energy, zenith angle and particle signature were fitted with model distributions. Assuming the cosmic neutrino flux to be isotropic and to consist of equal flavors at Earth, the all-flavor spectrum is well described by a power law with normalization (6.7_{-1.2}^{+1.1})x10^{-18}GeV^{-1}s^{-1}sr^{-1}cm^{-2} at 100 TeV and spectral index -2.50+-0.09 for neutrino energies between 25 TeV and 2.8 PeV. A spectral index of -2 is disfavored with a significance of 3.8 standard deviations. The flavor composition is compatible with that expected for standard neutrino production processes at the sources. However, a scenario in which only electron neutrinos are produced is disfavored with a significance of 3.6 standard deviations. Assuming that standard neutrino oscillations transform the neutrino flavors during propagation from the sources to the Earth, the measured fraction of electron neutrinos at Earth is (18+-11)%.

Diese Dissertation untersucht den Ursprung der hochenergetischen Neutrinos, welche das IceCube-Observatorium am Südpol seit einer Dekade detektiert. Sie stellt das junge Feld der Neutrino-Astronomie vor und beschreibt das systematische Follow-Up-Programm für hochenergetische Neutrinos, das wir seit vier Jahren mit der Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) durchführen, einem optischen Teleskop. Ein wesentliches Resultat ist die Identifikation des astrophysikalischen Objekts AT2019fdr als mögliche Quelle eines hochenergetischen Neurinos. Dieses Objekt wird im Detail untersucht; so werden Daten quer durch das elektromagnetische Spektrum zusammengetragen und analysiert. Basierend auf diesen Beobachtungen und einer Modellierung der Lichtkurve komme ich zu dem Schluss, dass AT2019fdr ein sogenanntes Tidal Disruption Event (TDE) darstellt, wenn auch ein ungewöhnliches. Die Wahrscheinlichkeit, dass eine solche Assoziation nur Zufall ist, liegt bei 0.034 %, wenn man eine weitere TDE-Neutrino-Assoziation mit einberechnet. Weiterhin diskutiere ich das Infrarot-Staubecho von diesem Objekt im Zusammenhang mit zwei weiteren Assoziationen von möglichen TDEs mit hochenergetischen Neutrinos, die ebenfalls ein solches Staubecho aufweisen. Diese Studie wird begleitet von der Erstellung des ZTF nuclear sample, der ersten systematischen Sammlung innerhalb des ZTF-Datensatzes von solchen astrophysikalischen Ereignissen, die sich nahe dem Nukleus ihrer Wirtsgalaxie ereignen. Eines der Ziele dieser Untersuchung war es, die Zahl der TDEs zu vergrößern. Ich bewerkstellige dies durch die Entwicklung eines Algorithmus mit Verfahren des maschinellen Lernens zur photometrischen Typisierung astrophysikalischer Ereignisse. Dieser Klassifikator wird mit einem Datensatz nahegelegener astrophysikalischer Ereignisse trainiert, der zusätzlich künstlich verrauschter und lichtärmer gemacht wird, um dem nuclear sample mehr zu entsprechen. In Anwendung dieses Klassifikators auf das nuclear sample finde ich 27 neue TDE-Kandidaten. Die Identifikation von TDE-Kandidaten mittels ihres Infrarot-Staubechos ist ebenfalls erfolgreich und resultiert in 16 bisher nicht publizierten TDE-Kandidaten. / This thesis is concerned with the origin of high-energy neutrinos detected by the IceCube Observatory at the South Pole since a decade. It summarizes the young field of neutrino astronomy and details the systematic high-energy neutrino follow-up program we have been conducting with the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF), an optical survey telescope, for the past four years. One major finding is the establishment of the astrophysical transient AT2019fdr as counterpart to a high-energy neutrino. This transient is studied in detail, aided by the collection and reduction of data across the electromagnetic spectrum. Based on these observations and modeling of the light curve I conclude that this event constitutes a Tidal Disruption Event (TDE), albeit an unusual one. The chance coincidence of such an association is 0.034 % when including another previous association. Furthermore, I discuss the infrared dust echo from this transient in the context of two further possible associations of candidate TDEs with high-energy neutrinos, which also display such a dust echo. This study is appended by the creation of the ZTF nuclear sample, the first systematic sample of transient events found near the cores of their host galaxies within the ZTF survey. One goal of this sample is to enlarge the number of TDEs found so far. This is achieved by the development of a machine-learning based photometric typing algorithm. That classifier is trained on a survey of bright ZTF transients, including augmentation of that sample to account for the fainter nature of the nuclear sample. When applying the classifier to the nuclear sample, an additional 27 new candidate TDEs are found. Furthermore, the identification of candidate TDEs via their infrared dust-echo signal is also successful, resulting in 16 previously unpublished TDE candidates.

Diese Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung einer Methode zur Energierekonstruktion von Myonen in Unterwasserteleskopen unter Verwendung der Amplituden und Trefferwahrscheinlichkeiten der Photomultiplier. Die Methode wird auf die Daten des Myon- und Neutrinoteleskopes NT-96 angewandt. / This thesis describes the development of a method for energy reconstruction of muons which are detected in underwater elescopes using the amplitudes and hit patterns of the photo multipliers. The method is applied to the data of the Baikal NT-96 muon and neutrino telescope.

[pt] Atualmente podemos determinar com grande precisão os parâmetros das massas e misturas dos neutrinos. Porém, mesmo que no futuro as incertezas sobres as medidas destes parâmetros sejam reduzidas considerablemente, talvez algumas questões ainda continuem em aberto, como por exemplo, o valor absoluto da massa dos neutrinos, a hierarquia de massa e também determinar se os neutrinos são de Majorana ou Dirac, e se forem de Majorana, então quais seriam os valores das fases de CP? Nesta tese, nós abordamos parte destas questões estudando a detetabilidade da fase CP de Majorana através das medidas de massa dos neutrinos, que são extraídas de experimentos de decaimento beta, duplo decaimento beta sem neutrinos e observações cosmológicas. Para quantificar a sensibilidade dos experimentos à fase de Majorana, além de usar os gráficos convencionais das regiões permitidas, usamos a função de exclusão, definida como uma fração no espaço de parâmentros CP, que é excluída quando um conjunto de parâmetros de entrada é fornecido. A sensibilidade dos experimentos é considerada quando variamos as incertezas desde o valor mais pessimista até o valor mais optimista e também incluímos o erro experimental devido à matriz de elementos nucleares. Com esta análise, encontramos que a fase de Majorana, denotada como a21, pode ser restringida ao ser excluído o espaço de parâmentros entre um 10 por cento e até 50 por cento, com um nível de confiança de 3o, isto se consideramos que a massa do neutino mais leve é 0.1eV. Também são tratados aspectos característicos da sensibilidade à fase a21, como por exemplo, a dependência à outra fase de Majorana a31. Para finalizar, nós estudamos o caso de se na atualidade, a incerteza do elemento de matriz nuclear pode ser limitado usando as medidas dos mesmos experimentos. / [en] Nowdays we are in a precision epoch where is possible to get accurately the parameters that involve the neutrino physics, however, even that in the future the uncertainties on those parameters will decrease enormously, perhaps still will continue some open question, for instance, what is the absolute mass of neutrinos? What is the hierarchy of the masses? Are the neutrinos Majorana or Dirac? And if they were Majorana, what would be the value of the CP phases? In this work, we studying the detectability of the CP phase through experiments of neutrino beta decay, neutrinoless double beta decay and cosmology. In order to quantify the sensitivity to the Majorana phase we use the CP exlusion fraction, it is a fraction of region of the CP phase, that is excluded for a given set of assumed input parameters. The experiments sensitivity is account when it is varied since the pessimistic to optimistic one, assumptions of the experimental erros, the uncertainty of nuclear matrix elements and all the scenarios are considering with the Normal and Inverted hierarchies. We find that a Majorana phase, the called a21 can be constrained strongly by excluded 10 − 50 per cent of phase space at 3o CL for the lowest neutrino mass of 0.1 eV. The characteristic features of the sensitivity to a21, such as dependences on the other phase a31 are addressed. We also arise the question of whether the uncertainties of nuclear matrix elements could be constrined be consistancy of such measurements.

[pt] Neste trabalho de tese investigaremos um novo método para medir a fase leptóonica de violação CP, CP , com um set up experimental chamado LiquidO e, estudaremos a possibilidade do futuro experimento Hyper-Kamiokande de pôr um limite sobre o tempo de vida do neutrino. Ambos são experimentos que detectam neutrinos de acelerador que performarão as próprias medições através do estudo do bem conhecido fenómeno da oscilação de sabor de neutrinos. O primeiro experimento considerado possui duas novas características: primeiramente utiliza como fonte de neutrino um fluxo de Vμ e Vμ produzidos por pions (pi+) em repouso a uma distância de 16 km e secondariamente vai usar uma nova forma de detecção. Essa detecção é feita utilizando cintilador liquido opaco com fibras ópticas que permitem distinguir entre e+ e e-. Nós explicaremos as principais propriedades fenomenológicas desta configuração e calcularemos a significância estatística de exclusão da hipótese CP = (0, pi), a precisão de medição de CP com 1δ de confiança estatística e também as regões permitidas no espaço dos parámetros sin2 023 - δ CP . Na segunda parte do nosso trabalho, nos concentraremos no experimento Hyper-Kamiokande, versão melhorada do experimento Super-Kamiokande que se adjudicou o prémio Nobel em 2015. Este é um detector de luz Cherenkov que utiliza um fluxo de Vμ (Vμ) com energias < 10GeV produzido no acelerador JPARC e colocado a uma distância de 295 km. Neste trabalho identificaremos este experimento como T2HK enquanto para a sua estensão na Korea, que utilizará a mesma fonte mas será colocada a 1100 km de distância, utilizaremos a sigla T2HKK. Nós introduziremos brevemente as modalidades de decaimento do neutrino que podem ser classificadas em dois tipos: um é chamado decaimento invisível, ou seja, quando o neutrino de origem decai em um estado estéril mais uma partícula escalar, e o outro e chamdo de decaimento visível, ou seja, quando o neutrino de origem decai em um autoestado de massa ativo mais uma partícula escalar. Em fim calcularemos as sensitividades no limite da vida média do autoestado V3 para os casos de decaimento visível e invisível para as configurações de T2HK e T2HKK. / [en] In this thesis we will study a novel method to measure the leptonic CP violation phase, CP , in an experimental set up called LiquidO, and the possibility by the future experiment Hyper-Kamiokande to put a limit on the neutrino lifetime. Both experiment are accelerator based ones that will use the well established neutrino flavour oscillation phenomenon to perform their measurement. The first experimental set up uses two new features: firstly it uses as a source a flux of Vμ and Vμ coming from pions (pi+) decay at rest with a baseline of 16 km and secondly it uses a new detection method. This new detection is performed using opaque Liquid Scintillator (LS) with optical fibers that allows e+ e- identification. We will discuss the phenomenological main characteristics of this set up and we will calculate the expected significance to exclude the δ CP = (0, pi) hypothesis, the 1δ precision of the CP measurement and also the expected allowed regions in the sin2 023 - δ CP plane. For what it concerns the second part of our work, we will focus on the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, upgrade of the 2015 Nobel prize awarded Super-Kamiokande. This is a water Cherenkov detector that will use a Vμ (Vμ) flux with a typical neutrino energy < 10 GeV coming from the JPARC facility with a baseline of 295 km. We will call this source-detector configuration T2HK to distinguish T2HKK, the possible extension of this experiment in Korea that will use the same beam but it will be located at 1100 km from the source. We will briefly introduce the neutrino decay mode that can be classified in two types: one is what is called invisible decay , i.e. when neutrino decays into a sterile neutrino state plus a scalar particle, and the other is called visible decay, i.e. when neutrino decays into an active mass eigenstate plus a scalar particle. We will calculate the limit on the V3 lifetime for the invisible and the visible case for both configurations T2HK and T2HKK.