A presente tese trata do estudo dos estimadores algébricos aplicados a sistemas de controle. Tais estimadores são filtros variantes no tempo que estimam as derivadas dos sinais de entrada e funcionam como uma alternativa ao uso de observadores. Este trabalho inclui uma contribuição teórica que permite determinar um limite superior do erro do estimador algébrico. Também, mostramos um resultado que garante estabilidade em malha fechada no contexto do princípio da separação para esta classe particular de sistemas. Um exemplo de levitação magnética baseado em linearização exata com estimadores algébricos de derivadas até segunda ordem implementados digitalmente é tratado com detalhe. Simulações em computador são apresentadas mostrando excelentes resultados. / This thesis deals with the algebraic estimators and their application in closed loop control systems. The algebraic estimators can be implemented as time-varying filters that produce an estimation of the derivatives of the input signal, and they can be an interesting alternative for substituting classical observers. This work includes a theoretic contribution that allows to compute a bound of the estimation error of the algebraic estimator. Furthermore it is shown that any derivative estimator that respects this bound will assure closed loop stability in the context of the separation principle, at least for a class of nonlinear systems. An example of magnetic levitation based on exact linearization and in closed loop with an estimator of the first and second derivatives is considered. A digital implementation of the algebraic estimation is also discussed, and simulations are presented, showing excellent results.

Neste trabalho, consideramos o problema de desacoplamento de perturbações por realimentação dinâmica regular do estado para sistemas não lineares afins. Utilizando a abordagem geométrica-diferencial, estabelecemos condições necessárias e suficientes de solução de tal problema. Mostramos que tais condições são baseadas na geometria de um sistema estendido, obtido pela colocação de integradores em série com as entradas do sistema original. Quando tal problema e solúvel, mostramos também que o algoritmo de extensão dinâmica permite a construção do compensador solução. Como um subproduto de tais técnicas, obtemos uma forma geométrica de determinação da estrutura algébrica no infinito, através da geometria do sistema estendido. / In this work we consider the Problem of Disturbance Decoupling by Regular Dynamic Feedback for the class of affine nonlinear systems. We use the so-called Differential Geometric Approach to derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for this problem\'s solution. We show that the solvability of this problem is governed by the geometry of an Extended System obtained by putting integrators in series with the inputs of the original system. When the necessary conditions are satisfied, we show that the well known dynamic extension algorithm can be used to construct a solution. We also show that the algebraic structure at infinity can be computed by geometric methods with the aid of the Extended System.

Este trabalho apresenta a modelagem, identificação de parâmetros e projeto do sistema de controle de um atuador rotacional antagônico com refrigeração forçada baseado em fios de liga de memória de forma, tendo em vista a aplicação em manipuladores robóticos. O modelo é baseado na abordagem de transformação de fases por subcamadas, que leva em conta a alta não linearidade que ocorre devido à dinâmica de transformação de fases do fio de memória de forma (especialmente a alta histerese envolvida). Um algoritmo de otimização por meio de Programação Quadrática Sequencial é então usado para se estimar os parâmetros do modelo de difícil obtenção exata, como as temperaturas de transição de fase dos fios de liga de memória de forma e o coeficiente de convecção. A função objetivo adotada é o erro entre a posição medida experimentalmente e a posição obtida por meio de modelagem e simulação. Parte-se de valores de parâmetros iniciais de tabela para a aplicação do algoritmo. Os resultados são em seguida comparados e avaliados com experimentos independentes em malha aberta, com o modelo apresentando boa correlação com a planta para uma excitação de até 2,0 Hz. Por fim, um sistema de controle não linear por modos deslizantes baseado no modelo é desenvolvido e simulado utilizando o modelo estimado, tanto em modo de controle de torque como em controle de posição. Aplica-se um controlador com camada limite e linearização utilizando a realimentação dos estados e o modelo estimado. Este tipo de controlador é robusto a eventuais diferenças entre o modelo e o sistema real. O controlador é então utilizado num modelo sistema de experimental, a partir do qual são obtidos resultados de desempenho dinâmico e exatidão do atuador controlado ao mesmo tempo em que são feitas comparações com os resultados das simulações. Por fim, demonstra-se que os objetivos iniciais do trabalho são atingidos, ao se realizar satisfatoriamente o controle de posição e de torque com robustez, exatidão e desempenho dinâmico adequados à aplicação prevista. / This work presents the modeling, grey-box parameter estimation and control design of a force-cooled antagonistic shape memory alloy (SMA) rotational actuator, having in mind the application in robotic manipulators. The model is based on a sub-layer phase transformation approach, taking account the large non-linearities that rise from the phase-transformation dynamics (in special, the highly hysteretic dynamics). An optimization Quadratic Sequential Programming Algorithm is used to for estimate estimating the model parameters, which are hard to obtain accurately, like the such as phase transition temperatures of the shape memory alloy wires and the convection coefficient. The objective function adopted is the error between the experimentally measured position and the position obtained by means of modeling and simulation. Initial parameters for the algorithm application are taken from factory tables\' datasheets. The results are then compared and evaluated with independent open loop experiments. At last, a model based nonlinear shape memory alloy SMA control scheme is designed and simulated using the estimated model, in torque and position control modes. The control scheme applied uses limit layer and feedback linearization using based on the estimated model. This control scheme is robust to eventual mismatch between modeling and the real system. The controller is then used in an experimental model, from which results of dynamic behavior and accuracy of the controlled actuator are obtained and compared with the simulated results. At last, it is showed that the initial objectives of this work are achieved, by satisfactorily performing position and torque control with robustness, accuracy and dynamic performances adequate to the application targeted.

La popularité des robots parallèles s’est considérablement accrue lors des dernières décennies. Cette popularité a été stimulée par les nombreux avantages qu’offrent les robots parallèles par rapport à leurs homologues traditionnels sériels concernant certaines applications industrielles nécessitant de fortes accélérations et une bonne précision. Toutefois, afin d'exploiter pleinement leur potentiel et de tirer le meilleur de leurs capacités, un long chemin reste encore à parcourir. En plus de la conception mécanique, l'étalonnage et l'optimisation de la structure, le développement d’une commande efficace joue un rôle primordial dans l’amélioration de la performance globale des robots parallèles. Cependant, ces derniers sont connus par leur dynamique fortement non linéaire qui s’accroît considérablement lorsque de fortes accélérations sont sollicitées conduisant à des vibrations mécaniques. En outre, les incertitudes sont abondantes dans ces systèmes en raison des hypothèses simplificatrices de modélisation, l'usure des composants du robot et les variations de l'environnement. De plus, leur dynamique couplée et la redondance d'actionnement dans certains mécanismes donnent lieu à des problèmes de commande complexes et difficiles à gérer. Par conséquent, les stratégies de commande développées pour les robots parallèles devraient tenir compte de tous les enjeux et défis mentionnées précédemment. L'objectif principal de cette thèse réside dans la proposition de nouvelles stratégies de commande adaptatives pour les robots parallèles tenant compte de leurs caractéristiques et particularités afin d'améliorer leurs performances de suivi de trajectoires. En outre, les stratégies de commande développées devraient être validées d'abord en simulation, puis à travers des expérimentations temps-réel sur les robots parallèles à notre disposition. Dans ce contexte, trois contributions majeures sont proposées dans le cadre de cette thèse. Tout d'abord, une nouvelle classe de contrôleurs adaptatifs avec des gains de retour non linéaires temps-variant est proposée. La deuxième contribution réside dans le développement d’une version adaptative de la commande robuste RISE. Pour la troisième contribution, la stratégie de commande adaptative L1, récemment développée, est appliquée pour la première fois sur un robot parallèle, suivie de deux nouvelles extensions basées-modèle. Des simulations numériques ainsi que des expérimentations temps-réel sur différents prototypes de robots parallèles sont présentées et discutées. Tous les contrôleurs proposés sont validés pour différents scénarios permettant ainsi de montrer leur pertinence et efficacité. / Parallel Kinematic Manipulators (PKMs) have gained an increased popularity in the last few decades. This interest has been stimulated by the significant advantages of PKMs compared to their traditional serial counterparts, with respect to some specific industrial tasks requiring high accelerations and accuracy. However, to fully exploit their potential and to get the most of their capabilities, a long path is still to be covered. In addition to mechanical design, calibration and optimization of the structure, efficient control development plays an essential role in improving the overall performance of PKMs. However, PKMs are known for their highly nonlinear dynamics which increases considerably when operating at high accelerations leading to mechanical vibrations. Moreover, uncertainties are abundant in such systems due to model simplifications, the wear of the components of the robot and the variations of the environment. Furthermore, their coupled dynamics and actuation redundancy in some mechanisms give rise to complex and challenging control issues. Consequently, the developed control schemes should take into account all the previously mentioned issues and challenges. The main goal of this thesis lies in the proposal of new adaptive control schemes for PKMs while considering their characteristics and particularities in order to improve their tracking capabilities. Moreover, the developed control strategies should be first validated through numerical simulations, then through real-time experiments on available PKMs. Within this context, three main contributions are proposed in this thesis. First, a new class of adaptive controllers with nonlinear time-varying feedback gains is proposed. The second contribution lies in an adaptive-based extended version of RISE robust feedback control strategy. For the third contribution, the recently developed L1 adaptive control strategy is applied for the first time on a PKM, followed by two novel model-based extensions. Numerical simulations as well as real-time experiments on various PKMs prototypes are provided and discussed. All the proposed controllers are validated for different operating conditions in order to show their relevance and efficiency.

Research on collaboration among unmanned platforms is essential to improve the applications for autonomous missions, by expanding the working environment of the robotic systems, and reducing the risks and the costs associated with conducting manned operations. This research is devoted to enable the collaboration between an Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV) and an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV), by allowing the first one to launch and recover the second one. The objective of this dissertation is to identify possible methods to launch and recover a REMUS 100 AUV from a WAM-V 16 USV, thus developing this capability by designing and implementing a launch and recovery system (LARS). To meet this objective, a series of preliminary experiments was first performed to identify two distinct methods to launch and recover the AUV: mobile and semi-stationary. Both methods have been simulated using the Orcaflex software. Subsequently, the necessary control systems to create the mandatory USV autonomy for the purpose of launch and recovery were developed. Specifically, a series of low-level controllers were designed and implemented to enable two autonomous maneuvers on the USV: station-keeping and speed & heading control. In addition, a level of intelligence to autonomously identify the optimal operating conditions within the vehicles' working environment, was derived and integrated on the USV. Lastly, a LARS was designed and implemented on the vehicles to perform the operation following the proposed methodology. The LARS and all subsystems developed for this research were extensively tested through sea-trials. The methodology for launch and recovery, the design of the LARS and the experimental findings are reported in this document. / Includes bibliography. / Dissertation (Ph.D.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

There have been much technological advances and research in Unmanned Surface Vehicles (USV) as a support and delivery platform for Autonomous/Unmanned Underwater Vehicles (AUV/UUV). Advantages include extending underwater search and survey operations time and reach, improving underwater positioning and mission awareness, in addition to minimizing the costs and risks associated with similar manned vessel operations. The objective of this thesis is to present the design and development a high-level fuzzy logic guidance controller for a WAM-V 14 USV in order to autonomously launch and recover a REMUS 100 AUV. The approach to meeting this objective is to develop ability for the USV to intercept and rendezvous with an AUV that is in transit in order to maximize the probability of a final mobile docking maneuver. Specifically, a fuzzy logic Rendezvous Docking controller has been developed that generates Waypoint-Heading goals for the USV to minimize the cross-track errors between the USV and AUV. A subsequent fuzzy logic Waypoint-Heading controller has been developed to provide the desired heading and speed commands to the low-level controller given the Waypoint-Heading goals. High-level mission control has been extensively simulated using Matlab and partially characterized in real-time during testing. Detailed simulation, experimental results and findings will be reported in this paper. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2014. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

Neste trabalho, consideramos o problema de desacoplamento de perturbações por realimentação dinâmica regular do estado para sistemas não lineares afins. Utilizando a abordagem geométrica-diferencial, estabelecemos condições necessárias e suficientes de solução de tal problema. Mostramos que tais condições são baseadas na geometria de um sistema estendido, obtido pela colocação de integradores em série com as entradas do sistema original. Quando tal problema e solúvel, mostramos também que o algoritmo de extensão dinâmica permite a construção do compensador solução. Como um subproduto de tais técnicas, obtemos uma forma geométrica de determinação da estrutura algébrica no infinito, através da geometria do sistema estendido. / In this work we consider the Problem of Disturbance Decoupling by Regular Dynamic Feedback for the class of affine nonlinear systems. We use the so-called Differential Geometric Approach to derive the necessary and sufficient conditions for this problem\'s solution. We show that the solvability of this problem is governed by the geometry of an Extended System obtained by putting integrators in series with the inputs of the original system. When the necessary conditions are satisfied, we show that the well known dynamic extension algorithm can be used to construct a solution. We also show that the algebraic structure at infinity can be computed by geometric methods with the aid of the Extended System.

Para abordagem do controle não-linear geométrico, a síntese do controle e elaborada diretamente a partir da descrição do processo com a dinâmica não-linear em espaço de estados. O presente trabalho trata da aplicação dos principais conceitos e formalismos do controle não-linear geométrico para os processos multivariaveis típicos da engenharia química: o controle não-linear continuo da coluna de destilação e o controle não-linear discreto da unidade de craqueamento catalítico em leito fluidizado. A síntese e o projeto do controlador não-linear são enfocados separadamente. O projeto do controlador tem importância pratica para as aplicações industriais. O presente trabalho apresenta metodologias para a abordagem dos seguintes aspectos da aplicação multivariavel do controle geométrico não-linear: (a) como relaxar a sintonia do controlador interno de desacoplamento não-linear; (b) como definir o controlador externo como controle linear de alocação de pólos com coeficientes de hurwitz; (c) neste controlador externo, como incluir a ação integral com prevenção da saturação; e (d) como definir a dinâmica dossetpoints externos. / For the geometric nonlinear control approach, the controller synthesis is elaborated directly from the nonlinear dynamics state space description of the process. This work concerns the application of the main concepts and formalisms of the geometric nonlinear control theory to typical multivariable (MIMO) chemical engineering process as illustrative case studies: the continuous nonlinear control of the distillation column and the discrete nonlinear control of the fluid catalytic cracking unit. The synthesis and the project issues of the nonlinear controller are focused separately. The controller project has the practical importance for the industrial controller applications. This work applies the methodologies to approach the following issues for the MIMO applications of the geometric nonlinear control: (a) to detune the internal nonlinear decoupling controller; (b) to define the external controller as linear pole-placement controllers with Hurwitz coefficients; (c) to include the integral action with anti-reset windup on this external controllers and (d) to define the dynamics of the external setpoints.

Despite the fact that significant progress has been made on the research of these two problems for nonlinear systems for over two decades, many problems are still open. In particular, so far the output regulation problem is mainly handled by robust control approach. This approach has certain fundamental limitations and cannot handle the following three cases. (1) The control direction is unknown. (2) The boundaries of system uncertainties are unknown. (3) The exosystem is not known precisely. / Stabilization and output regulation are two fundamental control problems. The output regulation problem aims to design a feedback controller to achieve asymptotic tracking of a class of reference inputs and rejection of a class of disturbances in an uncertain system while maintaining the internal stability of the closed-loop system. Thus the output regulation problem is more demanding than the stabilization problem. Nevertheless, under some assumptions, the output regulation problem can be converted into a stabilization problem for a well defined augmented system and the solvability of the stabilization problem for this augmented system implies that of the output regulation problem for the original plant. Therefore, to a large extent, the study of the stabilization problem will also lay a foundation for that of the output regulation problem. / To handle these problems and overcome the shortcomings of the robust control approach, in this thesis, we have incorporated the adaptive control approach with the robust control approach. Both stabilization problem and output regulation problem are considered for two important classes of nonlinear systems, namely, the output feedback systems and lower triangular systems. The main contributions are summarized as follows. (1) The adaptive output regulation problem for nonlinear systems in output feedback form is addressed without knowing the control direction. The Nussbaum gain technique is incorporated with the robust control technique to handle the unknown control direction and the nonlinearly parameterized uncertainties in the system. To overcome the dilemma caused by the unknown control direction and the nonlinearly parameterized uncertainties, we have adopted a Lyapunov direct method to solve the adaptive output regulation problem. (2) The adaptive stabilization problem for nonlinear systems in lower triangular form is solved when both static and dynamic uncertainties are present and the control direction is unknown. Technically, the presence of dynamic uncertainty has made the stabilization problem more difficult than the previous work. We have managed to combine the changing supply rate technique and the Nussbaum gain technique to deal with this difficulty. The result is also applied to solve the output regulation problem for lower triangular systems with unknown control direction. (3) The adaptive output regulation problem for nonlinear systems in output feed-back form with unknown exosystem is studied. The adaptive control technique is applied to estimate the unknown parameter results from the unknown exosystem. The condition under which the parameter estimation converges to its real value is also discussed. Further, the global disturbance rejection problem for nonlinear systems in lower triangular form is solved by formulating the unknown external disturbance as a signal produced by an unknown exosystem. (4) The theoretical results have been applied to several typical control systems leading to the solution of some long standing open problems. Some exemplified applications are: (a) Global adaptive stabilization of Chua's circuit without knowing the control direction; (b) Global output synchronization of the Chua's circuit and the harmonic system; (c) Global adaptive disturbance rejection problem of the Duffing's system with all parameters unknown; (d) Global adaptive output regulation of Van der Pol oscillator with an uncertain exosystem. / Liu, Lu. / Adviser: Jie Huang. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3693. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 204-214). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

As válvulas de controle são elementos finais muito importantes na indústria de processos, pois são as responsáveis por controlar a pressão em dutos ou vazão dos fluidos de processo, impactando diretamente na qualidade do produto final. Por serem elementos mecânicos móveis estão sujeitas ao atrito, uma não linearidade que quando excessiva, pode causar oscilações e erros na abertura da válvula. A presença de oscilações nas malhas de controle aumenta a variabilidade das variáveis de processo, o desgaste dos componentes e o consumo de energia, além de provocar o desperdício de materiais. O desenvolvimento de novas técnicas de compensação de atrito é fundamental para melhorar o desempenho das malhas de controle, sendo, portanto, de grande interesse para a indústria de processos industriais. Este trabalho apresenta o estudo de cinco compensadores não lineares: controlador rastreador de trajetória, controlador por modos deslizantes, controlador por modos deslizantes integrador, controlador por modelo interno não linear e controlador PI não linear, os quais são desenvolvidos desde a teoria à implementação prática em uma válvula de controle real. Os resultados obtidos, mostram que os controladores projetados apresentaram desempenho bastante satisfatórios, sendo que o controlador por modos deslizantes e por modos deslizante integrador apresentaram os melhores desempenho. / Control valves are very important final elements in process industry, due they are the responsible to control the pressure in pipelines and the flow of the process fluids, directly impacting in the quality of the final product. Due to the mechanical mobile elements, they are subjected to friction, a nonlinearity that can generate oscillations and errors in the valve aperture. Oscillations in the control loops increase the process variability, wear in the actuators and the power consumption, besides generating raw material waste. The development of new friction compensation techniques is very important to increase the control loops performance, therefore, it is of great interest for the process industry. This work presents the study of five nonlinear compensators: Trajectory tracking controller, sliding mode controller, sliding mode controller integrator, nonlinear internal model controller and nonlinear PI controller, which ones are developed from theory to practical implementation in a real control valve. The results show that the controllers presented satisfactory performance, where the sliding mode controller and sliding mode control integrator presented the best performance.