The purpose of this study has been to investigate attitudes towards cannabis of young men in their early twenties to gain a deeper insight and understanding of the attitude creation and normalization processes. The study's empirical data is based on six qualitative interviews with young men in the age 20-25 years. The informants were find with the help of convenience selection and snowball selection. The study's theoretical frame of reference is based on Erving Goffman's role theory using the terms: role, role-conflict, role-confusion, labelling, stigma, stigmatization and moral panic. The study's conclusions are that attitudes of the target group have been liberalized and are mainly positive. The current normalization process is seen as an effect of a general social acceptance which in turn leads to a positive attitude among young men.

Batch normalization is a recently popularized method for accelerating the training of deep feed-forward neural networks. Apart from speed improvements, the technique reportedly enables the use of higher learning rates, less careful parameter initialization, and saturating nonlinearities. The authors note that the precise effect of batch normalization on neural networks remains an area of further study, especially regarding their gradient propagation. Our work compares the convergence behavior of batch normalized networks with ones that lack such normalization. We train both a small multi-layer perceptron and a deep convolutional neural network on four popular image datasets. By systematically altering critical hyperparameters, we isolate the effects of batch normalization both in general and with respect to these hyperparameters. Our experiments show that batch normalization indeed has positive effects on many aspects of neural networks but we cannot confirm significant convergence speed improvements, especially when wall time is taken into account. Overall, batch normalized models achieve higher validation and test accuracies on all datasets, which we attribute to its regularizing effect and more stable gradient propagation. Due to these results, the use of batch normalization is generally advised since it prevents model divergence and may increase convergence speeds through higher learning rates. Regardless of these properties, we still recommend the use of variance-preserving weight initialization, as well as rectifiers over saturating nonlinearities. / Batch normalization är en metod för att påskynda träning av djupa framåtmatande neuronnnätv som nyligt blivit populär. Förutom hastighetsförbättringar så tillåter metoden enligt uppgift högre träningshastigheter, mindre noggrann parameterinitiering och mättande olinjäriteter. Författarna noterar att den exakta effekten av batch normalization på neuronnät fortfarande är ett område som kräver ytterligare studier, särskilt när det gäller deras gradient-fortplantning. Vårt arbete jämför konvergensbeteende mellan nätverk med och utan batch normalization. Vi träner både en liten flerlagersperceptron och ett djupt faltningsneuronnät på fyra populära bilddatamängder. Genom att systematiskt ändra kritiska hyperparametrar isolerar vi effekterna från batch normalization både i allmänhet och med avseende på dessa hyperparametrar. Våra experiment visar att batch normalization har positiva effekter på många aspekter av neuronnät, men vi kan inte bekräfta att det ger betydelsefullt snabbare konvergens, speciellt när väggtiden beaktas. Allmänt så uppnår modeller med batch normalization högre validerings- och testträffsäkerhet på alla datamängder, vilket vi tillskriver till dess reglerande effekt och mer stabil gradientfortplantning. På grund av dessa resultat är användningen av batch normalization generellt rekommenderat eftersom det förhindrar modelldivergens och kan öka konvergenshastigheter genom högre träningshastigheter. Trots dessa egenskaper rekommenderar vi fortfarande användning av varians-bevarande viktinitiering samt likriktare istället för mättande olinjäriteter.

Bakgrund: Endometrios är en sjukdom som drabbar ungefär var tionde kvinna i fertil ålder. Endometrios innebär att vävnad som liknar livmoderslemhinnan växer utanför livmodern, vilket kan medföra symtom som kronisk smärta i buken, dysmenoreé och dyspareuni. Symtomen debuterar ofta mellan 20-30 års ålder och kommer oftast i skov där smärtintensiteten varierar. Trots indikation på att kvinnan lider av endometrios tar det flera år att fastställa en diagnos. Syfte: Syftet var att beskriva kvinnors upplevelser av att leva med endometrios. Metod: En begränsad, systematisk litteraturöversikt baserad på 10 vetenskapliga artiklar hämtade från databaserna Academic search complete, Cinahl Complete, MEDLINE with full text och PubMed. Artiklarna är vetenskapligt granskade, på engelska och publicerade mellan 2004 och 2020. Resultat: Fyra huvudteman identifierades: (1) upplevelser av smärta, (2) en begränsad tillvaro, (3) vårdmöten och normalisering av symtom och (4) upplevelser av biverkningar. Sammanfattning: Utifrån denna litteraturöversikt framkommer att normer och okunskap i samhället och vården skapar ett lidande i kvinnornas liv. Detta bidrar till en begränsad tillvaro, då deras fysiska, psykiska, sociala och sexuella hälsa påverkas. / Background: Endometriosis is a disease that affects about every tenth woman of fertile age. Endometriosis means that tissue similar to the endometrial tissue grows outside of the uterus, which can cause symptoms such as chronic abdominal pain, dysmenorrhea and dyspareunia. The onset of symptoms often occurs between the age of 20-30 and usually occurs in relapses where the intensity of the pain varies. Despite the indication that the woman is suffering from endometriosis, it takes several years to establish a diagnosis. Aim: The aim was to describe women’s experiences of living with endometriosis. Method: A limited, systematic literature review based on 10 scientific articles retrieved from the databases Academic search complete, Cinahl Complete, MEDLINE with full text and PubMed. The articles are scientifically reviewed, in English and published between 2004 and 2020. Results: Four main themes were identified: (1) experiences of pain, (2) a limited life, (3) healthcare encounters and normalization of symptoms and (4) experiences of side effects. Conclusion: Based on this literature review, it appears that norms and ignorance in society and health care creates suffering in women’s life. This contributes to a limited life, as her physical, mental, social and sexual health gets affected.

Partner violence is a recognized phenomenon in Sweden. Unfortunately, sibling violence does not seem to be noticed at all. Thoughts regarding whether there is any reason to differentiate between violence between adults and violence between siblings arose, which is why the purpose of the study is to compare differences between sibling violence and violence between adults. In summary, the results show that both violence between adults and sibling violence is a normalized violence in society, even though sibling violence seems to be even more normalized. In addition, the results show as in previous research that all forms of violence, such as physical, psychological, material and latent violence, are found in both sibling violence and partner violence. Even though, there is some disagreement about how they should be named. Finally, the essay shows how violence arises as a result of powerlessness, which is why the importance of defining violence based on the function of the action has been identified as necessary.

Main issues of this work are to describe the surrounding of Štefánik observatory and to extend knowledge about its wide history, specially the recent one. Cornerstones of this knowledge have become from interviews with the employees, who worked on Štefánik observatory during the normalization, possibly earlier; and some of them are still work there. The leading of the interviews was made by method of oral history. The work is based also on available bibliography, which concerns mostly to methodology; newspaper articles which relate to observatory history or important events. The text is primarily focused on interviews experiences and feelings and besides the work presents their testimony. In the text are worked up some topics, which concern to professional activity, relationships, perceptions of ages 1968 and 1989, and finally the projection the movies about Apollo programme. The goal of this work is not come to clear conclusions but to reflect experiences of interviewees into historical context, alternatively take a look into working life of Štefánik observatory employees. Keywords: Štefánik observatory, guide, astronomy, normalization, oral history, interview

This thesis "The Tatra company in the period of so-called normalization through eyes of its employees and residents of Kolín", concerning of state privatized enterprise in Kolín. This thesis examines the views and daily life of the employees of the company and residents of Kolín. The work provides an overview of the history and development of the company Tatra. Represents district Kolín and focuses primarily on the description in the period of. Normalization, which touched city, business, residents but also the whole of Czechoslovakia. The thesis is based mainly on archival materials, historical periodicals and interviews, which were conducted by the method oral history with contemporary witnesses. It connects the working environment, personal lives, leisure activities, social culture of the city and residents who were part of a large company and history of the city of Kolín. At the same time, the work seeks to highlight the positives and negatives period of so-called normalization and current relationship of people to the place where they lived more or less part of their lives.

This thesis presents parallel algorithms for rational cones and affine monoids which pursue two main computational goals: finding the Hilbert basis, a minimal generating system of the monoid of lattice points of a cone; and counting elements degree-wise in a generating function, the Hilbert series.

The goal of genetic-based cancer research is often to identify which genes behave differently in cancerous and healthy tissue. This difference in behavior, referred to as differential expression, may lead researchers to more targeted preventative care and treatment. One way to measure the expression of genes is though a process called RNA-Seq, that takes physical tissue samples and maps gene products and fragments in the sample back to the gene that created it, resulting in a large read-count matrix with genes in the rows and a column for each sample. The read-counts for tumor and normal samples are then compared in a process called differential expression analysis. However, normalization of these read-counts is a necessary pre-processing step, in order to account for differences in the read-count values due to non-expression related variables. It is common in recent RNA-Seq normalization methods to also account for gene-level covariates, namely gene length in base pairs and GC-content, the proportion of bases in the gene that are Guanine and Cytosine. Here a colorectal cancer RNA-Seq read-count data set comprised of 30,220 genes and 378 samples is examined. Two of the normalization methods that account for gene length and GC-content, CQN and EDASeq, are extended to account for protein coding status as a third gene-level covariate. The binary nature of protein coding status results in unique computation issues. The results of using the normalized read counts from CQN, EDASeq, and four new normalization methods are used for differential expression analysis via the nonparametric Wilcoxon Rank-Sum Test as well as the lme4 pipeline that produces per-gene models based on a negative binomial distribution. The resulting differential expression results are compared for two genes of interest in colorectal cancer, APC and CTNNB1, both of the WNT signaling pathway.

This diploma thesis is focused on everyday life of employees working in the uranium mines in Příbram during the so-called normalization. Using the method of oral history, I try to capture the ordinary lives of ordinary people against the background of one historical period, with regard to the work benefits which were provided to them by their employer. The thesis is anchored in a rich source base, which primarily constists of interviews conducted directly with witnesses of the time, secondarily of archival material and relevant literature. The main goal of the thesis is to find out why young men decided to pursue the hard work of a miner, how the company took care of them, what contributions the employer offered to them and, in general, how the people involved see uranium life today.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(情報学) / 甲第17991号 / 情博第513号 / 新制||情||91(附属図書館) / 80835 / 京都大学大学院情報学研究科知能情報学専攻 / (主査)教授 黒橋 禎夫, 教授 石田 亨, 教授 河原 達也 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Informatics / Kyoto University / DFAM