Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

[pt] O presente trabalho investigou a queda de pressão em escoamento através de um espaço anular com rotação do cilindro interno. A motivação para o trabalho veio da aplicação desta configuração em diversas situações de interesse industrial, como reatores químicos catalíticos, filtros e nas operações de perfuração de poços produtores de petróleo e gás. O estudo realizado foi conduzido em uma seção de testes especialmente projetada e construída, formando um espaço anular com razão de raios de 0,65 e com um comprimento de 256 diâmetros hidráulicos, suficiente para garantir o desenvolvimento hidrodinâmico do escoamento nos regimes laminar e turbulento. O trabalho investigou a queda de pressão ao longo do espaço anular como função da vazão, dada pelo número de Reynolds, e da rotação do cilindro interno, caracterizada pelo número de Reynolds rotacional. A faixa de números de Reynolds investigada foi de 260 a 10000, enquanto o Reynolds rotacional variou de 60 a 1000. Dois fluidos de trabalho foram utilizados nos testes: água e uma mistura de água e glicerina. Os resultados para a queda de pressão foram apresentados na forma de fatores de atrito hidrodinâmicos. Testes preliminares para o caso do cilindro interno sem rotação foram realizados e comparados com resultados da literatura, com o objetivo de validar a seção de testes e o procedimento experimental. Os resultados apresentados mostraram boa concordância com valores disponíveis na literatura tanto para o caso de escoamento laminar , quanto para escoamento turbulento. Para os casos de baixos números de Reynolds, os resultados mostraram que a rotação do cilindro interno provocava um pico na razão entre o fator de atrito com rotação e sem rotação para um valor do número de Reynolds da ordem de 500. Aumentos da ordem de 15% foram verificados. / [en] The present work investigated the pressure drop generated by the flow through an annular configuration with rotation of the inner cylinder. The motivation for the work comes from the several industrial application of the configuration, such as chemical reactors, filters and in drilling operations for oil and gas wells. The experimental study was conducted in a specially designed test section forming an annular space with radius ratio of 0.65 and a length equivalent to 265 hydraulic diameters, what guaranteed the hydrodynamic development of the flow for the laminar and turbulent regimes. The study investigated the pressure drop along the annular space as a function of the flow rate, given by the Reynolds number, and of the rotation of the inner cylinder, given by the rotational Reynolds number. The range of Reynolds number investigated was from 260 to 10,000, while the rotational Reynolds number was varied from 60 to 1,000. Two fluids were employed in the testes; water and a mixture of water and glycerol. The pressure drop results were presented in the form of dimensionless friction factors. Preliminary tests for the case of no rotation of the inner cylinder were compared with results available in the literature, in order to validate the test section and the experimental procedure. The results displayed good agreement with the literature for both laminar and turbulent regimes. For the low Reynolds number test cases, the results obtained have shown that the inner cylinder rotation induces a peak in the distribution of the ratio of friction factor to the friction factor without rotation. The peak, of about 15%, is found for Reynolds numbers of the order of 500.

For the application of minichannel heat exchangers, it is necessary to have accurate design tools for predicting heat transfer and pressure drop. Until recently, this type of heat exchangers was not well studied, and in the scientific literature there were large discrepancies between results reported by different investigators. The present thesis aims to add to the knowledge of the fundamentals of single- and two-phase flow heat transfer and pressure drop in narrow channels, thereby aiding in the development of this new, interesting technology with the possibility of decreasing the size of electronics through better cooling, and of increasing the energy efficiency of thermal processes and thermodynamic cycles through enhanced heat transfer. A comprehensive experimental single-phase flow and saturated flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop study has been carried out on vertical stainless steel tubes with inner diameters of 1.700, 1.224 and 0.826 mm, using R-134a as the test fluid. The heat transfer and pressure drop results were compared both to conventional correlations developed for larger diameter channels and to correlations developed specifically for microscale geometries. Contrary to many previous investigations, this study has shown that the test data agree well with single-phase heat transfer and friction factor correlations known to be accurate for larger channels, thus expanding their ranges to cover mini/microchannel geometries. The main part of the study concerns saturated flow boiling heat transfer and pressure drop. Tests with the same stainless steel tubes showed that the heat transfer is strongly dependent on heat flux, but only weakly dependent on mass flux and vapor fraction (up to the location of dryout). This behavior is usually taken to indicate a dominant influence of nucleate boiling, and indicates that the boiling mechanism is strongly related to that in nucleate boiling. The test data for boiling heat transfer was compared to several correlations from the literature, both for macro- and mini-channels. A new correlation for saturated flow boiling heat transfer of refrigerant R-134a correlation was obtained based on the present experimental data. This correlation predicts the presented data with a mean absolute deviation of 8%. The frictional pressure drop results were compared to both macro- and mini channel correlations available from the literature. The correlation suggested by Qu and Mudawar (2003) gave the best prediction to the frictional two-phase pressure drop within the studied ranges. A unique visualization study of saturated flow boiling characteristics in a vertical 1.332 mm inner diameter quartz tube, coated with a transparent heater has also been conducted. The complete evaporation process in a heated circular mini-channel has been studied visually in detail using high speed CCD camera. The study revealed the developments of the flow patterns and the behavior from bubble nucleation to the dry out of the liquid film. The bubble departure frequency, diameter, growth rate, and velocity were determined by analyzing the images. Finally, a flow pattern map for boiling flow in microchannels has been developed based on the test data. / QC 20100812

A theoretical study has been carried out on different methods available to analyze complex mufflers. Segmentation methods have been discussed in detail. The latest two port segmentation method has been discussed and employed for a few common muffler configurations, describing its implications and limitations. A new transfer matrix based method has been developed in view of the lacunae of the available approaches. This Integrated Transfer Matrix (ITM) method has been developed particularly to analyze complex mufflers. An Integrated transfer matrix relates the state variables across the entire cross-section of the muffler shell, as one moves along the axis of the muffler, and can be partitioned appropriately in order to relate the state variables of different tubes constituting the cross-section. The method presents a 1-D approach, using transfer matrices of simple acoustic elements which are available in the literature. Results from the present approach have been validated through comparisons with the available experimental and three dimensional FEM based results. The total pressure drop across perforated muffler elements has been measured experimentally and generalized expressions have been developed for the pressure loss across cross-flow expansion, cross-flow contraction elements, etc. These have then been used to derive empirical expressions for flow-acoustic resistance for use in the Integrated Transfer Matrix Method in order to predict the flow-acoustic performance of commercial mufflers. A flow resistance model has been developed to analytically determine the flow distribution and thereby pressure drop of mufflers. Generalized expressions for resistance across the perforated elements have been derived by means of flow experiments as mentioned above. The derived expressions have been implemented in a flow resistance network that has been developed to determine the pressure drop across any given complex muffler. The results have been validated with experimental data.

In this study, radial solid density distributions in upward flowing water-feldspar mixtures through a concentric annulus were investigated. Local solid density measurements were performed at a test cross-section in the fully developed flow region of a concentric annulus, which is a part of a closed-loop system consisting of a head tank, a variable speed slurry pump, an orificemeter, a heat exchanger, an annulus, a temperature probe, and a drain line. The solid particles with mean diameters of 72 and 138 &amp / #61549 / m at two different feed solid concentrations of 1 and 2 % v/v were used in the prepared slurries. The dependent variables being local solid density, local mixture velocity, and axial frictional pressure drop along the test-section, an experimental work was performed to obtain the radial solid density profiles and axial pressure gradients at different operating conditions. To determine the local solid densities, a sampling probe was used. At the beginning, this probe was used as a pitot tube to measure the local velocities in the test cross-section. Making use of these data, local solid densities were measured with the same probe under isokinetic and nonisokinetic conditions to compare both. For this purpose, an isokinetic sampling unit was designed and constructed to withdraw the samples under isokinetic flow conditions, at which the sampling velocity in the probe equated to the true flow velocity in the annulus very closely. The required constant back-pressure was supplied by pressurized N2 gas to equate these velocities to each other. The amounts of solids in the slurry samples collected at seven different radial locations in the test area under isokinetic and non-isokinetic conditions were determined by the gravimetric method. Local solid densities showed more uniform trends at the feed solid concentration of 1% v/v than those at 2% v/v. Increasing the feed solid concentration and particle size changed the shape of these profiles. The obtained local solid densities were generally higher near the outer wall than those near the inner wall / this result was consistent with the literature. As a general trend, local solid densities showed a decreasing trend at around a dimensionless radial distance of &amp / #61548 / =0.4, where the slurry velocity profile had its maximum value. It was observed that the two-phase axial frictional pressure gradients along the test section in the fully developed flow region increased with increasing feed solid concentration and the particle size at a constant slurry flow rate. Isokinetic sampling results showed that the local solid densities increased consistently with the increasing slurry velocity at all radial distances in the annular gap, while this trend was not observed clearly in the non-isokinetic measurements. Also the variations of the local solid densities along the radial distance were more obvious in the isokinetic results while these variations were obscured under nonisokinetic conditions by the experimental error at a higher level.

This thesis is based on eight articles all related to the characteristics of the cooling system and plate evaporator of a household refrigerator. Through these articles, knowledge is provided that can be used to increase the operational efficiency in household refrigeration. Papers A, B and C focus on heat transfer and pressure drop in a commonly used free convection evaporator – the plate evaporator. Applicable correlations are suggested on how to estimate the air side heat transfer, the refrigerant side pressure drop and the refrigerant side heat transfer. Papers D, E and F hold a unique experimental study of the refrigerant charge distribution in the cooling system at transient and steady state conditions. From this cyclic losses are identified and estimated and ways to overcome them are suggested. In paper G the topic “charging and throttling” is investigated in an unparalleled experimental study based on more than 600 data points at different quantities of charge and expansions device capacities. It results in recommendations on how to optimize the capillary tube length and the quantity of refrigerant charge. Finally, Paper H holds a thermographic study of the overall cooling system operating at transient conditions. Overall, a potential to lower the energy use by as much as 25 % was identified in the refrigerator studied. About 10 % was found on the evaporator’s air side. 1-2 % was identified as losses related to the edge effect of the evaporator plate. About 8 % was estimated to be cyclic losses. About 5 % was found in cycle length optimization.  It is believed that most of these findings are of general interest for the whole field of household refrigeration even though the results come from one type of refrigerator. Suggestions of simple means to reduce the losses without increasing the unit price are provided within the thesis / <p>QC 20120411</p>

An experimental investigation of condensation of hydrocarbons and hydrocarbon/refrigerant mixtures in horizontal tubes was conducted. Heat transfer coefficients and frictional pressure drops during condensation of a zeotropic binary mixture of R245fa and n-pentane in a 7.75 mm internal diameter round tube were measured across the entire vapor-liquid dome, for mass fluxes ranging from 150 to 600 kg m-2 s-1, and reduced pressures ranging from 0.06 to 0.23. Condensation experiments were conducted for the mixture, as well as its pure constituents over a similar range of conditions. In addition, condensing flow of the hydrocarbon propane was documented visually using high-speed video recordings. Results from these experiments were used to establish the two-phase flow regimes, void fractions, and liquid film thicknesses during condensation of propane flowing through horizontal tubes with internal diameters of 7 and 15 mm. These measurements were made over mass fluxes ranging from 75 to 450 kg m-2 s-1, operating pressures ranging from 952 to 1218 kPa, and vapor qualities ranging from 0.05 to 0.95. Liquid film thickness and void fraction data were subsequently be used to assist the development of heat transfer and pressure drop models. In particular, the heat transfer coefficients and pressure drops observed in the mixture were compared with the corresponding values for the pure constituents. Models for heat transfer and pressure drop in the pure components as well as the mixtures were developed based on the data from the present study. This work extends the available literature on two-phase flow regimes for air-water mixtures, steam, and refrigerants to include hydrocarbons. Additionally, the limited information on condensation in multi-constituent hydrocarbon-hydrocarbon and refrigerant-refrigerant mixtures was extended to include hydrocarbon-refrigerant mixtures. The findings of this study are expected to benefit applications such as refrigeration, low-grade heat-driven power generation, and the development of heat exchangers for the chemical and process industries.

Cette thèse traite principalement des connaissances fondamentales en hydrodynamique et des caractéristiques des réactions gaz-liquide dans des microréacteurs capillaires. Dans une première partie, nous avons effectué des essais dans trois microcanaux circulaires en verre placés horizontalement. Les diamètres étudiés étaient de 302, 496 et 916 µm. Les arrivées de gaz et de liquide se font de manière symétrique et forme un angle de 120° entre elles. Une cartographie des écoulements diphasiques gaz-liquide a été systématiquement faite pour des vitesses du liquide comprises entre 0,1 et. 2 m/s et des vitesses du gaz comprises entre 0,01 et 50 m/s Ces essais mettent en évidence l'influence du diamètre des canaux, de la viscosité du liquide et de leur tension superficielle. Ces mesures ont été comparées avec les cartes décrivant les différents régimes d'écoulement (à bulles, en bouchons de Taylor, annulaires ou sous forme de mousse) et confrontés aux modèles de la littérature qui prédisent les transitions entre les différents régimes. Nous avons mis en évidence que ces derniers n'étaient pas totalement satisfaisant et en conséquence, un nouveau modèle de transition prenant en compte les effets de taille du canal, les propriétés physiques du liquide a été proposé. Les pertes de charge engendrées par ces écoulements gaz- ont été étudiées. Nous avons constaté que la chute de pression est très dépendante du régime d'écoulement. Cependant pour décrire l'évolution de la perte de charge il est commode de la scinder en trois régions: une où les forces de tension superficielle sont le paramètre prépondérant et qui correspond aux faibles vitesses superficielle du gaz, une zone de transition et une dans laquelle les forces d'inertie sont dominantes et qui correspond aux grandes vitesses superficielles du gaz. La prédiction de cette chute de pression dans la troisième zone a été faite à partir d'un modèle de Lockhart-Martinelli. Ce modèle qui prend en compte les flux de chaque phase dépend d'un paramètre semi empirique C. Nous avons proposé de le corréler avec les nombres de Reynolds correspondant à chacune des deux phases en présence. Cette méthode permet de bien rendre compte de nos mesures. Les caractéristiques hydrodynamiques en écoulement de Taylor ont été examinées. Il a été montré que la formation des bulles dans un écoulement de Taylor est dominée par un mécanisme d'étranglement en entrée du capillaire. La taille des bulles dépend fortement de la viscosité du liquide et la tension superficielle. La chute de pression dans cette zone, lorsque le nombre capillaire est relativement faible, peut assez être bien décrite par le modèle de Kreutzer modifiée par Walsh et al… En fin dans une dernière partie, nous avons réalisé une réaction chimique en écoulement de Taylor. L'oxydation du 2-hydrogéne-ethyltetrahydroanthraquinone (THEAQH2) pour former du peroxyde d'hydrogène a été expérimentalement étudiée dans un microcanal circulaire horizontal de 900 µm de diamètre et 30 cm de long. La présence d'une réaction chimique ne modifie que très peu les transitions entre les différents régimes d'écoulement ni l'évolution des pertes de charge. Les cinétiques de conversion du peroxyde d'hydrogène sont environ deux fois plus rapides celles obtenues dans les réacteurs gaz liquide utilisés habituellement. Mots-clés: microcanal, écoulement diphasiques, écoulement de Taylor, pertes de charge, réaction gaz-liquide. / This dissertation mainly deals with the fundamental knowledge of hydrodynamics and reaction characteristics in gas-liquid microreactors. Extensive experimental investigations have been performed in horizontal circular microchannels with diameter from 302 µm to 916 µm. Gas-liquid two-phase flow patterns in the microchannel have been systematic experimental investigated, in which the influence of channel diameters, liquid viscosities and surface tension were considered. Flow pattern regime maps in the present microchannels were developed, and the comparison with existing regime maps and flow pattern transition models in literature implied that transitions in present work could not be well predicted. As a result, a new transition model taking the effects of channel size, liquid physical properties into account was proposed. The gas-liquid two-phase pressure drop characteristics in microchannels were studied. It has been found that the pressure drop was highly flow patterns dependent, and the main trend can be divided into three regions: surface tension-dominated region, transitional region and inertia-dominated region. The pressure drop characteristics in surface tension-dominated and inertia-dominated region were discussed respectively. A modified Lockhart-Martinelli separated flow model in which the effects of channel diameter and liquid properties on the C-value are taken into account was proposed, and it showed a good agreement with respect to our experimental data and others' reported in literature. Hydrodynamics characteristics of Taylor flow have been examined. It was shown that the formation of Taylor flow was dominated by squeezing mechanism, on which the effects of liquid viscosity and surface tension were dramatically. The two-phase pressure drop of Taylor flow could be well predicted with the Kreutzer's model modified by Walsh et al., when capillary number was relatively low. Oxidation of hydrogenated 2-ethyltetrahydroanthraquinone (THEAQH2) in a horizontal circular microchannel have been experimental investigated. Results of visualization study on oxygen-anthraquinone working solution two-phase flow in microchannel showed that the flow pattern transition model and pressure drop model for inertia-dominated region proposed in this dissertation had good predicting accuracy. It was indicated that the gas-liquid interfacial area and space-time yield of hydrogen peroxide in the microchannel are at least one to two orders of magnitude higher than those in the conventional gas-liquid reactors. Keywords: microchannel, two-phase flow pattern, pressure drop, gas-liquid reaction, Taylor flow..

L'hydrodynamique et les transferts thermiques dans des réacteurs types lits fixes font l'objet d'études depuis une soixantaine d'années. Les informations fournies par ces travaux sont importantes pour le dimensionnement des réacteurs industriels. En effet, une étroite relation entre les propriétés de transports et le design du procédé (réacteur et support catalytique) est mise en avant dans l'état de l'art. Mais force est de constater que la complexité des phénomènes entraine des divergences entre les observations et les différentes conclusions faites par les auteurs. Deux pilotes à échelle laboratoire ont été conçus et mis en place au cours de cette thèse. L'un est dédié à l'étude hydrodynamique et l'autre à l'étude thermique. La caractérisation hydro-thermique des réacteurs passe également par une étape de développement de modèles mathématiques associés aux pilotes. Ils représentent les transferts opérant au sein d'une colonne garnie. Ils permettent également d'estimer les paramètres effectifs du milieu poreux. Les quatre grandeurs caractéristiques étudiées dans cette thèse sont les pertes de charges, la dispersion axiale, la conductivité effective globale et le coefficient d'échange thermique à la paroi. Les résultats obtenus à partir des modèles sont comparés aux travaux de la littérature. Ceci permet de valider les méthodes d'estimation développées dans cette thèse. Il est remarqué que les corrélations prédictives de la conductivité effective sont peu adaptées aux morphologies de supports les plus complexes. Nous proposons donc aussi de nouvelles corrélations basées sur nos mesures / Hydrodynamics and heat transfers in packed bed reactors have been studied for about sixty years. The information supplied by this work is important for the design of industrial reactors. Indeed, there is a close relationship between the heat and mass transfers and the design of the process (reactor and catalytic support); this is highlighted in the state of the art. It is clear that the complexity of the phenomena is the cause of divergences between the observations and the conclusions made by the authors. Two laboratory-scale pilots were designed and set up during this PhD thesis. One is dedicated to the hydrodynamic studies and the other to the thermal studies. The hydro-thermal characterization of the reactors includes a step of development of mathematical models associated with the pilots. They represent transfers occurring within the bed of particles. Coupling experimental data with the models allows estimating the effective parameters of the porous medium. The four characteristic quantities studied in this PhD thesis are the pressure drop, the axial dispersion, the overall effective conductivity and the heat transfer coefficient at the wall. The results are compared with the data provided by the open literature. This validates the estimation methods developed during this PhD thesis. It is noticed that the predictive correlations of the effective thermal conductivity are not adapted to the morphologies of the most complex supports. Based on our measurements, new correlations were developed

Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent un nouveau procédé de stockage d'électricité à échelle industrielle, sous forme de stockage de chaleur sensible. La chaleur est stockée dans deux échangeurs gaz-solide de grande taille appelés régénérateurs qui sont reliés à une paire de turbomachines (compresseur et turbine) formant ainsi un cycle thermodynamique. Selon le sens d'écoulement du fluide caloporteur, ce cycle est de type « pompe à chaleur » en stockage ou « moteur thermique » en déstockage. La modélisation complète du procédé a permis de caractériser son comportement dans un cas industriel, et de mettre en évidence les tendances principales du système. Les performances prévues se rapprochent de celles des installations existantes les plus adaptées au stockage massif d'électricité, telles que le stockage hydraulique gravitaire. Une étude CFD a permis l'optimisation d'une géométrie de canal à obstacles destinée à intensifier l'échange thermique dans les régénérateurs et qui sera testée expérimentalement à la suite de cette thèse. Les préparatifs de cette expérience sont abordés et ses objectifs sont explicités. / Les travaux présentés dans cette thèse concernent un nouveau procédé de stockage d'électricité à échelle industrielle, sous forme de stockage de chaleur sensible. La chaleur est stockée dans deux échangeurs gaz-solide de grande taille appelés régénérateurs qui sont reliés à une paire de turbomachines (compresseur et turbine) formant ainsi un cycle thermodynamique. Selon le sens d'écoulement du fluide caloporteur, ce cycle est de type « pompe à chaleur » en stockage ou « moteur thermique » en déstockage. La modélisation complète du procédé a permis de caractériser son comportement dans un cas industriel, et de mettre en évidence les tendances principales du système. Les performances prévues se rapprochent de celles des installations existantes les plus adaptées au stockage massif d'électricité, telles que le stockage hydraulique gravitaire. Une étude CFD a permis l'optimisation d'une géométrie de canal à obstacles destinée à intensifier l'échange thermique dans les régénérateurs et qui sera testée expérimentalement à la suite de cette thèse. Les préparatifs de cette expérience sont abordés et ses objectifs sont explicités.