Vidros condutores à base de boratos, silicatos e sílico-sulfatos de íons de metais alcalinos foram preparados a partir da mistura apropriada de pós de óxidos, carbonatos e sulfatos, Eles foram produzidos a partir da fusão e resfriamento rápido em um forno de carbeto de silício de ate 1400ºC. Estes materiais foram analisados pelas técnicas de condutividade em corrente contínua (CC) e por Espectroscopia de Impedância (EI) nas caracterizações elétricas, por Difração de Raios X (DRX) para análise estrutural, Absorção Ótica (AO) par verificar a transmitância e pelas técnicas de Espectroscopia de Emissão de Chama (EEC) e Retroespalhamento de Rutherford (RBS) para identificar as composições. Os difratogramas de Raios X mostraram que se tratam de sólidos amorfos. Os espectros de AO mostraram forte absorção na região do ultravioleta e completa transparência para a luz visível. As técnicas de EEC e RBS indicaram perdas pequenas de óxidos de sódio e lítio porem grandes de sulfatos. Os principais resultados mostraram: a maior condutividade entre os materiais estudados, de 2,3×10-4S/cm para o vidro 53,4Na2O·6,6Na2SO4·40,0SiO2 mol%, caracterizando-o como um condutor iônico rápido (FIC-Fast Ion Conductor); concordância nos valores de condutividade em CC e CA, e uma melhor caracterização das propriedades dielétricas, como capacitância C, freqüência de relaxação f0 e ângulo de descentralização Fi. Alem do comportamento do tipo Arrhenius em todas as amostras foi identificada também uma não-homogeneidade estrutural através de um segundo semicírculo por EI. Por fim, aplicando tensões de até 1kV foram verificados o implante de prata em dois vidros através da técnica de RBS. / Conducting glasses based on borates, silicates and silica-sulfates of alkali metals have been prepared from an appropriate mixture of powder of oxides, carbonates and sulfates. They were produced by fusion in a silicon carbide furnace up to 1400ºC and then by fast cooling. These materials have been analyzed with techniques of DC conductivity and Impedance Spectroscopy (IS) for electrical characterizations, by X Ray Diffraction (XRD) for structural analysis, Optical Absorption (OA) to verify the transmittance characteristics and by techniques of Flame Emission Spectroscopy (FES) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) to identify their compositions. The X Rays difractrograms have shown that they are amorphous solids. The AO spectra showed strong absorption in UV region and a full transparency for visible light. The FES and RBS techniques indicated little loss of sodium and lithium oxides, however greater loss of sulfates. The main results shown that: among all the samples the largest conductivity, of 2.3×10-4S/cm at 150ºC was found for the glass 53.4Na2O·6.6Na2SO4·40.0SiO2 mol%, characteristic of a FIC (FIC-Fast Ion Conductor) system; also a concordance of DC and AC conductivity values, and a better characterization of dielectrical properties, such as capacitance C, relaxation frequency f0 and depression angle Fi. Besides the Arrhenius in all the samples a structural non-homogeneity was found in a second semicircle by IS. Lastly a successful Ag implant on two glasses was certified by the RBS technique, by application of voltages up to 1kV.

Este trabalho tem por objetivo o estudo de algumas propriedades físicas do mineral natural sodalita, de origem brasileira (Itabuna, BA), cuja fórmula ideal é Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2. Para isso foram feitas medidas de ressonância paramagnética de elétrons, absorção óptica, ressonância nuclear magnética, corrente iônica termoestimulada e condutividade elétrica DC em amostras naturais tratadas termicamente e irradiadas com raios-X. Foram detectados três centros paramagnéticos: uma linha isotrópica com g= 2.011, relacionada com a cor azul da amostra natural, isto é, bandas de absorção óptica a 600nm e 645nm. Um conjunto de treze linhas de interação hiperfina, com g= 2.001 e A= 3.5 Gauss, relacionado com um centro de dipolo elétrico responsável por dois picos de relaxação dielétrica a 19.90K, e a 49.3&#176 K com energias de ativação de 30 meV e 121 meV respectivamente. Um conjunto de treze linhas de interação hiperfina com g= 2.001 e A= 32.5 Gauss, relacionado com uma banda de absorção óptica a 530nm / The aim of this work is the study of some physical properties of natural blue brazilian sodalite (Itabuna, BA), whose ideal formula is Na8Al6Si6O24Cl2. For this purpose, we made use of electron paramagnetic resonance, nuclear magnetic resonance, ionic thermocurrent, optical absorption and electrical conductivity techiniques in natural, bleached and irradiated samples. We have detected three paramagnetic centers: a) na isotropic line with g= 2.011, related to the blue color of natural samples, that is, with the optical absorption bands at 600nm and 645nm; b) a set of thirteen lines of hyperfine interaction with g= 2.001 and A= 3.5 Gauss, related to na electric dipole Center responsible for two bands of dieletric relaxation at 19.9&#176K and 49.3&#176K, with activation energy of 30 meV and 121 meV, respectively, c) we have also detected an F center with a EPR spectrum composed of thirteen isotropic lines of hyperfine interaction with g= 2.001 and A=32.5 Gauss, related to the Pink color

No presente trabalho foram investigadas as propriedades de centros de cor, de centros paramagnéticos e de centros de termoluminescência e, sua dependência com os defeitos intrínsecos e extrínsecos do berilo cor de rosa (chamada morganita) natural. O berilo, de fórmula química Be3 Al2 Si6 O18 é um cristal de silicato de alumínio e berílio que, por ser natural, encerra na sua rede cirstalina inúmeras impurezas. A análise por fluorescência de raios X revelou Na, Fe, Mn, Co, K, como átomos estranhos à rede cristalina com maior concentração e outros elementos em menor quantidade. O presente trabalho mostrou que somente Fe, Mn e Na (talvez K) como impureza atuantes, as outras não tendo influência sobre as propriedades em estudo. Uma amostra de morganita, tratada em 600º por uma hora, depois de irradiada com raios gama de uma fonte de 60Co, apresentou picos termoluminescentes (TL) em torno de 160ºC, 220ºC, 340ºC. A altura do pico de 160ºC cresce muito rapidamente com a dose da radiação tal que, os dois outros ficam escondidos. Estes podem ser destacados submetendo a amostra irradiada a um recozimento em 160ºC por 5 a 10 minutos. Quando uma amostra natural é tratada termicamente entre 500ºC e 900ºC por cerca de uma hora, a irradiação subsequente (no caso com 2 kGy de dose), produz pico TL em 160ºC crescente com a temperatura, enquanto que os dois outros picos decrescem. O tratamento térmico provoca um rearranjo na rede cristalina que favoreceu o crescimento do pico TL em 160ºC. A irradiação com luz UV de uma lâmpada de Hg (e também de Xe) induziu termoluminescência. Como a energia de um fóton de UV é meno do que a largura da banda proibida, esse resultado foi interpretado à luz da absorção de dois fótons, mecanismo, estudado por Maria Göppert-Mayer em 1931. O espectro de EPR da morganita natural apresenta sinais típicos de Mn2+, Fe3+ e do átomo H0. O centro H0 cresce com irradiação - gama, mas, é destruída por calor, a intensidade do sinal decaindo entre 160ºC e 300ºC. Na região do campo magnético entre 3100 e 3500 Gauss, são observados varias linhas EPR. A linha em g 2,0143 foi identificado como sendo devido ao radical CO3 proveniente de CO-2.3->CO-3 +e- ou HCO-3->H0+ CO-3, ambas as reações ocorrendo durante a irradiação. As linhas entre 3350 Gauss e 3360 Gauss podem ser uma superposição das linhas de Fe3+ e CH4. O espectro de absorção ótica de uma amostra natural entre 200 nm e 3200 nm apresentou bandas intensas de H2O, que são encontradas grande quantidade nos canais do berilo. O limiar de absorção UV situa-se em cerca de 350 nm. Bandas muito fracas são observadas na região visível, entre elas, as conhecidas bandas de Maxixe. Uma banda típica devido a Fe2+ é observada em 820 nm, que não se altera muito quando a morganita natural sobre um tratamento térmico em 700ºC por uma hora. As outras bandas, exceto de H2O, sofrem decréscimos consideráveis. Esse tratamento térmico revela bandas em 205 e 235 nm na região de UV. Uma irradiação muito intensa até 68 kGy aumenta a absorção UV, incluindo as bandas em 205 e 235 nm, atingindo a intensidade de absorção constante e patamar entre 200 e 250 nm. Essas irradiações intensas aumentam ligeiramente a banda de Fe2+, mas, tornam evidentes as bandas de Maxixe e bandas em 430 nm e 555 nm. / The relationship between point defects in a natural pink beryl (morganite) and its optical absorption, electron spin resonance and thermoluminescensce properties has been investigated. Beryl with chemical formula Be3 Al2 Si6 O18, is an aluminum silicate of beryllium, it is found in nature containing several impurities. A X-ray fluorescence analysis revealed Na, Fe, Mn, Co and F as impurities with large concentration and others in smaller concentration. The present work has shown that only Na, Fe an Mn have influence on properties of interest while others have none. A sample of morganite heat treated at 600°C for one hour, after being irradiated with 60Co gamma-rays exhibits thermoluminescesce (TL) peaks at 160, 220 and 340°C. the TL peak at 160°C grown very fast with radiation dose and the two others become hidden. It is necessary to annel at 160°C for few minutes in order to allow the TL peaks at 220 and 340°C to be isolated. The UV light from Hg lamp (and also Xe lamp) induces TL. Since an UV photon has not enough energy to promote one electron from the valence band to the conduction band, this result was considered as the effect of two photon absorption. Reported long time ago by M. Goppert-Mayer. The EPR spectrum of natural morganite shows the typical signals of Mn2+, Fe3+ and H°-center. H°-center grows with irradiation, but it decreases with heat, its intensity decreases between 160 and 300°C. In the interval of 3100 and 3500 Gauss of magnetic field, several EPR lines are observed, being the g 2,0143 signal identified as the CO-3 radical. This comes from the reaction CO2-3 -> CO-3 +e - or from HCO-3 -> H° + CO-3, both of them induced by irradiation. The lines seen between 3350 and 3360 Gauss can be attributed to the superposition of Fe3+ and CH4 lines. The optical absorption spectrum between 200 and 3200 nm has presented very strong bands due to H2O which are found in large amount in the beryl channels. The UV absorption edge occurs at around 350 nm. Few weak bands are present in visible region, three of them are known as Maxixe bands. A band at 820 nm is characterized of Fe2+, this band changes little on irradiation or heating. Except the H2O bands, there are bands decaying considerably under heat treatment: at 500 to 800°C, 700°C for one hour annealing shows clearly absorption bands at 205 and 235 nm, both in UV region. Irradiations up to about 70 kGy (very strong) increase highly the UV absorption including 205 and 325 nm. Such absorption is observed as a constant plateau located between 200 and 250 nm, for high dose. Strong irradiation changes slightly the Fe2+ band, and the other bands in the visible grow considerably.

Optical and electrical properties of electrochemically lithium ion intercalated thin films of x-ray amorphous tungsten oxide made by magnetron sputtering on glass substrates coated with a thin layer of conductive tin doped indium oxide, have been studied. The composition and the density of the films were characterized by the ion beam analysis methods Rutherford Backscattering Spectroscopy and Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis. The optical properties, transmittance and reflectance were investigated by spectophotometry in the wavelength range 300-2500 nm. The absorption coefficients were calculated at different lithium intercalation levels. It was found that the absorption coefficient in an as-deposited blue film has a similar asymmetric shape as for films intercalated to a Li/W ratio of ~0.03. It was possible to electrochemically bleach this film to transparency. Stoichiometric films show optical irreversibility between the bleached and the colored state in the first cycle. A polaron absorption model has been compared to the absorption coefficient for films of different intercalation levels. An increase in the Fermi level and in the polaron band width, and a nearly constant activation energy was found as the Li/W value increased. The radius of the polaron wavefunction for different lithium intercalation levels and film compositions has been estimated from electrical measurements. The total absorption coefficient has been compared to the site-saturation model. The model is good for films intercalated in the optically reversible region. A modified site-saturation model that could be applied also in the optically irreversible region and involves electron transitions between W6+, W5+ and W4+ sites, has also been compared to experimental values. It was found that the total absorption, optical density and the coloration efficiency is higher for the WO2.63 film than in the less oxygen deficient films and that this film is optically more durable in an electrochemically cyclic lifetime device test.

In atmospheric environment, synchronized survey of criteria air pollutants and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are important for ambient air quality measurement. UV-DOAS (Ultra-violet Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy) in this research is an optics open-optical monitor based on the ultraviolet and visible-light absorption of gaseous pollutants. This measurement could be employed to examine the spatial average concentration of optical path in the open space, and to monitor criteria air pollutants (including O3, SO2, NO and NO2) as well as VOCs (including benzene, toluene, p-xylene). Aircraft takeoff and landing has serious impacts on the neighboring envvironment of Kaohsiung International Airport. Aircrafts generate two major pollution problems: chemical pollution (leaking flue from engine and fume with particulate and gaseous pollutants from incomplete combustion) and physical pollution (aircraft noise). Most air pollutant emissions from aero engine are generated during aircraft takeoff and landing. The distribution of gaseous pollutants along the runway is a linear pollution source. Restricted by flight safety, it is difficult to monitor and investigate aero engine pollution with traditional stationary monitors. Therefore, open-path monitoring has become a novel tool for research. First, this study investigated the spatial average concentration of air pollutants around the runway of Kaohsiung International Airport and compared with monitoring data from nearby air quality monitoring station to evaluate the performance of the open-path monitoring system. Comparing the stationary monitors with the open-path monitoring showed relatively better correlations on O3 and NO2 than on SO2 and NO, which might be caused by the differences of local emissions. Overall, these two monitoring systems are identical on monitoring regulated pollutants. Furthermore, the open-path monitoring can also examine volatile organic compounds (ex: benzene, p-xylene, and toluene). The open-path monitoring is a practical and reliable monitoring system. It could be considered as one of the ambient air quality standard monitors in the future. Secondly, this study chose the airspace of approach lane, located at west side of the runway 09 of Kaohsiung International Airport, as survey area. The open-path monitoring (OP-SIS) utilized UV-DOAS for sampling and monitoring the air quality of the survey area. It examined, recorded, and analyzed the criteria air pollutants (O3, SO2, NO and NO2) as well as VOCs (including benzene, toluene, p-xylene) to ascertain the impact of aircraft emissions on atmospheric environment. The results suggested that aircraft emissions influenced ambient air quality with high correlation to NO concentration. Additionally, the wind directions of land-sea breeze and monsoon also have influences on the concentration of air pollutants in the study area. In daytime, when wind direction was N or NNE, the variance of NO concentration was consistent with takeoff and landing time points with correlation coefficient of 0.60. After 5-6 minutes of an aircraft passed through the study airspace, the variance of instantaneous concentration of NO climbed up to 30 ppb. The results were contributed to understand the characteristics and sources of aircraft emitted air pollutants. It could provide the authority to have better judgment on reducing air pollutants as well as to assist the maintence and management of ambient air quality surrounding the airports.

Gold nanoshells, a material generally composed of a core of silica surrounded by a thin shell of gold, are of great interest due to their unique and tunable optical properties. By varying the shell thickness and core size, the absorption and scattering properties are greatly enhanced. The nanoshells can be made to absorb or scatter light at various regions across the electromagnetic spectrum, from visible to the near infrared. The ability to tune the optical properties of nanoshells allows for their potential use in many different areas of research such as optical imaging, tumor ablation, drug delivery, and solar energy conversion. The research in this thesis focused on the synthesis and characterization of two novel gold nanoshell materials containing thermally-responsive, organic-inorganic hybrid layers. One type of material was based on a two-layer particle with a thermally responsive hybrid core of N-isopropylacrylamide (NIPAM) copolymerized with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)propyl methacrylate (MPS) that was then coated with a thin layer of gold. The second material was a three-layer particle with a silica core, a thermally responsive copolymer of NIPAM and MPS middle layer and an outer shell of gold. Various techniques were used to characterize both materials. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to image the particles and dynamic light scattering (DLS) was used to determine particle size and the temperature response. Additionally, UV-Vis spectroscopy was used to characterize the optical properties as a function of temperature.

Kyoto University (京都大学) / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18982号 / 工博第4024号 / 新制||工||1620 / 31933 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科材料工学専攻 / (主査)教授 田中 功, 教授 酒井 明, 教授 邑瀬 邦明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当

Foram estudados as propriedades de absorção ótica, de termoluminescência e de ressonância paramagnética eletrônica do mineral natural de silicato de nome MONTICELITA do grupo Olivina, para caracterização desse mineral, cuja formula química é CaMgSiO4. A absorção ótica mostrou que há três bandas de absorção em 450 nm, 660 nm e 1050 nm. As duas primeiras bandas, a primeira no azul e a segunda no amarelo-vermelho são responsáveis pela cor verde da Monticelita. Essas duas bandas são consequência do elemento cromo contido no mineral absorver fótons do feixe universal no visível de frequências centradas em 450 nm e 660 nm. A banda em 1050 nm é devido ao Fe2+. As curvas de emissão de uma amostra de Monticelita irradiada com raios gama de doses entre 10 e 1000 Gy apresenta três picos em 150 °C , 270 °C e 370 °C . Pelo método da deconvolução e de várias taxas de aquecimento foram obtidos energia E1=1,35 eV e fator de frequência s1=4,98x1011 s-1 para o pico 270 °C e E2=1,70 eV e s2=1,88x1011 s-1 para pico 370 °C . A irradiação com raios gama de doses entre 5 kGy e 50 kGy produziram pico TL de 380 °C com intensidade TL em função da dose linear e crescente. Este resultado e importante para dosimetria da radiação de altas doses. O espectro EPR de uma amostra natural, mostrou um resultado não esperado e interessante. Além dos sinais típicos de interação hiperfina do Mn2+, um sinal avantajado de g =6,34 indica que o ferro formou moléculas de hematita, Fe2O3. Esse sinal desaparece com aquecimento acima de 800 °C de recozimento, dando origem dipolos magnéticos de Fe3+, que dá origem a um sinal típico em g =2. Esta descrição mostra bem a caracterização do mineral Monticelita. / The properties of optical absorption, thermoluminescence and electron paramagnetic resonance of natural silicate mineral named MONTICELLITE belonging to Olivine group have been investigate in order to characterize this mineral of chemical formula CaMgSiO4. The optical absorption spectrum has shown that there are three bands in visible and near infrared. They occur at 450, 660 and 1050 nm. The two first absorption bands, first one around blue and second one around yellow-red are responsible for green colour of mineral. It was shown that these two absorption bands are due to absorption by chromium contained in the material of 450 nm photon and 660 nm photon from incident beam in the spectrophotometer causing excitation from fundamental to two excited states. 1050 nm band is due to Fe2+. Glow curves of Monticellite sample irradiated with γ-rays have shown TL peaks at 150, 270 e 370 °C. Using deconvolution method and various heating rates method following activation energy and frequency factor values for 270 °C peak, E1=1.35 eV and s1=4,98x1011 s-1 and for 370 °C peak E2=1.70 eV and s2=1,88x1011 s-1. Irradiation with y-rays with dose varying from 5 to 50 kGy a linear TL vs dose curve was obtained. This result shows that Monticellite Mineral can be used for high dose radiation dosimetry. The EPR spectrum of the natural sample presented an unexpected and interesting result. Besides a typical six lines due to hyperfine interaction in Mn2+ ion, a large signal with g =6,34 indicate an aggregate of hematite (Fe2O3). This signal changes into Fe3+ signal with g =2, under annealing at high temperatures of 800 to 1100 °C. Altogether these results characterize sufficiently enough the mineral Monticellite.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:25:33Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2008-03-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:26:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 monteiro_aa_me_ilha.pdf: 1376381 bytes, checksum: 0f42995675356c3407c89bdc7ba2e50c (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Vidros teluretos são estudados devido as suas interessantes características ópticas (altos índice de refração, comparados aos vidros silicatos), apresentando-se como materiais promissores para o uso em fibras ópticas baseados nas propriedades ópticas lineares e nãolineares. Espectros de absorção na região do infravermelho e no UV - Vis indicam que a incorporação do lítio no vidro baseado no telúrio provoca a formação de pirâmides trigonais TeO3 e também a formação de bipirâmides trigonais dos grupos TeO4 simétricas. Porém, em ambos os sistemas ternários, TeO2-Li2O-TiO2 (TLT) e TeO2-Li2O-WO3 (TLW), ocorre uma progressiva mudança na coordenação dos átomos de Te (TeO3 para TeO4) quando os óxidos de TiO2 e WO3 substituem o óxido de Li2O na composição da matriz vítrea. Essas informações estruturais também são correlacionadas com a expressão para o índice de refração devido ao modelo de Wemple: n2-1=(EdEo)/(E2o-E2) , onde Eo é a energia relacionada à freqüência de absorção óptica, E é a energia da onda incidente, Eda “energia de dispersão”, determinada pela equação Ed = BNcZaNe, com B sendo uma constante, Nc o número de coordenação do cátion, Za é a valência do ânion e Ne é o número de elétrons de valência do ânion. Os valores de Ed tendem a aumentar com o aumento da concentração de TiO2. Entretanto, os valores de E0 e Ed do sistema TLW são maiores do que os valores do sistema TLT. Como a polarizabilidade eletrônica (α) é diretamente responsável pelo comportamento do índice de refração, e os grupos estruturais TeO4 por possuírem maiores magnitudes de αsão os responsáveis pelos altos valores do índice de refração dos vidros teluretos. Por outro lado, como os grupos TeO3 têm menor polarizabilidade eletrônica, a sua presença provoca a diminuição dos valores de n. / Tellurite glasses are being studied due to their interesting optical characteristics, presenting as promising material for use in optical fiber based on linear and non-linear optical properties. Spectra of absorption in the region of the infrared and UV-Vis indicate that the incorporation of lithium in tellurium based glass causes the formation of pyramids trigonais TeO3 and also the trigonal bipyramids of symmetrical TeO4 groups. However, in both ternary systems, TeO2-Li2O-TiO2 (TLT) e TeO2-Li2O-WO3 (TLW), occur a gradual change in the coordination of atoms of Te (TeO3 to TeO4) when oxides of TiO2 and WO3 replace the oxide Li2O in the composition of the vitreous matrix. Such structural information is also correlated with the expression for the refractive index due to the Wemple’s model: n2-1 = [EdEo]/[Eo 2- E2], where Eo is the energy of optical absorption, E is the incidente wave energy and Ed is the “dispersion energy” determined by the equation: Ed =BcNcZaNe , with Bc = 0.39 eV, Nc is the number of cation coordination, Za is the anion valence and Ne is the effective number of anion valence electrons. The values of Ed tend to increase with increasing concentration of TiO2. Meanwhile, the value of E0 and Ed of the system TLW are greater than the values of the system TLT. As the electronics polarizability (α) is directly responsible for the behavior of the refractive index, and structural groups TeO4, due to their larger magnitudes of α, are responsible for high values of the refractive index of the tellurite glasses. Moreover, as the groups TeO3 have lower electronics polarizability, its presence causes a decreasing of the refraction index values n.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:09:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP