São poucos os estudos sobre gestão de carreira esportiva abordando os processos de transição, seus ciclos e a pós-carreira atlética nas Ciências do Esporte. É também incomum o uso de métodos de pesquisa que utilizam entrevistas abertas com atletas e pós-atletas que abordam de forma abrangente a vida do atleta onde esse tópico está inserido. No caso específico do futebol o jornalismo de uma forma geral costuma explorar esse tema, principalmente com a intenção de denunciar situações que contradizem o glamour e a visibilidade que o atleta vive durante a fase produtiva da carreira. A modalidade foi escolhida pelo poder de influência nas políticas públicas nacionais, e por apresentar um grupo expressivo de atletas que vivenciou tanto a fase amadora quanto a profissional. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi identificar e analisar como se dá o processo de gestão da carreira esportiva entre atletas olímpicos do futebol que também viveram uma carreira longeva no futebol profissional a partir da perspectiva da transformação da identidade nos diferentes ciclos que compõem a carreira do atleta. Busca discutir os processos de formação de identidade atlética, bem como as formas de gestão profissional da carreira esportiva apontando significados e sentidos no decorrer do seu desenvolvimento, em sua finalização e na construção de uma nova carreira. Para tanto foram intencionalmente selecionados 12 atletas, 10 deles já afastados da atividade profissional e 02 atletas ainda em atividade, todos eles acima de 33 anos de idade, originários de várias regiões do Brasil. O método utilizado foi as narrativas biográficas de atletas brasileiros que fizeram parte de pelo menos uma seleção brasileira que participou de uma edição dos Jogos Olímpicos entre as décadas de 1960 e 2000. A tese defende que a gestão da carreira esportiva é feita na relação que o indivíduo tem com sua carreira subjetiva e com a carreira construída socialmente, viabilizando o conceito de carreira como projeto de vida seguindo as ideias propostas pelo paradigma Life Design / There are few studies about sports management career addressing the processes of transition, their cycles and post athletic career in sports science. It is also unusual using research methods that use open interviews with athletes and post athletes which approach in a widely way the athlete\'s life where this topic is inserted. In the specific case of football, journalism in general, tends to explore this topic, principally intending to report situations that contradict the glamour and visibility that the athlete lives during his productive phase of the career. The modality was chosen by the influence power in national public policies, and for presenting an impressive group of athletes who experienced both amateur and professional phases. The objective of this research was to identify and analyze how it is the process of managing career among Olympic athletes in football who also lived one long-lived career in professional football from the perspective of identity transformation in the different cycles that make up the athlete\'s career. It is worth to discuss the formation processes of athletic identity, as well as the ways of management of professional sports career pointing its meanings and feelings during its development, in its finalization and in the construction of a new career. However, it was intentionally selected 12 athletes, 10 of them already removed from the professional activity, and 2 others yet in activity, all of them over 33 years old from several parts of Brazil. For both, the method used was the biographical narratives of Brazilian athletes who took part of at least one Brazilian team that participated of an edition of the Olympic Games between the decades of 1960 and 2000. The thesis argues that the management of sports career is made based on the relation the individual has with his subjective career and the career socially built enabling the career concept as a life project following the ideas proposed by the paradigm, Life Design

Tendo em conta o contexto de preparação dos Jogos Olímpicos de 2016, em que parte do espaço físico da cidade do Rio de Janeiro é redesenhado a partir de intervenções arquitetônicas e urbanísticas, este estudo se interessa pela atuação de um sujeito específico: o arquiteto. Mais especificamente, investigo as visões deste profissional sobre o Rio de Janeiro no contexto referido, tornando presentes imagens sobre o passado, o presente e o futuro dessa cidade. O objetivo teórico é apreender sociologicamente o imaginário dos arquitetos sobre a cidade em questão, procurando indícios da base social que subjaz às representações que medeiam esse imaginário. Para tanto, os projetos arquitetônicos e urbanísticos premiados pelo Concurso Porto Olímpico e pelo Concurso Sede do Campo Olímpico de Golfe são objetos de uma análise documental e seus respectivos autores e coautores, entrevistados. Como resultado, chega-se a um imaginário que parece se alimentar ora de imagens de espaços empiricamente existentes (bairros e logradouros cariocas e cidades estrangeiras), ora de imagens que não encontram lugar no mundo empiricamente existente. As representações de cidade reveladas por esse imaginário podem ser relacionadas com duas dimensões da vida social dos arquitetos em questão: sua vivência cotidiana nessa e em outras cidades e sua formação acadêmica. Orientado teoricamente pelos escritos de Henri Lefebvre sobre a produção do espaço e as representações, este estudo busca alargar as possibilidades interpretativas do arcabouço conceitual produzido pelo sociólogo francês e, ao mesmo tempo, dar voz aos arquitetos nos estudos urbanos brasileiros, em que ele raramente aparece como protagonista. / Considering the arrangements for the 2016 Olympic Games, where part of the physical space of the city of Rio de Janeiro is redesigned by architectural and urban interventions, this study is concerned with the performance of a very specific character: the architect. More specifically, I explore the conception of architects about the city within the above-mentioned context, bringing to light images of past, present and future of this city. The theoretical purpose herein is to sociologically understand the (Lefebvrean) imaginary of architects about Rio, seeking evidence of the social basis underlying the representations mediated by such imaginary. For that purpose, the architectural and urban designs that won the Porto Olímpico Contest (Concurso Porto Olímpico) and the Olympic Golf Course Clubhouse Contest (Concurso Sede do Campo Olímpico de Golfe) are subject to a document analysis. In addition, their respective authors and co-authors were also interviewed. As a result, such approach enabled discovering an imaginary that seems to be sustained either by images of empirically existing spaces (neighborhoods and public sites of Rio and foreign cities) or images that do not find their places in the empirically existing world. This imaginary revealed representations of the city that can be associated with two dimensions of the social life of these architects: their life experience in Rio de Janeiro and other cities, and their academic background. Theoretically guided by the concepts of Henri Lefebvre on the production of space and its representations, this study aims to extend the interpretative possibilities of the conceptual framework of the French sociologist, while giving voice to architects in Brazilian urban studies, a field where such subjects are rarely seen as protagonists.

The advent of digital media has affected the nature of global communications, amplifying the interaction between populations and massively expanding the information load that an audience may be forced to consider. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (BOCOG) has proposed a digital strategy for the 2008 Olympics, which will open up a wide range of challenges for information gathering and dissemination. My research project has two related components: The first is an exegesis which sets the context for the project, identifies its main issues and presents a background research plan that, on the one hand, focuses on journalists and their likely orientations to a Digital Media Centre such as the one I propose, and, on the other, seeks to discover in other digital media centres the elements of best practice and innovation that might be adopted for Beijing. The second is a development project to explore and present innovation in Internet-based digital media operations, as exemplified by the challenges presented by the 2008 Olympic Games.

The advent of digital media has affected the nature of global communications, amplifying the interaction between populations and massively expanding the information load that an audience may be forced to consider. The Beijing Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (BOCOG) has proposed a digital strategy for the 2008 Olympics, which will open up a wide range of challenges for information gathering and dissemination. My research project has two related components: The first is an exegesis which sets the context for the project, identifies its main issues and presents a background research plan that, on the one hand, focuses on journalists and their likely orientations to a Digital Media Centre such as the one I propose, and, on the other, seeks to discover in other digital media centres the elements of best practice and innovation that might be adopted for Beijing. The second is a development project to explore and present innovation in Internet-based digital media operations, as exemplified by the challenges presented by the 2008 Olympic Games.

<p>The aim of this thesis is to understand and demonstrate the narrow ties between sport and International Relations. My purpose is to examine how Football especially is mixed with International Relations in many levels. The theoretical framework deals with the</p><p>nationalism theories. Nationalism theories have been relevant only for the last two decades. Nationalism has been developed in the two last centuries with the industrialisation. It can be considered as a political doctrine or ideology. The definition of Nationalism is not obvious because there are no founding theorist or text on it. This</p><p>process of nationalism induced nations to existence or self-determination. But extreme nationalism can be a danger. Nationals symbols have been created like language, food and drink, clothing, commemorative holidays, military heroes, flags, colours, and anthems.</p><p>Sport should not be forgotten in this Nationalism ideology. A qualitative study of all the books have been studied carefully. The thesis is based on a long historical approach that permitted to demonstrate the links between sport and International Relations. Pierre de Coubertin wanted Olympics to bring peace and without political means, but the situation changed rapidly everything and government policies were really influenced by sports. Not only totalitarian states but also democratic ones have been using sport for their propaganda to promote national strength. It has been like a trigger mechanism, everyone has understood how to use sport for diplomatic relations and it is a safer and harmless way than a war. Then a study of national identity construction will be the second goal.</p><p>Governments are now involved in sport to promote the prestige of a group. The other reason is to encourage a sense of identity, belonging and unity. Sport as a diplomatic tool can be considered like a public diplomacy to influence opinion. Football passion is shared by every citizen and helps us to understand the complexity of the world with its conflicting nations. In all this complicated situation, the Nordic nationalism is a fascinating new direction of peace and tolerance. For example, the Danes showed a festive way to support national teams that we can call a ‘sporting nationalism’.</p>

<p>This study focuses on exploring Swedish journalists’ experiences and thoughts about the working conditions during the Olympic Games in Beijing 2008. It is interesting because of the fact that the Olympic Games where hosted in a country with dictatorial government and this is the foundation of this study. Theories about social construction, propaganda and media events were applied to illuminate and give a broader comprehension of the influence on the journalistic work during an Olympic Game. To explore this problem and get answers to our questions we used qualitative interviews with eight Swedish journalists who were stationed in Beijing. The result of this study is based on these journalists’ experiences of their reality. We found that all the journalists experienced an almost perfect working condition in many ways. Censorship and the lack of freedom of speech were debated a lot before the games in many western media. These subjects did not affect negative on the Swedish journalists work in Beijing but the debate had anyway an unavoidable influence on them. The line between sport journalism and a social journalism was often rubbed out and it seemed hard to avoid what happened outside the Olympic area. The organization of the Beijing Games is described by many journalists as the best of all times. We found that the journalists gave a common experience which says that almost everything in Beijing was controlled and set by the organization. The majority says at the same time that they were totally aware of the ongoing propaganda. The journalists in our study describe a journalistic freedom inside the Olympic area, in the same way as in every Olympic Game. No matter if it is hosted by a democratic or a dictatorial government.</p>

<p><strong>UNIVERSITY OF KALMAR - SWEDEN</strong></p><p>The institution of Social Science</p><p>Project: Master Essay 15points</p><p>Title: Olympic Games – An instrument for Environmental Political Change?</p><p> </p><p><em>-A case study exploring the Environmental Political views of the Olympic Games – with special focus on the 28th Summer Olympic Games in Beijing. </em></p><p> <strong>ABSTRACT                                                               </strong></p><p>The essay´s aim was to explore the complex political environmental opinions and opportunities to use the Olympic Games as an instrument for environmental political changes, with special focus on the 2008 summer Olympics Games in Beijing. </p><p>In the light of two environmental political theories (The Green Business and Critical Ecology Theories)  The International Olympic Committee's (The IOC) third pillar, the environment, the Beijing Olympic Committee 's motto (BOCOG) “Green Olympics” and Non-Governmental Organisations (NGO:s) such as Greenpeace and their motto “Green Games” have been reviewed. The aim was to see the organisations aim to use the Beijing Olympics as a tool for environmental political changes.  </p><p>The study involves six qualitative interviews, one group interview, one written questionnaire and participating observations, during an eight week field study, during the Beijing Olympics in 2008.</p><p>The conclusion of the study demonstrates that the Olympic Games can be used as important instrument to address the organisations environmental work toward a “Greening” of Olympic cities with firstly technical measures under political control.  The Olympics are also used as an instrument to raise the environmental awareness of the public in Beijing and China.</p><p>The City of Beijing was seen as a showcase of green standards hopefully to be spread nationally. The “Greening of Olympics” is still though a complex social and scientific matter. Countries and cities have different conditions, knowledge, interests and ambitions. Universal standards are not always universally understood.</p><p> </p>

This thesis examines the planning and organization of the Munich 1972 and Seoul 1988 Olympic Games with a specific focus on how the South Korean and West German governments attempted to use the Games to positively change their images abroad. Both countries attempted to distance themselves not only from their own war torn pasts, but also from their Communist counterparts, East Germany and North Korea. The West German government (and the Munich Olympic Committee) hoped to create a “peaceful” and “carefree atmosphere” that would directly counter images of Nazism, and the South Korean government (and the Seoul Olympic Committee) sought to use the Olympics to legitimize a military dictatorship and prove the country’s economic growth following the Korean War. By giving the Games so much importance, however, both governments transformed the Olympics into a flashpoint for international and domestic conflicts, and unforeseen events, such as the Black September terrorist attack, the South Korean democracy movement, and North Korea’s demands to co-host the Games, changed and defined the public images of both the Games and their host countries.

Increased international competitiveness to host sport mega-events indicates their perceived value in stimulating regional and national economic, social and cultural development. In the context of broader governmental public opinion management strategies, sport mega-events hold the potential to mobilize soft power resources of the host country, expressed in values, culture and policies, and engage with and influence the publics of other countries. This thesis investigates the significance of sport mega-events for the host country’s public diplomacy strategies and practice by exploring the concepts of public diplomacy, sport mega-events, soft power and national image within a multi-disciplinary conceptual framework. The analysis of scholarly literature, official and media reports reveals how aspects of reputation, credibility, and legitimacy guide both foreign public opinion and the practice of public diplomacy in conjunction with sport mega-events. Moreover, international reputation of the host nation, including status, prestige and image, appeared to benefit the most as a result of strategic application of sport mega-events to public diplomacy. This can be achieved by proving functional reputation though demonstration of financial and organizational success. Alternatively, social reputation of the host is at risk of sustaining considerable damage as a result of resistance from social activists groups, thus requiring extensive damage control efforts of the host country's image. The conclusions drawn from this study raise significant questions about the potential of sport mega-events being effectively used for public diplomacy and the experience of the host governments, revealing functional competence as having the greatest potential to influence public diplomacy strategy built around hosting sport mega-events.

This research examines the ways in which the Vancouver Olympics emblem, an Inuit inuksuk, and other Aboriginal symbols have been ‘adopted’ by the organizers of the 2010 Winter Olympics, how visual and textual Aboriginal representations have been incorporated into the public education mandate of the Games, and how this relates to the Aboriginal Participation Goals of the Vancouver Organizing Committee (VANOC). I use Freirian critical cultural pedagogy and Foucauldian theories along with a visual research method, semiotic analysis, as a way to examine the material presented on the official Vancouver 2010 Olympic website and related websites.