Submitted by Morgana Silva (morgana_linhares@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-07-27T17:34:49Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3128757 bytes, checksum: 134acd3484b6279cdfe685eaa97006e0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T17:34:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 3128757 bytes, checksum: 134acd3484b6279cdfe685eaa97006e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-30 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This paper proposes an alternative control strategy for feedback state space of a CC-CC converter, applied for regulation of photovoltaic (PV) systems. The control technique depends on state space equations of the photovoltaic generator connected to the inverter. The controller gains are projected through the construction of a characteristic polynomial, which considers the terms of controllability and uses the formulation of Ackermann. The proposed method is initially tested by computer simulation using Matlab/Simulink environment. We present experimental results using the photovoltaic panel with the push-pull that prove the satisfactory performance of the proposed control. / Este trabalho propõe uma estratégia alternativa de controle por realimentação de espaço de estados de um conversor CC-CC, aplicado para fins de regulação de sistemas fotovoltaicos (PV). A técnica de controle depende de equações de espaço de estados do gerador fotovoltaico ligado ao conversor. Os ganhos do controlador são projetados por meio da construção de um polinômio característico, que considera as condições de controlabilidade e utiliza a formulação de Ackermann. O método proposto é inicialmente testado por simulação computacional, utilizando o ambiente Matlab/Simulink. São apresentados resultados experimentais utilizando o painel fotovoltaico junto com o push-pull que comprovam o desempenho satisfatório do controle proposto.

Submitted by FRANCISCO SÉRGIO DOS SANTOS null (fsergio.santos@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T13:10:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 TESE_FRANCISCO_SERGIO_DOS_SANTOS.pdf: 6603447 bytes, checksum: a50e5f7ef38c8d0f9877a04d8d72b92e (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luiz Galeffi (luizgaleffi@gmail.com) on 2017-06-23T17:33:38Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fs_dr_bot.pdf: 6603447 bytes, checksum: a50e5f7ef38c8d0f9877a04d8d72b92e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-23T17:33:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santos_fs_dr_bot.pdf: 6603447 bytes, checksum: a50e5f7ef38c8d0f9877a04d8d72b92e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-05-19 / Rede de computadores são elementos fundamentais no processo de comunicação. Esses componentes exigem o acompanhamento constante de suas tarefas e são administrados por sistemas de informações que coletam os dados diariamente, para orientar os analistas de suporte na correção das falhas na infraestrutura e a ferramenta utilizada na gestão de recursos de rede de computadores é o protocolo SNMP. As infraestruturas de geração de energia elétrica também são elementos complexos e necessitam de acompanhamento. São utilizados sistemas de informação que disponibilizam dados para os usuários e responsáveis técnicos para avaliarem o funcionamento e corrigir as possíveis falhas. As redes de computadores e os sistemas de geração distribuídas estão convergindo para o ambiente do usuário, e as ferramentas de gestão são importantes são mecanismos na gestão da produção e consumo de energia elétrica. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo desenvolver um sistema de monitoramento on line para sistema de microgeração fotovoltaica utilizando o protocolo de rede de computadores Single Network Management Protocol (SNMP) para realizar a interface de comunicação com as variáveis de medições elétricas e meteorológicas. O desenvolvimento do projeto compõe dois componentes: hardware e software. O software é composto de dois módulos um para ser utilizado na Web, aplicações Desktop para uso em computadores que suportem sistemas operacionais como o Windows, Linux ou Mac e em dispositivos móveis. As funcionalidades programadas são cadastros das informações para o funcionamento do sistema, relatórios e gráficos que disponibilizam as informações ordenadas em vários níveis, diariamente, semanalmente, anualmente. Nos componentes de hardware foram utilizados cinco microcontroladores Atmel AVR, (Arduino) todos ligados à sensores e programados para a leitura de geração e consumo de energia elétrica e variáveis ambientais, como velocidade do vento, radiância solar, temperatura e níveis de chuva no período, e controle do sistema de bombeamento com duas motos bombas. Todos os experimentos foram realizados na central de microgeração distribuída fotovoltaica (MGD-PV) do Sítio Modelo da fazenda Lageado e no Laboratório de Energias Renováveis do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, nas Faculdades de Ciências Agronômicas da UNESP, campus de Botucatu. O laboratório de Energias Renováveis é o Servidor do sistema e as distâncias são muito variáveis entre todos os microcontroladores, de 32 metros a 260 metros e para realizar o processo de coleta dos dados nos diversos pontos e suprir essa distância foi necessário a construção e configuração de uma infraestrutura de comunicação baseada nas tecnologias ZigBee, para conectar os cincos microcontroladores. Os dados são coletados em intervalos regulares de cinco minutos, às variáveis ambientais são acompanhadas vinte e quatro horas por dia e às variáveis de geração de energia elétrica entre sete da manhã e dezessete horas da tarde. Os dados foram coletados entre setembro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017. Os componentes de hardware e de software apresentaram rendimentos satisfatórios no processamento das informações através da interface criada pelo protocolo SNMP na comunicação e nas transmissões dos dados gerados pelos sensores, na configuração e mapeamento os objetos para construção da MIB para serem utilizados nas medições elétricas e variáveis ambientais. / Computer networks are fundamental elements in the communication process. Such components demand constant supervision of their tasks and are managed by information systems, which daily collect data to guide support analysts when correcting glitches in the infrastructure. Protocol SNMP is the tool used for managing resources of the computer network. The infrastructures of electric energy generation are also complex elements and require monitoring. Information systems are utilized, which provide data to users and technical professionals, so they can evaluate functioning and correct possible errors. Computer networks and systems of distributed generation are converging towards the user’s environment, so, management tools are important mechanisms in the control of production and consumption of electric energy. Thus, this work aims at developing an online monitoring system for photovoltaic microgeneration using the Single Network Management Protocol (SNMP) to perform the communication interface with the variables of electrical and metereological measurements. The project development is composed of two elements: hardware and software. The software consists of two modules: one to be used on the Web, Desktop apps for use in computers that can carry operational systems such as Windows, Linux or Mac and one to be used in mobile devices. Programmed functionalities include information register for the functioning of the system; reports and graphs that show information ordained in several levels, daily, weekly and annually. As to hardware, we used five microcontrolers Atmel AVR, (Arduino) connected to sensors and programmed for reading the production and consumption of electric energy as well as environmental variables, such as wind speed, solar radiance, temperature and rain levels during the period and control of the pumping system with two motor pumps. All experiments were carried out at the Distributed Photovoltaic Microgeneration Central (MGD-PV) on a Model Farm and at the Renewable Energies Laboratory of the Agronomy College at UNESP, in Botucatu. The Renewable Energies Laboratory is the server of the system and the distances among all microcontrolers vary from 32 to 260 meters. Therefore, in order to collect data from several locations and neutralize such distance, we needed to build and configure a communication infrastructure based on ZigBee technologies to connect the five microcontrolers. Data are collected during five-minute intervals; environmental variables are followed twenty four hours a day and the variables of electric energy production between 7am and 5pm. Data were collected between September 2016 and February 2017. Hardware and software components showed satisfactory performance at processing information through the interface created by the SNMP protocol regarding communication and transmission of the data generated by sensors as well as on the configuration and mapping objects for the construction of the MIB to be used in electrical measurements and environmental variables.

Orientador: José Angelo Cagnon / Banca: Odivaldo José Seraphim / Banca: Paulo José Amaral Serni / Banca: Jose Alfredo Colovan Ulson / Banca: Diogenes Pereira Gonzaga / Resumo: A necessidade de oferecer alternativas para energização de propriedades rurais de pequeno porte com eficiência, confiabilidade e custo acessível, motivou a realização desta pesquisa, cujo enfoque principal foram os sistemas fotovoltaicos e a busca por um melhor desempenho destes sistemas a partir de estratégias de posicionamento dos painéis solares em direção ao Sol. Este trabalho apresenta o desenvolvimento experimental de um conjunto posicionador automático para módulos fotovoltaicos e a avaliação do funcionamento deste conjunto considerando-se o aumento na geração de energia elétrica em função da complexidade de implementação e do consumo de energia pelo próprio sistema de movimentação, além de seus custos de implantação. Foi projetado e implementado um dispositivo eletromecânico simplificado, capaz de sustentar e movimentar um módulo fotovoltaico ao longo do dia e ao longo do ano, sempre mantendo sua superfície direcionada em posição perpendicular aos raios solares incidentes. Utilizaram-se motores de passo, controlador lógico programável e componentes de baixo custo, que resultaram em um conjunto de manutenção simplificada,sem uso de sensores e com otimização dos movimentos, devido ao ajuste de inclinação do painel ser realizado somente uma vez ao dia. A avaliação do ganho na geração de energia elétrica baseou-se na coleta dos dados elétricos (tensão e corrente) e ambientais (insolação e temperatura) de dois sistemas fotovoltaicos com as mesmas características, instalados lado a lado, sujeitos às mesmas condições de insolação, temperatura e carga elétrica, sendo um fixo e outro móvel. A partir dos resultados obtidos concluiu-se pela viabilidade da proposta, não apenas pelo êxito no aumento da geração de energia, mas também pela boa relação custo/benefício, indicando que o sistema posicionador desenvolvido mostra-se vantajoso... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The need to offer alternatives of electricity supply to the small rural properties, providing them with efficiency, reliability and accessible cost, has motivated the development of this research, whose main approach was photovoltaic systems and the search for better performance of these systems with the solar panels positioning toward the sun. This work presents the experimental development of an automatic positioning system for photovoltaic modules and the evaluation of this system's behavior taking in account the increase in generation of electric energy as a function of the complexity of implementation and the consumption of energy by the movement system itself, and its costs of implantation also. It was designed and built a simplified electromechanical device, which is able to support and to move a photovoltaic module along the day and along the year, always keeping its surface aimed to the sun rays. Stepper motors, programmable logic controller and low cost components were used, and these have resulted on a simplified maintenance set, with no sensors and optimization of movements, due the adjustment of panel's inclination take place only once a day. The methodology adopted to evaluate the gain in the electricity generation was based on the acquisition of electrical data (voltage and current) and environmental data (insolation and temperature) from two photovoltaic systems whose have identical physical and electrical characteristics and were installed side by side, submitted to the same conditions of insolation, temperature and electric load. One of the solar panels was mounted on a fixed mechanical structure, and the other one on a mobile structure.The obtained results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed mobile system, not only because of the real increase observed in electric energy generation, but also by the excellent cost effectiveness obtained... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Doutor

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T19:23:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Roger Nabeyama Michels.pdf: 4361240 bytes, checksum: 896b2cd719d7885b070fecc71373f7e7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-06-06 / The current dissertation describes an experiment to evaluate a water pumping system activated by two photovoltaic panels installed at The Federal Technological University of Paraná FTUPR, Medianeira Campus, in the State of Paraná, Brazil. The city of Medianeira s latitude and longitude are 25º17 43 south and 54º03 38 west respectively, with an altitude of 500.7 meters (1,642.72 feet). The system operated in a real working situation, pumping water to a 20 meters (65.62 feet) elevation. Data were collected, from February 2005 to November 2005, by means of a computerized data collector made by Campbell Scientific Inc that made possible collecting and applying irradiance values in the panel plane, generated current and tension, panel temperature, pressure and consume. Data readings were made at a 1-hertz frequency and stored every minute. Through calculi, the system efficiency and energy values and hydraulic strength were obtained. Winter solstice showed 9.58% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,056.44 liters (543.14 gallons) whereas summer solstice confirmed 9.07% efficiency with daily pumping of 2,377.21 liters (627.86 gallons). Winter day s highest efficiency is associated to the lowest temperature in those days compared to summer days, and the factor that prompted larger pumped water consume, during summer days, was related to solar insulation time that is longer if compared to winter days. Total water pumped during the experiment period was 435,042.20 liters (114,900.99 Gallons). / A presente dissertação descreve o experimento desenvolvido com a finalidade de avaliar um sistema de bombeamento de água acionado por dois painéis fotovoltaicos instalado nas dependências da Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná UTFPR, Campus Medianeira, estado do Paraná, Brasil. O município está localizado no oeste paranaense com 25º17 43 Latitude sul, 54º03 38 Longitude oeste e com altitude de 500,7 metros. O sistema trabalhou em situação real de funcionamento, bombeando água a uma altura de 20 metros. Foram coletados dados de fevereiro de 2005 a novembro de 2005; utilizou-se um coletor de dados computadorizado da marca Campbell Scientific INC., o que possibilitou adquirir e armazenar os valores de irradiância no plano do painel, tensão e corrente gerada, temperatura no painel, pressão e vazão. A leitura dos dados foi realizada com freqüência de 1 hertz e armazenada a cada 1 minuto. Através de cálculos obtiveram-se os valores de potência e eficiência do sistema e a potência hidráulica. O solstício de inverno apresentou eficiência de 9,58% com bombeamento diário de 2.056,44 litros, enquanto que o solstício de verão apresentou eficiência de 9,07% com bombeamento diário de 2.377,21 litros. A maior eficiência nos dias de inverno está atrelada às menores temperaturas nestes dias se comparado aos dias de verão e o fator que provocou uma maior vazão de água bombeada nos dias de verão está ligado ao tempo de insolação solar que é maior se comparado aos dias de inverno. O total de água bombeada durante o período do experimento foi de 435.042,20 litros.

The master thesis will concern design of hybrid photovoltaic system for a family house with accumulation of electric energy. Three alternatives of power consumption will be made. For each alternative multiple simulations will be carried out with different amount of photovoltaic panels and batteries. The most appropriate alternative and size of photovoltaic system will be chosen based on those simulations. Finally the choice of alternative will be described.

This diploma thesis provides basic information about the thermal pumps and photovoltaic systems. The heat pumps are described regarding their construction and sources of low potential heat. The description of photovoltaic systems explains the main principle of transformation the solar light to electric power and possible cooperation of this systems with the heat pumps. In practical part of the thesis there is a description of the assessed building and calculation of its thermal losses. It is followed by three designs of the thermal pump systems which are supposed to replace the original way of heating - the electric boiler. One of the designs is supported by photovoltaic system. The final part of the thesis provides the calculation of required heat sources for house and water heating, the operation expanses of all three heat pump designs, prices of electric energy and economical reliability of described solutions.

This diploma thesis deals with available technologies when designing autonomous house. Theoretical part of this thesis shows and presents options for gaining energy from renewable resources and options for energy storage. The practical part of the thesis is focused on designing partly autonomous system for model house using renewable resources. In the thesis are three options of gainig energy for the house, from which is chosen the best option.

This master's thesis deals with a design of backup power system, which will be using renewable energy sources, particularly solar energy. The first part describes the potential of solar power plant in the Czech Republic. The next parts describe types of photovoltaic systems, their components, design of photovoltaic systems and possibilities of controlling power consumption. Due to the fluctuating supply from renewable energy sources the thesis also deals with possibilities of predicting of the production electricity from these sources. In the practical part the design of backup power system for the house is done, which will also be working in summer as an optimizer for own consumption. A financial evaluation was done for this proposal.

The increased usage of solar panels worldwide highlights the importance of being able to detect faults in systems that use these panels. In this project, the historical power output (kWh) from solar panels combined with meteorological data was used to train a machine learning model to predict the expected power output of a given solar panel system. Using the expected power output, a comparison was made between the expected and the actual power output to analyze if the system was exposed to a fault. The result was that when applying the explained method an expected output could be created which closely resembled the actual output of a given solar panel system with some over- and undershooting. Consequentially, when simulating a fault (50% decrease of the power output), it was possible for the system to detect all faults if analyzed over a two-week period. These results show that it is possible to model the predicted output of a solar panel system with a machine learning model (using meteorological data) and use it to evaluate if the system is producing as much power as it should be. Improvements can be made to the system where adding additional meteorological data, increasing the precision of the meteorological data and training the machine learning model on more data are some of the options. / Med en ökande användning av solpaneler runt om i världen ökar även betydelsen av att kunna upptäcka driftstörningar i panelerna. Genom att utnyttja den historiska uteffekten (kWh) från solpaneler samt meteorologisk data används maskininlärningsmodeller för att förutspå den förväntade uteffekten för ett givet solpanelssystem. Den förväntade uteffekten används sedan i en jämförelse med den faktiska uteffekten för att upptäcka om en driftstörning har uppstått i systemet. Resultatet av att använda den här metoden är att en förväntad uteffekt som efterliknar den faktiska uteffekten modelleras. Följaktligen, när ett fel simuleras (50% minskning av uteffekt), så är det möjligt för systemet att hitta alla introducerade fel vid analys över ett tidsspann på två veckor. Dessa resultat visar att det är möjligt att modellera en förväntad uteffekt av ett solpanelssystem med en maskininlärningsmodell och att använda den för att utvärdera om systemet producerar så mycket uteffekt som det bör göra. Systemet kan förbättras på några vis där tilläggandet av fler meteorologiska parametrar, öka precision av den meteorologiska datan och träna maskininlärningsmodellen på mer data är några möjligheter.

Due to the significant increase of ’renewable energy’ to the total energy the highly fluctuating energy supply, which is due to the constitutional conditions of production among others from photovoltaic systems, becomes a growing problem. As a result, many engineering firms and companies dedicate themselves to the so-called power prediction by which it should be possible to integrate a fast changing energy supply into a necessarily continuous energy supply. The Ingenieurbüro für Last- und Energiemanagement (LEM-Software) used a neural network for this prediction of performance of photovoltaic systems. This networks learn from past knowledge a mathematical patern that can be used for forecasting. Based on this, this article deals with a new parameter for the network which characterizes the probability of broken cloud effects. The global radiation forecast in the surrounding area is analyzed for this index. It turns out that this inhomogeneous index is a better indicator than the standard deviation. A first application shows a slight improvement in the forecast result. However, the time limit for application of the neural network is too short for a final evaluation. / Aufgrund des steigenden Anteils ’erneuerbarer Energie’ an der Energieversorgung wird die stark schwankende Energiezufuhr, bedingt durch die naturgegebenen Produktionsbedingungen unter anderem von Photovoltaik-Anlagen, zu einem immer größeren Problem. Infolge dessen widmen sich viele Ingenieurbüros und Firmen sogenannten Leistungsprognosen, mit deren Hilfe es gelingen soll, eine schnell wechselnde Energiebereitstellung in eine notwendigerweise kontinuierliche Energieversorgung zu streichen. Das Ingenieurbüro für Last- und Energiemanagement (LEM-Software) verwendet für diese Vorhersagen der Leistung von Photovoltaik-Anlagen ein künstliches neuronales Netzwerk (KNN). Dieses erlernt aus vergangenen Verhältnissen ein mathematisches Muster, welches für die Prognose angewendet werden kann. Aufbauend darauf befasst sich dieser Artikel mit einem Inhomogenitätsindex f¨ur das Netzwerk, welcher die Wahrscheinlichkeit für das Auftreten schnell wechselnder Bewölkung und von Broken-Cloud-Effekten charakterisiert. Für den Index wird die Globalstrahlungsvorhersage in der näheren Umgebung analysiert. Dabei stellt sich heraus, dass dieser Inhomogenitätsindex ein besserer Indikator als die Standardabweichung ist. Eine erste Anwendung zeigt eine leichte Verbesserung des Prognoseergebnisses, allerdings ist der Zeitraum für die Anwendung des KNN zu kurz für eine abschließende Bewertung.