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Le développement de nouvelles méthodologies de synthèse douces et soucieuses de l'environnement apparait de nos jours comme un véritable besoin. Dans ce contexte, la chimie radicalaire permet de réaliser une grande variété de réactions grâce à des initiations douces (électrochimique ou photochimique). Les indoles tétracycliques et les molécules gem-difluoroacylées étant présent dans de nombreux composé d'intérêt thérapeutique, sont des cibles pertinentes pour le développement de méthodes de synthèse radicalaire. Des indoles tétracycliques 3,4-fusionnés ont été synthétisés par Substitution Radicalaire Nucléophile Unimoléculaire (SRN1). Connue depuis les années 1960, la réaction SRN1 permet de réaliser des réactions de couplages entre un nucléophile et un accepteur d'électrons par un processus radicalaire. D'autre part, des indoles tétracycliques gem-difluoroacylés ont été synthétisés par cyclisation radicalaire tandem, initiée par catalyse électrochimique et photoredox. La catalyse photoredox, similaire à la catalyse électrochimique a connu un essor depuis sa redécouverte à la fin des années 2000. Elle est basée sur l'emploi d'un photocatalyseur qui peut être excité sous irradiation visible pour devenir oxydant ou réducteur / The development of new, soft and ecofriendly synthetic methodologies is today a real need. In this context, radical Chemistry allows to make a wide diversity of reactions thanks to soft initation steps (electrochemical or photochemical). Tetracyclic indoles and gem-difluoroacyles molecules, present in a lot of therapeutic compounds, appeared as relevant targets. 3,4-fused tetracyclic indoles, had been synthesized by Unimolecular Nucleophilic Radical Substitution (SRN1). Since the 1960s, SRN1 reaction allows coupling reactions between a nucleophilic species and a radical acceptor to be performed. On the other hand, gem-difluoroacyles tetracyclic indoles had been synthesized by tandem radical cyclisation initiated by electrochemical and photoredox catalysis. Since its rediscovery by the end of the 2000s, photoredox catalysis, similar to electrocatalysis, had seen an increasing interest. Photoredox catalysis is based on the use of a photocatalyst that become an oxidant or a reductant under visible irradiation

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-04-27T10:56:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 isabellafloresdesouzamarra.pdf: 6949720 bytes, checksum: 3ef266443c230cb7ef58f9760b630a2f (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-04-27T11:18:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 isabellafloresdesouzamarra.pdf: 6949720 bytes, checksum: 3ef266443c230cb7ef58f9760b630a2f (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-27T11:18:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 isabellafloresdesouzamarra.pdf: 6949720 bytes, checksum: 3ef266443c230cb7ef58f9760b630a2f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-02-20 / A obtenção de aminoácidos halogenados é de grande importância para síntese orgânica e para a área biológica, uma vez que estes são valiosos intermediários sintéticos e se apresentam como produtos biologicamente funcionais. Neste contexto, as azalactonas são precursores interessantes, uma vez que podem atuar como aminoácidos protegidos e serem utilizadas na síntese de derivados de aminoácidos e heterociclos complexos. Neste trabalho são descritas a abertura e halogenação das azalactonas de Erlenmeyer-Plöchl sob uma abordagem organocatalítica, utilizando ácido canforsulfônico (ACS) e N-bromosuccinimida (NBS) como agente halogenante. A condição otimizada para obtenção do produto halogenado consistiu na utilização de 30 mol% de ACS, 1.2 equivalente de NBS e 4 mL de metanol, a 65°C por 7 horas, obtendo-se uma imina halogenada com 83% de rendimento. Devido as dificuldades encontradas durante a avaliação do escopo de substratos, investigou-se a redução one-pot da imina halogenada, entretanto não foi possível obter um aumento da razão diastereoisomérica no produto desejado. Diante dos contratempos encontrados na metodologia proposta, investigou-se o uso da catálise foto redox irradiada por luz visível na tentativa de halogenação do heterociclo azalactônico. Entretanto, ao utilizar esta abordagem, observou-se a homodimerização das azalactonas de Erlenmeyer-Plöchl ao invés da halogenação da mesma, levando a um produto de cicloadição [2+2]. Em diclorometano, a utilização do fotocatalisador de rutênio favoreceu a formação de um sistema tricíclico do tipo espiro. Já em meio metanólico, o fotocatalisador metálico favoreceu a formação do produto de abertura dos dois anéis azalactônicos com 59% de rendimento, enquanto que o uso do corante orgânico Eosina Y levou à formação de um cicloaduto assimétrico, com a abertura de apenas um dos anéis azalactônicos (40% de rendimento). Avaliou-se o escopo de substratos utilizando Eosina Y como fotocatalisador e os rendimentos obtidos foram de moderados a bons (12 a 78%). Todos os produtos foram caracterizados por RMN de 1H, 13C, e IV. / Halogenated amino acids are of great importance for both organic synthesis and biological areas, once these are valuable synthetic intermediates and presented as biologically functional products. In this context, azlactones are interesting precursors that can act as protected amino acids and have been used in the synthesis of amino acid derivatives and complex heterocycles as well. This work describes Erlenmeyer-Plöchl’s azlactone ring opening following by halogenation under an organocatalytic approach, using camphorsulfonic acid (CSA) and N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as halogenating agent. The optimized reaction conditions for the halogenated product consisted on the use of 30 mol% CSA, 1.2 equivalent of NBS and 4 mL of methanol, at 65°C for 7 hours, to afford a halogenated imine with 83% of yield. Due to the difficulties in the substrate scope (purification process), a one-pot reduction of the halogenated imine was investigated, however, it was not possible to obtain a good diastereoisomeric ratio of the desired product. In view of setbacks encountered in the proposed methodology, the use of visible light photoredox catalysis in attempt to halogenate the azlactone heterocycle was investigated. However, using this approach, homodimerization of Erlenmeyer-Plöchl’s azlactones was observed instead of halogenation, leading to a cycloaddition [2+2] derived product. In dichloromethane, the use of ruthenium photocatalyst favored the formation of a tricyclic spiro type system. Switching to methanol as solvent, the metallic photocatalyst led the formation of the opening product with two azlactone rings, in 59% yield, whereas the organic dye Eosin Y conducted the formation of an asymmetric cycloadduct, with the ring opening of only one of the azlactone (40% yield). The substrate scope was evaluated using Eosin Y as photocatalyst and the products were isolated in yields ranging from 12 to 78%. All products were characterized by 1H NMR, 13C and IR.

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Face aux enjeux environnementaux actuels, la catalyse est devenue un outil majeur pour la synthèse de molécules complexes et à visées thérapeutiques. Dans ce contexte, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement de nouvelles méthodes de synthèses innovantes, efficaces, sans métaux ou activées par la lumière visible. Ainsi, mes travaux de thèse ont fait appel à deux thématiques largement étudiées au sein de notre laboratoire que sont la catalyse photorédox et l'organocatalyse. Dans ce manuscrit, la première partie porta sur la conception de réactions multicomposants photocatalysées pour la synthèse de structures trifluorométhylées avec de bons rendements. La partie suivante a été consacrée au développement et à l’évaluation de nouveaux photocatalyseurs supportés, robustes et recyclables. La troisième partie présenta l’élaboration de réactions de cyloadditions formelles (4+3) et (4+2), catalysées aux acides phosphoriques chiraux pour une synthèse efficace, énantiosélective et diastéréosélective de cyclohepta[b]indoles et de spiroindolines. Dans la quatrième partie, une stratégie combinant l’organocatalyse asymétrique et la photocatalyse pour la synthèse de tryptamines α-substituées β-aminées potentiellement biologiquement actives a été décrite. Enfin, l’élaboration de nouveaux composés d’iode hypervalent chiraux et leur évaluation en tant qu’organocatalyseurs fût rapportées dans la dernière partie de ce manuscrit de thèse. / In front of current environmental challenges, catalysis has become a major tool for the synthesis of complex and therapeutic molecules. In this context, we have focused on the development of new synthesis methods that are innovative, efficient, metal-free or activated by visible light. Thus, my thesis work has involved two themes that have been widely studied in our team: photoredox catalysis and organocatalysis. In this manuscript, the first part focused on the conception of photocatalyzed multicomponent reactions for the synthesis of trifluoromethylated structures with good yields. The following section devoted to the design and evaluation of new supported, robust and recyclable photocatalysts. The third part presented the formulation of formal (4+3) and (4+2) cyloaddition reactions, catalyzed with chiral phosphoric acids for an effective, enantio- and diastereo-selective synthesis of cyclohepta[b]indoles and spiroindolines. In the fourth part, a strategy combining asymmetric organocatalysis and photocatalysis for the synthesis of potentially biologically active α-substituted β-amino tryptamines was described. Finally, the elaboration of new chiral hypervalent iodine compounds and their evaluation as organocatalysts was reported in the last part of this thesis manuscript.

Title: Development of novel photoactive cationic zirconocene complexes Author: Bc. David Dunlop Department: Department of inorganic chemistry Supervisor: RNDr. Martin Lamač Ph.D. Advisor: prof. RNDr. Petr Štěpnička, Ph.D., DSc. Abstract: Environmental concerns have brought about an unprecedented demand for sustainable energy sources among which electromagnetic radiation, light, currently dominates. Development of novel light- harvesting compounds and materials is at the forefront of current science, as it is essential to further our technological progress. This thesis contributes to the field by development of novel photoactive cationic group 4 metallocene complexes stabilized by pendant imine and pyridinyl donor groups, or N,O-donor aromatic ligands, as crystalline [B(C6F5)4]− salts. The complexes are prepared either by protonation of the intramolecularly bound imine moiety by PhNMe2H[B(C6F5)4] or by chloride ligand abstraction, by Li[B(C6F5)4]·2.5Et2O or in situ generated Et3Si[B(C6F5)4]. Prepared compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy. Solid state structures of the compounds were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. The cationic complexes of Zr and Hf exhibited significantly enhanced luminescence which originates from triplet ligand-to-metal (3 LMCT) excited states with lifetimes of up to...

De par ses propriétés uniques, le motif cyclopropane est largement répandu dans les composés bioactifs et d’intérêt pharmaceutique. Des efforts d’envergure ont été déployés pour accéder directement à des cyclopropanes substitués. La recherche présentée dans cette thèse décrit de nouvelles méthodes de préparation de cyclopropanes polysubstitués et leur application pour la synthèse de bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Pour accéder à une variété de cis-iodocyclopropanes, une zinciocyclopropanation diastéréosélective a été développée en utilisant les réactifs hétéro-dihalocarbénoïdes récemment décrits par le groupe Charette. La procédure a été simplifiée, notamment en augmentant la concentration. L’utilisation de ces nouvelles conditions a permis d’élargir considérablement l’étendue et l’efficacité de la réaction. Bien que leur synthèse soit difficile, les petits systèmes carbobicycliques rigides possède une réactivité unique en tant qu'intermédiaires pour des molécules complexes. Les iodocyclopropanes cis issus du premier projet ont été utilisés pour la synthèse de bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes riches en électrons et substitués aux positions 2-, 2,2- et 2,4. Comme la nature et la position des substituants est opposées à celles des bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes précédemment développés, ces composés peu étudiés jusqu’à maintenant, ont une réactivité intéressante. À l'aide d'un précurseur de carbène diiodosilylméthylboronate, une gem-borosilylcyclopropanation organocatalysée et activée par la lumière visible a été développée et appliquée à de nombreux dérivés du styrène. Cette méthode a permis la préparation de borosilylcyclopropanes 1,1,2-tri- et 1,1,2,2-tétrasubstitués avec un excellent contrôle diastéréosélectif. Différentes réactions de post-fonctionnalisation soulignent la versatilité de cette nouvelle entité. En complément, une gem-borosilylcyclopropanation rapide et efficace médiée par micro-ondes sans catalyseur a été développée. Cette méthode est une alternative aux conditions développées en photochimie. / The cyclopropane moiety is prevalent in bioactive compounds and drug candidates due to its unique properties. Extensive effort has been made to develop straightforward access towards highly substituted cyclopropanes. The research presented in the thesis describes new methods for polysubstituted cyclopropanes and their application in the preparation of bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. To access a variety of cis-iodocyclopropanes, a diastereoselective zincocyclopropanation using modified conditions was developed by applying hetero-dihalocarbenoids recently reported by the Charette group. The procedure increased the reaction concentration, streamlined the process, and improved the efficiency of the reaction. The substrate scope was significantly expanded using the newly developed conditions. Strained small carbobicyclic systems are valuable synthons for complex molecules despite their challenging synthesis. The cis-iodocyclopropanes resulting from the first project were applied in the synthesis of electron-rich 2–, 2,2– and 2,4–substituted bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes. Since the nature and the position of the substituents were opposite compared to previously developed bicyclo[1.1.0]butanes, the underexplored scaffolds exhibited different reactivity. The organocatalyzed visible-light mediated gem-borosilylcyclopropanation of styrene derivatives was developed using a diiodosilylmethylboronate carbene precursor. The method enabled the preparation of 1,1,2-tri– and 1,1,2,2–tetrasubstituted borosilylcyclopropanes with excellent diastereocontrol. Post-functionalization reactions highlighted the synthetic versatility of the novel entities. A catalyst-free microwave-assisted time-efficient gem-borosilylcyclopropanation reaction was complementary developed, offering an alternative to photochemistry.

[pt] O trabalho visou sintetizar azacumestanos inéditos, derivados de 27 através da formação da ligação CN empregando bis-trifluoroacetoxi iodobenzeno (PIFA) e analisar a influência da rigidez conformacional na atividade biológica contra leishmaniose e câncer de mama. Além disso, este projeto visou sintetizar 3-Aril-4- N-Aril-cumarinas com padrões de oxigenação no anel A, e seus azacumestanos derivados, visto que é um padrão típico de produtos naturais. Para a obtenção das 3-Aril-4-N-Aril-cumarinas 27a-f, a primeira etapa consistiu em uma reação de condensação da 4-hidróxicumarina 80 com diferentes anilinas comerciais 70a-d com rendimentos de 56 a 70 por cento. Em seguida houve uma etapa de arilação via catálise fotorredox levando aos compostos 27a-f com rendimentos de 32 a 76 por cento. A última etapa consistiu numa aminação oxidativa para a obtenção dos azacumestanos 68a-f que foram obtidos com rendimentos de 32 a 92 por cento. Para a obtenção de 3-aril-4-N-arilcumarinas com diferentes padrões de oxigenação no anel A, utilizou-se fenóis parcialmente metilados 84 para gerar os compostos 85. As etapas de acilação dos fenóis foram realizadas com rendimentos de 77 a 95 por cento, a etapa de metilação do fenol 84a em até 80% de rendimento e as hidroxicumarinas 86a,c,d foram obtidas com sucesso. Contudo, não foi possível realizar a etapa seguinte de condensação. Com esses resultados, realizou-se uma investigação para uma nova rota, que se baseou em adições de Michael oxidativas e arilações descarboxilativas. Foi possível realizar a arilação descarboxilativa de cumarinas ácido carboxílicos 13 empregando ácidos borônicos com 16 por cento de rendimento, além de realizar o aza-Michael oxidativo de 13 empregando a anilina com 22 por cento de rendimento. Os N-aril-azacumestanos 68a-c sintetizados foram testados para leishmaniose, e demonstraram-se inativos, ao contrário dos intermediários 3-Aril-4-N-Aril-cumarinas, demonstrando a importância da liberdade conformacional para a atividade biológica. Entretanto, contra as linhagens MCF-7 e MDA-MB-231, não foram observadas mudanças significativas nos valores de CC50. / [en] This work aimed to synthesize novel azacoumestanes derived from 68 through the formation of C-N bound using bis-trifluoroacetoxy iodobenzene (PIFA) and to analyze the influence of conformational rigidity on the biological activity against leishmaniasis and breast cancer. In addition, this project aimed to synthesize 3-aryl-4-N-aryl-coumarins with oxygenation patterns in the A ring, and its derived azacoumestan. To obtention the 3-aryl-4-N-aryl-coumarins 27a-f, the first step consists of a condensation reaction of 4-hydroxycoumarin 80 with different commercial anilines 70a-d with yields from 56 to 70 percent. The last step was an intramolecular oxidative amination, to obtain the azacoumestan 68a-f that were obtained with yields of 32 to 92 percent. To obtain 3-aryl-4-N-arylcoumarins with different oxygenation patterns, the synthetic route began with an acylation of different phenols 84, followed by a methylation and cyclization reaction to form oxygenated compounds derived from 4-hydroxy-coumarin 86a-c. Acylations were performed with yields from 77 to 95 percent, methylation of 84a with 80 percent and hydroxycoumarins 86a,c,d were successfully obtained, but it was not able to perform the condensation reaction. With these results, the investigation of a new route was carried out, which was based on oxidative Michael additions and decarboxylative arylations. It was possible to reproduce a decarboxylative arylation, in addition to performing the oxidative aza-Michael of interest with 22 percent yield in water at 65 oC. The synthesized azacoumestans 68a-c inactive against leishmaniasis, unlike the 3-aryl-4-N-aryl-coumarins intermediates, demonstrating the importance of conformational rigidity for biological activity. On the other hand, for breast anticancer activity, no significant changes were observed.

Ce projet scientifique concerne le développement de nouvelles méthodes efficaces de fonctionnalisation d’imines par des procédés organocatalysés et photocatalysésDans un premier temps la réaction photocatalysée d’alkylation d’énamines en conditions douces à été étudiée. L’utilisation de photocatalyseurs sous forme de complexes organométalliques d’Iridium a permis de réaliser la double fonctionnalisation d’ènecarbamates, permettant ainsi d’obtenir des substituts d’imines hautement substitués. Ce procédé permet de s’affranchir de l’utilisation de métaux lourds et ne nécessite qu’une activation par la lumière visible pour fonctionner. Cette transformation radicalaire éco-compatible à par la suite été soumise à une étude mécanistique approfondie. Dans une deuxième partie, la réaction d’aza-Friedel-Crafts organocatalysée par des acides de Brønsted chiraux à été étudiée. Dans cette réaction, la bi-fonctionnalité des acides chiraux dérivés du BINOL a été exploitée. Elle permet l’addition énantiosélective d’une grande variété d’indoles substitués sur des acyl-pyrrolidinones générées in situ. Les composés synthétisés présentent des structures bioactives intéressantes notamment sur le système nerveux central.Enfin, la première réaction de Povarov asymétrique impliquant des amino-hétérocycles comme précurseurs de 2-azadiènes à été décrite. Cette étude s’appuie sur des travaux antérieurs du laboratoire et permet la synthèse des analogues hétérocycliques de tétrahydroquinoléines précédemment décrites. Le procédé met en jeu une séquence multicomposants réduction/Povarov catalysée par des acides phosphoriques chiraux et permet l’accès rapide à une large bibliothèque d’analogues. / The aim of this study is the development of new methodologies for imines functionalization by organocatalysed and photocatalysed processes.First, a photocatalysed alkylation reaction of enecarbamates have been described. The use of organometallic Iridium complexes allowed the double functionalization of enecarbamates leading to highly substituted imines surrogates. This process is a green alternative to the use of heavy metals and only needs visible light as an renewable energy source to proceed. This environment-friendly radical transformation has been submitted to mechanistic study.In a second part, an aza-Friedel-Crafts reaction organocatalysed by chiral Brønsted acid has been studied. The bi-fonctionnality of chiral phosphoric acids has been advantageously used to perform the Friedel-Crafts addition of various substituted indole to in situ generated acyl-iminium ions. The compounds obtained by this methodology are showing interesting biological activities on central nervous system. Finally, the first enantioselective Povarov reaction involving amino-heterocycles as 2-azadienes precursors has been reported. This reaction is based on previous lab reports and the synthesis of tetrahydroquinoline analogues has been described. The multicomponent reduction/Povarov reaction sequence catalyzed by chiral phosphoric acids derived gives a rapid access to a wide library of bioactives analogues.