This thesis was constructed on the foundation of two broad theoretical criticisms levelled against Bandura’s (1986) social cognitive theory. The first was the lack of clarity about what constituted the building blocks of the theory and the second was the lack of clarity about how these constituent components interacted in consistent and predictable ways as an integrated model of human behaviour. These ‘theory-level’ criticisms, which detracted from the empirical testability of social cognitive theory, seemed to have filtered down to the level of its individual building blocks. Therefore, moral disengagement, which constituted the focal variable of interest in this investigation, was not unaffected by them. Bandura’s (1986) theoretical presentation of moral disengagement as either an eight or four-dimensional construct and the empirical treatments of moral disengagement by Bandura and his colleagues as a uni-dimensional (Bandura, Barbaranelli, Caprara & Pastorelli, 1996a; Bandura, Caprara, Barbaranelli, Pastorelli & Regalia, 2001b) and a four-dimensional variable (McAlister, Bandura & Owen, 2006), raised questions about its dimensionality. The first objective of this study was to examine moral disengagement’s dimensionality and the stability of its internal factor structure (i.e. longitudinal measurement invariance) over time. The general lack of clarity about how the constituent components of social cognitive theory were expected to cohere as an integrated framework of human behaviour had specific implications for the moral disengagement construct and its temporal position relative to other social cognitive variables. The second objective of this study was to examine moral disengagement’s temporal sequences relative to select social cognitive constructs (viz. proficiency-based self-efficacy, intention, and past and future behaviour) in order to comment on the likely temporal positions of these constructs relative to each other in the context of a model for predicting antisocial behaviour. Due to the exclusive activation of moral disengagement in antisocial contexts, the examination of its dimensionality and temporal sequences was contingent on an antisocial context. Software piracy, as a specific instance of antisocial behaviour, served as the context in which moral disengagement was researched in this study. A pilot investigation was conducted to test the psychometric properties of the scales that were developed to measure moral disengagement, proficiency-based self-efficacy, intention and behaviour in this study. Once their psychometric robustness was established, these scales were used in the context of a main longitudinal investigation separated by a three to four month time-lag in order to achieve the two main research objectives. Using the structural equation modelling family of data analysis techniques (specifically, confirmatory factor analysis and path analysis), the results of the main longitudinal study revealed that moral disengagement emerged as most meaningful as a uni-dimensional construct which consisted of four aggregated sets of items which represented the clusters of moral disengagement mechanisms that were likely to be activated at the four points in the self-regulation process envisaged by Bandura (1986). The findings suggested that this factor structure was longitudinally invariant when moral disengagement was measured across two assessment waves. Moral disengagement appeared to temporally precede intention and future behaviour and to temporally follow past behaviour. Self-efficacy, however, seemed to temporally precede future behaviour and to temporally follow past behaviour but unlike moral disengagement, self-efficacy appeared to temporally follow intention. Therefore, intention appeared to completely mediate the interaction between moral disengagement and proficiency-based self-efficacy in this study. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings were examined and directions for future research were proposed.

[pt] Esta dissertação tem como objetivo avaliar qual a tendência da indústria fonográfica nos próximos anos, tendo em vista as mudanças estruturais que ela vêm passando em conseqüência das alterações ocorridas no ambiente. O setor vem sendo drasticamente abalado por uma oferta ilegal de produtos, além de inovações tecnológicas que podem ser utilizadas de forma benéfica, mas também possibilitam um acesso incontrolável à principal matéria prima das gravadoras. A metodologia utilizada para buscar esta tendência foi o método Delfos de previsão. Este método foi o escolhido por se tratar de um setor desprovido de um histórico confiável, devido às constantes mudanças tecnológicas e de padrão de consumo, e dos eventos atuais que provocam a insegurança sobre o futuro da indústria proporcionarem alterações inesperadas. O método permite a elaboração de uma previsão com base na opinião de especialistas, e tem como resultado uma avaliação do futuro da indústria com base na percepção de pessoas diretamente ligadas a ela. Através deste estudo foi possível verificar que existe uma expectativa de que o governo vá se posicionar mais fortemente com relação à repressão da pirataria musical e que as gravadoras eventualmente passem a tratar como negócio não só a produção de CDs, mas também outros produtos e serviços diretamente ligados à música. Também foi possível concluir que a música digital, de forma geral, não é percebida como uma ameaça à indústria de música tradicional, e pode ser vista como uma oportunidade de negócio. Assim, foi possível diagnosticar o futuro mais provável para as empresas e a estrutura do setor fonográfico brasileiro, além de verificar as variáveis que indicarão a formação deste cenário. / [en] The present work intends to evaluate the most probable scenario for the Brazilian phonographic industry in the next few years, taking in account the structural changes that have been going on in the environment. This industry has been suffering from the continuous increase on the illegal products offering, in addition to new technological solutions, which may have positive implications, but may also allow innovative and uncontrollable ways of obtaining the recording companies main asset without paying for it. The Delfos technique has been the methodology chosen for this study. The method was the best choice bearing in mind that the industry does not have a trustworthy historical data, partially because of the technological innovation and chances on the consumption pattern, and the current events on the sector had resulted on unexpected turn a rounds on the industrys development. Trough this work it has become possible to identify that it is expected from the government to take stronger measures to reprehend the music piracy and also that the recording organizations will eventually make their ways not only with CDs themselves but also with everything music related. Besides, digital music is not perceived as a threat, but in fact is expected to become a business and distribution opportunity for the music industry. Therefore, it has been possible to forecast the most likely future for the companies on the Brazilian music business, along with defining the variables that will indicate the structuring of this scenario.

Este trabalho consiste no estudo da adaptação da rede de drenagem ao embasamento litológico e estrutural em uma área interplanáltica, mediada por uma faixa de escarpamento. A área-foco da pesquisa é a bacia do ribeirão das Laranjeiras, tributário do rio Juquiá-Guaçu e localizado no sopé da Serra de Paranapiacaba. O principal problema da pesquisa é a hipótese da ocorrência de uma captura fluvial do rio Sorocabuçu, situado em nível de base mais elevado, pelo ribeirão das Laranjeiras. A metodologia partiu do exame de Modelos Digitais de Elevação e mapeamentos topográficos e geológicos anteriores, posteriormente submetidos a cálculos morfométricos específicos. Os procedimentos consistiram da identificação de feições de relevo incidentes na bacia (por meio do traçado do Esboço Geomorfológico e do reconhecimento de lineamentos); da investigação sobre a retração da frente escarpada; e da análise das curvas hipsométricas, geometria e perfis longitudinais dos canais mais representativos da bacia. Em seguida, foram examinadas as prováveis ocorrências de rearranjos de drenagem na área, manifestas por capturas fluviais e decapitações, correlacionando-as com as evidências previamente obtidas no estudo morfométrico. Entre os resultados principais, foi demonstrado que a rede hidrográfica em questão é condicionada por diversos fatores de ordem litológica e estrutural, que terminam por orientar os canais afluentes, bem como o canal principal (o ribeirão das Laranjeiras). Estas estruturas são, em geral, sistemas de juntas e falhas do Paleozóico em direção NE-SW. Entretanto, a bacia é seccionada por uma possível falha mais recente, intitulada Falha de Itanhaém, transcorrente dextral e orientada a NW-SE, que atuou como zona de fraqueza e favoreceu a captura do rio Sorocabuçu pelo ribeirão das Laranjeiras. Por fim, discute-se o recuo erosivo da Serra de Paranapiacaba e sua relação com estas estruturas geológicas e a dinâmica da rede de drenagem local. / This research is a study of the adaptation of the drainage network to a geological and structural base in an interplateau area, which is mediated by a escarpment. The area-focus of the research is the Laranjeiras river basin, tributary of the Juquiá-Guaçu river and located at the footslope of the Paranapiacaba mountain range. The main problem of the research was the hypothesed ocurrence of river piracy of the Sorocabuçu River, located in highest base level, by the Laranjeiras river, on the lowest one. The methodology differed from the exam of Digital Elevation Models and topographic and geological maps, which was subsequently subjected to morphometric specific calculations. The procedures consisted of identifying the relief features in the basin (by tracing the Geomorphological Sketch and lineaments recognition), researching the retration of front scarp and analysing the hypsometric curves, geometry and longitudinal profiles of channels most representatives in the basin. Then, we examined the likely occurrence of rearrangements in the drainage, manifested by river piracies and beheadings, correlating them with the evidence previously obtained in the morphometric study. Among the main results, it was demonstrated that the hydrographic network in question is conditioned by several lithologic and structural factors, which ultimately guide channel tributaries and the main channel (Laranjeiras river). These structures are, in general, systems of joints and faults from Paleozoic, in the NE-SW direction. However, the basin is cut by a possible, recent fault, titled Itanhaém fault, rightlateral strike-slip, oriented to NW-SE. This acts as a zone of weakness and favors carving and capturing of the Sorocabuçu river by Laranjeiras river. Finally, we discuss the retraction of the Paranapiacaba mountain range and its relationship with these geological structures and the dynamics of the local drainage.

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2018-12-14T11:44:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Igor Fediczko Silva.pdf: 639906 bytes, checksum: ab27b106100e6c2f75070a77ad7f469c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-14T11:44:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Igor Fediczko Silva.pdf: 639906 bytes, checksum: ab27b106100e6c2f75070a77ad7f469c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-11-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work presents a historical contextualization of the creation of mp3 and the beginning of piracy, thus proposing an analysis of the relation between digital music, mp3 and the reduction of profits of the record companies. With the digital music space has arisen to create the streaming model currently used predominantly. With digital music and streaming, artists, producers, songwriters and other creators have changed their way of making music on the field with strategies, ways of acting and different ways of consuming and producing music. With the uberization concept, this new medium of production has shown artists that streaming is not an economically profitable model to sell their music and albums, and artists are looking for new ways to relate and relate their work within the platforms, looking for another type of gain: the playlists. Through interviews with different actors, from different positions within the musical field, the present work investigates the understanding that these musicians, producers and composers have about this new business model within the streaming services / Este trabalho apresenta uma contextualização histórica da criação do mp3 e o início da pirataria, propondo assim uma análise da relação entre a música digital, o mp3 e a diminuição dos lucros das gravadoras. Com a música digital surgiu espaço para a criação do modelo de streaming utilizado atualmente de forma predominante. Com a música digital e o streaming, artistas, produtores, compositores e demais criadores de conteúdo mudaram seu modo de fazer música dentro do campo, com estratégias, modos de agir e diferentes maneiras de consumir e produzir música. Com o conceito de uberização , esse novo meio de produzir mostrou aos artistas que o streaming não é um modelo rentável economicamente para vender suas músicas e seus álbuns, e com isso artistas procuram novas maneiras de se relacionar e relacionar a sua obra dentro das plataformas, procurando outro tipo de ganho: as playlists . Através de entrevistas com diferentes atores, de diferentes posições dentro do campo musical, o presente trabalho investiga o entendimento que esses músicos, produtores e compositores têm sobre esse novo modelo de negócio dentro dos serviços de streaming

O compartilhamento de músicas pela Internet pode ter efeitos negativos ou positivos sobre a indústria musical. Por um lado, pode limitar a poder de incentivos à criação garantidos por direitos autorais. Por outro lado, contribui para a divulgação de artistas e músicas. Este artigo estima os efeitos de downloads de música sobre o consumo de CDs e shows para uma amostra de 7.147 estudantes universitários. Utilizando variáveis instrumentais motivadas por um modelo teórico simples, associadas à habilidade em informática e tolerância à ilegalidade, estimamos que a prática de downloads de música reduz a probabilidade de consumir CDs em até 45%, ao passo que aumenta a probabilidade de ir a shows em até 35%. Nossos resultados também apontam que existe uma relação de substituição entre pirataria física de CDs e downloads de música. Esse último resultado sugere que as estimativas feitas sem levar em conta o consumo de CDs piratas na equação estrutural podem ser viesadas. / Music file sharing may have positive or negative effects over the music industry. On the one hand, it might undermine incentives for music creation guaranteed by copyrights. On the other hand, it contributes to the dissemination of artists and songs. In this paper we estimate the effect of music downloads over the consumption of CDs and concerts for a sample of 7.147 university students. Using theoretically motivated instrumental variables related to computer skills and illegality acceptance, we estimate that the practice of downloads generates a reduction on the probability of buying CDs of up to 45% and an increase in the order of 35% on the probability of going to concerts. We also show the existence of a substitution relationship between physical CD piracy and music downloads. This last result suggests that estimates without controlling for CD piracy may be biased.

Este trabalho busca mensurar os efeitos do compartilhamento de arquivos na internet sobre o mercado de shows, importante canal de remuneração para músicos. São utilizados dados retirados do Guia da Folha, uma das principais publicações especializadas em cultura na cidade de São Paulo. A especificação principal adota um estimador de diferença em diferenças tendo shows como grupo de tratamento e peças teatrais como grupo de controle. As estimações indicam que a pirataria provocou um choque positivo de oferta, reduzindo os preços de ingressos em até 8,2% e aumentando a quantidade em 14 apresentações por semana. Além disso, a capacidade média foi reduzida, e a diversidade de apresentações e de casas de show aumentou. Esses resultados apontam para a ocorrência de um processo de pulverização do mercado, onde artistas menores fazem shows menores e mais baratos. Artistas muito famosos, entretanto, subiram os preços em torno de 10% e reduziram em até 2,5 o número de apresentações semanais / This dissertation measures the effects of file-sharing on the market for music concerts, an important source of income for most musicians.We use information published by Folha de São Paulo, one of the most popular Brazilian newspapers. The main analysis consists of using a differences-in-differences estimator with music concerts as treatment group and theatrical plays as control group.We find evidence that music piracy had a positive effect on the supply of concerts with an up to 8.2% reduction of ticket prices and an increase of 14 weekly performances.We also find a decrease in the mean capacity of venues; an significant increase in the variety of music venues and of unique musicians performing. These results indicate an increasingly competitive market with less popular musicians performing at lower prices for smaller audiences. Famous musicians however have risen ticket prices up to 10% and reduced their number of concerts at around 2.5 weekly performances

A presente dissertação tem como objeto de estudo o impacto dos direitos da propriedade intelectual no desenvolvimento do capitalismo e na construção de um espaço mundial desigual. O trabalho procura demonstrar que os direitos de propriedade intelectual, embora entendidos na seara jurídica como uma formulação natural para a proteção de uma criação do gênio humano, são resultados, na configuração moderna, de uma política deliberada das nações do centro do sistema capitalista e de seus grandes grupos monopolistas transnacionais. Esses direitos visam, na realidade, a manutenção da riqueza e a acumulação do capital através da cobrança de royalties no centro do sistema, gerando, em consequência, uma divisão internacional do trabalho desigual com graves repercussões espaciais. Com base na análise em perspectiva histórica dos países atualmente desenvolvidos, e na análise crítica das legislações internacionais, procura-se demonstrar que para um país progredir, tecnológica e economicamente, se faz necessária a implantação de uma política econômica que contenha o enfrentamento a esses direitos, para conseguir adquirir o conhecimento gerado no centro do sistema, copiando-os e reproduzindo-os com inovação. / The present paper focuses on the impact of intellectual property rights on the development of capitalism and on the construction of an uneven and different space. We search to demonstrate that intellectual property rights, although regarded almost as natural rights, designed to protect the creation of a genius mind, are, on its modern format, the results of public policies of the rich nations and its monopolist groups. These rights aim, in fact, to favor the developed nations, by aiding the maintenance of their wealth within their circles and by helping the accumulation of capital through royalties charging, generating, as a consequence, a more and more unequal world. This paper attempts to demonstrate that technological and economic development can only be achieved through an economic policy that includes the affronting of intellectual property regulation.

Nollywoods distribution is a complex phenomenon that is ever changing. With a competing market, the industry needs to constantly keep up with innovative distribution methods. As the VCD/DVD market fades away, newer distribution platforms rise. In this thesis we are going to analyze and discuss Nollywood's opportunities of growth. With empirical material from previous research and direct contact with professionals in the industry through interviews, we can establish how Nollywood is going to flourish.

Les analyses des marchés des logiciels ont longtemps été limitées à l'unique confrontation libre-propriétaire ou propriétaire-piratage. Cette thèse fournit à l'opposé une vision originale d'une confrontation articulée entre propriétaire-libre-piratage. L'analyse du marché des logiciels est réalisée premièrement à travers un descriptif économique et technique du produit "logiciel". Cette description est nécessaire pour saisir le comment et le pourquoi de la déclinaison du produit "logiciel" sous trois formes : propriétaire, libre et piraté. L'aspect technique est particulièrement substantiel puisqu'il permet de comprendre parfois l'impossibilité technique de délimiter le piratage informatique. Cette analyse est appuyée ensuite par un descriptif historique de la construction du marché et l'introduction des droits de propriété qui ont été un facteur déterminant pour la transformation des échanges. On identifie par la suite, les principaux acteurs (producteurs et diffuseurs) de ses trois déclinaisons du bien logiciel et leurs modes organisationnels. En parallèle aux entreprises éditrices de logiciel propriétaire et des communautés de logiciel libre (Hackers), une nouvelle catégorie d'acteurs développant du "matériel informatique libre" est identifiée (open hardware). L'accent est mis sur l'enchevêtrement des frontières entre les communautés libres et le groupe des pirates dont la distinction est complexe, puisque certaines pratiques de piratage sont de fait tolérées par le marché. Les pirates sont aussi considérés dans le cadre de cette thèse, selon leurs compétences techniques. Une typologie des pirates est donc proposée, distinguant les "utilisateurs" des "producteurs" de logiciels piratés (pirates passifs et pirates actifs). Notre analyse se poursuit ensuite avec des modélisations mathématiques et économétriques pour défendre la thèse que les trois déclinaisons du bien logiciel s'inter-influencent et que la concurrence sur le marché des logiciels est ternaire. Cette approche est originale en ce qui concerne les logiciels libres, car vu la récente nouveauté du phénomène, peu d'études de quantification ont été réalisé. Un théorème mathématique, largement utilisé en contrôle optimale, est sollicité pour analyser la façon dont les acteurs des logiciels propriétaires tiennent compte à la fois de la présence concurrentielle des logiciels piratés et celle des logiciels libres. Il est montré qu'une stratégie de tolérance du piratage peut servir favorablement le logiciel propriétaire sur le marché pour réduire "l'effet réseau" des logiciels libres et de renforcer l'effet de "lock-in" du propriétaire. Le modèle économétrique soutient également la thèse que la diffusion des logiciels libres impacte celle des logiciels piratés. La construction d'une base de données de pays à différents niveaux de développement, montre que les politiques gouvernementales en faveur des logiciels libres et l'intérêt de population locale pour linux, peuvent réduire les pratiques du piratage. Ce constat varie selon les catégories de pays étudiés (pays développés, émergents, en voie de développement et pauvres). Les résultats du modèle économétrique appuient ceux de la modélisation. / Publishers of proprietary software are confronted both by the onset of piracy practices and free/open software. So far, the obstacles faced by proprietary software have been presented in the literature by means of two distinct approaches :(i) the piracy/proprietary software (illicit competition), or (ii) the open source/proprietary software (licit competition) standpoints. In this thesis we propose an alternative approach of the software market, which focuses on the coexistence of competitive forces piracy practices and open software. The three forces are supported by di_erent actors, to which we add the new one of open hardware that consolidated the position of free software on the market. The new approach distinguishes also between sophisticated active pirates producers and casual passive pirate users. We emphasized that it is di_cult to distinguish between hackers and pirates, as piracy practices are sometimes tolerated by the market. Using an econometric and mathematics model we show the impacts that one in_icts over the other. The mathematical model investigates how changes in the _rm's anti-piracy policya_ect the number of pirates users, given that the free software network size increases if pirates become free software users. The proposed econometric model shows that government policies in favour of open source software and adoption of Linux by individuals tends to decrease software piracy. A majorempirical result concerns the emerging and developing countries where policies in favour of free software can in some speci_c cases reduce piracy.

Available via the Australian National University Library Electronic Pre and Post Print Repository. Title from title screen (viewed Mar. 28, 2003) Includes bibliographical references. Mode of access: World Wide Web.