Les crises énergétiques, en particulier celles liées aux combustibles fossiles, conduisent à une utilisation accrue des nouvelles énergies renouvelables. De plus, les recherches visent également à utiliser des matériaux de stockage de l'énergie qui sont plus efficace, tels que les batteries, et à utiliser des matériaux économes en énergie. Une OLED (diode électroluminecente organique)) est une diode émettrice la lumière (LED) qui sont connues grâce leur potentiel élevé dans les applications d'affichage, de signalisation et d'éclairage. Parmi ces matériaux organiques, les caroténoïdes constituent une classe importante de molécules linéaires conjuguées qui présentent un degré de délocalisation électronique élevé et de dynamique ultra-rapide. Le colorant joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement des cellules solaires sensibilisées par colorant (CSSCs) ou d'autres matériaux bi fonctionnels. Dans cette recherche, nous avons étudié la photo stabilité des caroténoïdes (-carotène et fucoxanthine) à l'aide du kaolin modifié et de l'antioxydant. La photostabilité du -carotène et de la fucoxanthine peut être améliorée par la kaolinite modifiée et l'antioxydant. La fabrication OLED utilisant la fucoxanthine n'est pas suffisante à cause de la bande interdite de la fucoxanthine (Fx) qui est très grande et peut être un isolant. NPD (50 nm) / Fx (1 nm) / Alq3 (85 nm) a un EQE de 0,12% et un CIE (0,416 ; 0,5302). Les dispositifs OLEDs en utilisant le ß-carotene comme couche de transport du trou et la curcumine comme couche émettrice ont donné une couleur jaune avec un EQE de 0,02%. / Energy crises, especially fossil fuel-based energy, lead to increased use of new energy and renewable energy. In addition, research is also directed towards more efficient energy use through the development of energy storage materials such as batteries, and the use of energy-efficient materials. An OLED (organic light-emitting diode) is a light-emitting diode (LED) and is known for their high potential in a display, signage, and lighting applications. Carotenoids constitute an important class of linear -conjugated molecules that exhibit a high degree of electronic delocalization and ultrafast dynamic. The dye that is used as a photosensitizer plays an important role in the operation of DSSCs or other bifunctional material. In this research, we studied the photostability of the carotenoid compound (-carotene and fucoxanthin) using natural antioxidant and modified kaolinite. In this work, the carotenoid stability by the carotenoid compound/antioxidant binary is studied for the first time. Photostability of -carotene can be enhanced by antioxidant and modified kaolinite. Photoprotection efficiency of -carotene by curcumin was higher than fucoxanthin. Modified kaolinite decreased photodegradation of - carotene by shielded and protected from direct UV irradiation. Antioxidant fucoxanthin and curcumin decreased the electrochemical gap of the binary material. The electrochemical gap of carotene/curcumin is -1.61 eV, carotene/fucoxanthin is -1.75 eV compare to the only -carotene - 2.04 eV. Fucoxanthin can keep the first oxidation stage of -carotene. Therefore at the binary compound, electron was still reversible, but not for curcumin. Fucoxanthin in OLED devices NPD/Fx/ETL reduced significanly the EQE (%) almost 80% in Alq3 and 76% in BAlq. OLED device: NPD(50nm)/Fx(1nm)/Alq3(85nm) yielded an effeciency quantum external yield, EQE = 0.12% and CIE (0.4160, 0.5302). Fabrication OLED using -carotene as HTL and curcumin as EL layer resulted yellow color , EQE = 0.02%, with the composition MoO3(15nm)/NPD(40nm)/Car(10nm)/ Cur(15nm)/Alq3(70nm)/Ca(100nm). For application of - carotene in OLED device, its perfomance can be improved by using curcumin at the fabrication.

This thesis deals with innovation of tasks from bachelor subject Logical systems. Three tasks in total in VHDL language were designed and tested for development kit Digilent Nexys 3 and peripheries Pmod which are connected to it. First task is focused on reading pressed key on matrix keyboard. Second and third tasks targets on displaying pressed key on OLED display, they differ by used controller for this display. Instructions for all tasks were created.

This master’s thesis deals with coding information and QR codes generating. There is described operation principle of QR codes for this purpose, and design of the equipment. This device is able to encode the information received through the serial port and display it in the QR code on the OLED display. Microprocessor is part of the device, so there is outlined the procedure for programming and testing equipment.

Over the last three decades, the performance of OLEDs has been improved rapidly, however, as an important assessment for OLED, the EQE data are still quite low. As outlined in the theoretical background, the EQE is the product of out-coupling efficiency and internal quantum efficiency (IQE). Therefore, this thesis focuses on designing two types of polymers with different optical functionalities, to increase the EQE addressing the two aforementioned determining factors. Thus, the first part of the thesis addresses the light out-coupling efficiency in OLED devices. Here high refractive index (HRI) polymers are aimed for as potential material for the out-coupling layer, which are so far scarily reported for application in OLED devices, due to existing limitations, such as limited transparency, extra fluorescence, tedious synthesis, poor thermal stability and low solubility. However, if suitable polymers are becoming easily available, they will offer the unique advantage, compared to low molar mass HRI compounds, of being able to using cost-effective solution based technology for large area film preparation. In addition, polymeric materials will allow to introducing fully new concepts for increasing the light-out-coupling efficiency, like patterning allowing micro-lens preparation, or the incorporation of light scattering particles into the out-coupling layer. The approach described in this thesis is based on a previous work where HRI polymers were prepared via metal-free thiol-yne “A2+B3” polyaddition reaction, which led in an easy one-pot synthesis to hyperbranched polyvinylsulfides of high solubility and already reasonable high RI. For further increasing RI, in this work B3 as well as finally A2 monomers with high naphthalene content were chosen which should, in addition to the positive effect of the sulfur-containing units, render polymers with even higher RI, and hopefully also of high solubility due to the branching. A challenging aspect of this work was to find reaction conditions which allow the preparation of high molar mass as well as highly soluble, highly aromatic polymers by that A2+B3 approach, even so very sterically demanding monomers are used. In addition, the material properties should be fine-tuned by careful selection of the monomer ratio. It was expected that these new, easily available HRI polymers will be of high potential in OLED application. Thus, the work in this part of the thesis comprises on the one hand monomer and polymer synthesis as well as detailed characterization of the structure and the solution and thermal properties of the new materials. But on the other hand, the elucidation of the thin film preparation and the quality and optical properties of the resulting polymer films are major objectives. Finally, evaluation of the performance of the polymer films in an OLED device compared to conventionally low molar mass our-coupling layers was aimed for, which could be realized with the help of partners from the Institute of Applied Photophysics at TU Dresden. For increasing the IQE in OLEDs, this thesis focuses on the development of a new type of polymeric thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material. TADF materials have the potential of theoretical 100% IQE and are considered as key materials for the next generation of OLEDs. So far, a significant amount of low molar mass TADF molecules has been developed, however, only a limited number of design rules are reported so far for polymers, even though polymers would offer, as already outlined above, significant advantages with regard to processing cost-effectively more efficient OLEDs for large area application. The new concept described in this thesis for TADF polymers is based on a new monomer which exhibits individual promising structural units for achieving TAFD properties but does not emit TADF itself due to its large ΔEST (the energy gap between singlet S1 and triple T1 state). However, it has to be expected that once the monomer is polymerized, the resulting polymeric product will have reduced ΔEST due to the increased conjugation length and thus can be expected to emit TADF. This new concept has the potential to significantly increase the scope of polymeric materials with TADF properties. Thus the second part on the thesis focuses on the design of a new monomer based on carbazole units with a pendant benzophenone moiety and its polymerization and full structural elucidation with the help of model compounds involving intensive NMR and MALDI-TOF analysis. In addition to the expect TADF properties, the benzophenone unit will also provide the possibility for film stabilization and even photopatterning due to photo-crosslinking. Thus the study of film formation and photo-crosslinking of the new TADF polymers was a further objective of this thesis. Finally, first theoretical as well as experimental studies of the photo physical properties of the monomer, a low molar mass model compound and the polymer, again together with the partners from the Institute of Applied Photophysics, should provide evidence on the suitability of the new polymer design principle.

Diese Arbeit behandelt neue Konzepte zur Realisierung hocheffizienter Weißlicht emittierender organischer Leuchtdioden (OLEDs), wobei blaue fluoreszierende Emitter mit grünen und roten phosphoreszierenden Emittern kombiniert werden. Bisherige Ansätze zur Erreichung höchster Quantenausbeuten basieren auf der ausschließlichen Verwendung phosphoreszierender Emitter, da diese prinzipiell 100% der elektrisch erzeugten Exzitonen in Licht umwandeln können. Allerdings sind speziell OLEDs mit phosphoreszierenden tiefblauen Emittern heutzutage nach wie vor nicht langzeitstabil. Andererseits gibt es zwar sehr stabile fluoreszierende Emitter auch im tiefblauen Spektralbereich, jedoch kann eine rein fluoreszierende OLED aus spinstatistischen Gründen maximal nur ein Viertel der erzeugten Exzitonen in Licht umwandeln. Für eine ernsthafte Verwendung von OLEDs als Lichtquellen sind sowohl die Umwandlungseffizienz elektrischer Leistung in Lichtleistung im sichtbaren Spektralbereich, als auch ihre Langzeitstabilität entscheidend. Ein Kompromiss lässt sich daher mit der Kombination von blauen fluoreszierenden Emittern mit grünen und roten phosphoreszierenden Emittern erzielen. Die beiden in dieser Arbeit entwickelten Konzepte unterscheiden sich in der energetischen Lage des Triplettniveaus des jeweils verwendeten fluoreszierenden blauen Emitters relativ zu den verwendeten phosphoreszierenden Emittern. Das erste Konzept verwendet einen fluoreszierenden blauen Emitter mit niedriger Triplettenergie, weshalb er bei direktem Kontakt mit den phosphoreszierenden Emittern deren Phosphoreszenz löscht. Eine Exzitonen blockierende Zwischenschicht unterdrückt diesen Verlustmechanismus. Dies wird sowohl in Photolumineszenzexperimenten als auch in OLEDs nachgewiesen. Weiterhin muss die Zwischenschicht gleichzeitig die Exzitonengeneration auf beiden Seiten gewährleisten, sie muss also bipolare Transporteigenschaften haben. Mischschichten aus einem Elektronen transportierenden und einem Löcher transportierenden Material werden mit der Methode der raumladungsbegrenzten Ströme in unipolaren Strukturen untersucht, um ihren Einfluss auf die Ladungsträger- und Exzitonenbalance in OLEDs zu erklären. Das zweite Konzept verwendet einen fluoreszierenden blauen Emitter mit hoher Triplettenergie. Dadurch ergeben sich einige Vorteile. Phosphoreszenz wird nicht mehr gelöscht, weshalb keine Zwischenschicht mehr notwendig ist. Zusätzlich können außerdem die auf dem blauen fluoreszierenden Emitter erzeugten Triplettexzitonen für die Lichtemission verwendet werden, indem man sie auf die phosphoreszierenden Emitter überträgt. Damit ist es grundsätzlich möglich, 100% der elektrisch erzeugten Exzitonen für die Lichtemission zu verwenden, obwohl ein fluoreszierender Emitter verwendet wird. Allerdings ist dabei darauf zu achten, dass die Singulettexzitonen nicht ebenfalls übertragen werden, da sonst kein Weißlicht mehr erzeugt werden kann. Es werden verschiedene OLED-Strukturen untersucht, um Singulett- und Triplettexzitonen so auf die jeweiligen Emitter zu verteilen, dass eine ausgewogene spektrale Balance der Emission erreicht wird. Ein zentraler Punkt ist dabei die Ausnutzung der unterschiedlich großen Diffusionslängen von Singulett- und Triplettexzitonen.

OLEDs have seen a strong growth in development in recent years, however up to 80% of emitted light may be lost within the OLED stack and in the substrate layers. This thesis investigates the effects of the layer stack on the OLED properties and also studies a number of approaches to substrate structuring and treatment in order to couple light from the devices.

Le succès de l’introduction des composants optoélectroniques dans le domaine automobile s’explique par certaines caractéristiques qu’offrent les LED. En effet, ces nouvelles sources lumineuses permettent de réduire la consommation électrique des véhicules tout en offrant une longévité bien supérieure aux sources lumineuses traditionnelles. De plus, leur encombrement réduit élargit considérablement les possibilités de style des optiques des véhicules et leur caractère électronique permet d’imaginer de nombreuses applications nouvelles.Malgré leurs performances, les LED sont à l’origine d’une part importante des problématiques de fiabilité électronique constatées et probablement futures. Il est donc nécessaire, pour les équipementiers automobile, de trouver les solutions technologiques améliorant les performances et la robustesse des LED dans leurs applications et de développer les outils permettant de maîtriser les risques liés à ces évolutions technologiques.Nous identifions dans ce manuscrit les enjeux concrets de fiabilité en soulignant l’importance de l’étude de la robustesse des LED et le moindre intérêt de l’étude de leur longévité dans le cas du domaine automobile. Nous décrivons les outils et méthodes permettant de caractériser les paramètres thermiques, optiques et électriques de ces composants. Notamment nous proposons une méthode de mesure de la température de jonction. Puis, nous exposons les résultats des caractérisations des LED employées dans des applications pulsées et proposons des solutions technologiques permettant d’améliorer leur performances et leur robustesse dans ces conditions d’utilisation. Par ailleurs, le développement d’un banc de test est décrit et les résultats obtenus à l’aide de ce dernier sont analysés. Enfin, nous proposons une méthodologie de caractérisation et d’évaluation de la fiabilité des composants OLED pour les applications automobiles / The large introduction of optoelectronics technologies in automotive applications is related to the high performances offered by LEDs. Indeed, these new light sources allow cutting down the electrical consumption and ensuring long lasting of lighting functions. Besides, their reduced size and their electronics behavior enable new styling and operating functions. Yet, reliability remains a great concern in automotive applications.We identify in this manuscript the real reliability stakes and emphasize the highest importance of robustness versus lifetime of LED for automotive applications. We then describe the methods and tools necessary to characterize the thermal, electrical and optical parameters of these components. In particular we propose a new method for junction temperature estimation. Characterizations results for LEDs used in pulsed applications are given and solutions are proposed to improve their robustness and performances under such conditions. Moreover, the development of a test bench is presented and results obtained are discussed. Finally, we propose a methodology of characterization and evaluation of the reliability of OLED used in automotive applications

[pt] O planejamento racional e a obtenção de novos compostos luminescentes com aplicações específicas continua sendo um importante desafio em síntese orgânica. Derivados do núcleo benzotiadiazola (BTD) com conjugação (Pi) estendida têm sido amplamente sintetizados e aplicados em diferentes aspectos da tecnologia da luz. Em geral, na estrutura desses derivados, grupos doadores de elétrons (D) são ligados ao anel BTD, que tem caráter aceptor de elétrons (A). Até o presente momento não haviam sido descritos derivados de BTD cuja porção doadora é um grupamento arilóxi. No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida uma rota sintética para derivados de BTD arilóxi-substituídos. Os compostos se mostraram altamente luminescentes em solução (Rendimento quântico de fluorescência de até 74 por cento) e com band gap adequado para aplicação em camadas emissoras de OLEDs. O desenvolvimento/otimização dos compostos foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira parte, foram determinadas as condições reacionais para a obtenção dos novos derivados e foi avaliada qual a melhor configuração dos compostos: arilóxi-BTD aceptor ou arilóxi-BTD-doador. Um composto com característica arilóxi-BTD-doador se mostrou mais emissivo, assim, construiu-se um dispositivo OLED verde utilizando-o como camada emissora, como uma prova de conceito. Na segunda parte do trabalho, foi realizada uma otimização estrutural mais abrangente, onde oito novos derivados foram sintetizados e caracterizados. Através dessa nova otimização chegou-se no composto líder 4-(4-metoxifenóxi)-7-o-toluilbenzo[c][1,2,5]tiadiazol, que apresentou band gap eletroquímico de 3,2 eV, máximo de emissão em 471 nm (azul), emissão induzida por agregação e 83 por cento de rendimento quântico de fluorescência no estado sólido. A partir desse emissor puramente orgânico otimizado serão construídos novos dispositivos OLED. / [en] The rational planning and obtention of new luminescent compounds with specific applications can be considered an important challenge in organic synthesis. Benzothiadiazole (BTD) derivatives with extended (Pi) conjugation have been widely synthesized and applied in different aspects of light technology. In general, in the structure of these derivatives, electron donor groups (D) are bound to the BTD ring, which has electron acceptor character (A). To date, BTD derivatives in which the donor moiety is an aryloxy group have not been described. In the present work a synthetic route for aryloxy-substituted BTD derivatives has been developed. The compounds are highly luminescent in solution (Quantum fluorescence yield up to 74 percent) and display suitable band gaps for application as emitting layers in OLEDs. The development/optimization of the compounds was divided into two parts. In the first part, the reaction conditions were optimized and the best architecture of the compounds was evaluated: aryloxy-BTD-acceptor or aryloxy-BTD-donor. A compound with aryloxy-BTD-donor design displayed more intense emission, thus, a green OLED device was constructed using it as a emitting layer, as a proof of concept. In the second part of the work, a more comprehensive structural optimization was performed, and eight novel derivatives were synthesized and characterized. By means of this new optimization, the lead compound 4-(4- methoxyphenoxy)-7-o-tolylbenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole was obtained, which showed an emission maximum at 471 nm (blue), band gap of 3,2 eV, aggregation emissioninduced and 83 percent of photoluminescence quantum yield in the solid state. This new leader compound will be explored as emissive layer in novel OLED devices.

This work focusses on the advances of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) for large area display and solid-state-lighting applications. OLED technology has matured over the past two decades, aided by the rapid advances in development of the novel material and device concepts. State-of-the-art OLEDs reach internal efficiencies of 100% and device lifetimes acceptable for commercial display applications. However, further improvements in the blue emitter stability and the device performance at the high brightness are essential for OLED technology to secure its place in the lighting market. As the current passing through the device increases, a rapid decrease in OLED efficiency, so-called efficiency roll-off, takes place, which hinders the use of OLEDs wherever high brightness is required. In addition, white OLEDs comprising multiple emitter molecules suffer from the emission colour change as the operating conditions are varied or as the devices age. Despite side-by-side structuring of the monochrome OLEDs could in principle circumvent most of bespoke issues, the limitations imposed by the shadow mask technique, employed to structure vacuum deposited films, renders such approach impractical for fabrication of the devices on a large scale. In order to address these issues, photolithographic patterning of OLEDs is implemented. Highly efficient state-of-the-art devices are successfully structured down to tens of micrometers with the aid of orthogonal lithographic processing. The latter is shown to be a promising alternative for the shadow mask method in order to fabricate the full-colour RGB displays and solid-state-lighting panels. Photo-patterned devices exhibit a virtually identical performance to their shadow mask counterparts on a large scale. The high performance is replicated in the microscale OLEDs by a careful selection of functional layer sequence based on the investigation of the morphological stability and solubility of vacuum deposited films. Microstructured OLEDs, fabricated in several different configurations, are investigated and compared to their large area counterparts in order to account for the observed differences in charge transport, heat management and exciton recombination in bespoke devices. The role of the Joule heat leading to the quenching of the emissive exciton states in working devices is discussed. Structuring the active OLED area down to 20 micrometer is shown to improve the thermal dissipation in such devices, thus enabling the suppression of the efficiency roll-off at high brightness in white-emitting electroluminescent devices based on side-by-side patterned OLEDs. / Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den neusten Errungenschaften von organischen Licht-emittierenden Dioden (OLEDs) für großflächige Beleuchtungs- und Displayanwendungen. Die OLED-Technologie hat sich in den letzten zwei Jahrzehnten, begünstigt von neuartigen Material- und Bauteilkonzepten, weit entwickelt. Im aktuellen Stand der Technik erreichen OLEDs sowohl interne Effizienzen von 100% als auch Lebensdauern die für die kommerzielle Nutzung in Displays ausreichend sind. Nichtsdestotrotz sind weitere Verbesserungen für die Stabilität blauer Emitter und die Leistungsfähigkeit bei hohen Leuchtstärken erforderlich, damit die OLED Technologie ihren Platz auf dem Markt behaupten kann. Mit steigender Stromstärke, die durch ein solches Bauteil fließt, sinkt die Effizienz rapide (der sogenannte Effizienz-Roll-Off), was die Nutzung von OLEDs verhindert, wann immer hohe Leuchtstärken erforderlich sind. Zusätzlich verändern weiße OLEDs ihre Farbkomposition durch die unterschiedliche Alterung der unterschiedlichen Emittermoleküle oder veränderte Einsatzbedingungen. Obwohl die laterale Strukturierung nebeneinander aufgebrachter, monochromer OLEDs diese Probleme umgehen könnte, ist diese Herangehensweise durch die aktuelle Schattenmasken-Technologie limitiert, welche zur Strukturierung vakuumprozessierter Dünnschichten eingesetzt wird, und somit unpraktikabel für die Massenproduktion. Um diese Problemstellungen zu umgehen, wird hier die photolithographische Strukturierung von OLEDs angewendet. Mithilfe der orthogonalen Lithographie können hocheffiziente Bauteile damit erfolgreich auf Größenordnungen von 10 Mikrometer strukturiert werden. Dies zeigt, dass die orthogonale Prozessierung eine vielversprechende Alternative für die Schattenmasken-Technologie darstellt und für die Herstellung von RGB-Displays und Beleuchtungspanelen geeignet ist. Photostrukturierte Bauteile zeigen dabei eine nahezu identische Leistungsfähigkeit zu solchen, die großffächig mittels Schattenmasken hergestellt wurden. Diese hohe Leistungsfähigkeit kann hierbei durch eine sorgfältige Auswahl der einzelnen funktionellen Schichten erreicht werden, welche auf Untersuchung von morphologischer Stabilität und Löslichkeit dieser Schichten basiert. Mikrostrukturierte OLEDs in verschiedenen Konfigurationen werden mit ihren großflächigen Gegenstücken verglichen, um beobachtete Abweichungen im Ladungstransport, der Wärmeverteilung, sowie der Exzitonenrekombination zu erklären. Die Rolle der Joule'schen Wärme, die zur Auslöschung der emittierenden Exzitonenzustände führt, wird hier diskutiert. Die thermische Dissipation kann dabei verbessert werden, indem die aktive Fläche der OLED auf 20 Mikrometer herunterstrukturiert wird. Folglich kann der Effizienz-Roll-Off bei hohen Leuchtstärken in lateral strukturierten weißen elektrolumineszenten Bauteilen unterdrückt werden.

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